Main Port Research Articles

Container transportation is a new step in the interaction of sea and rail transportation in modern Russia

The article presents the authors' position on current trends in container transportation, both in the world and in the current conditions of sanctions restrictions from foreign countries in relation to the sectors of the economy of the Russian Federation. Statistical data on global container shipping are presented, and the main routes of sea freight transportation are considered. Attention is drawn to emerging problems in cargo shipping via the Suez and Panama Canals. The issues related to climate change, in particular global warming and its impact on maritime transportation and emerging prospects of the Northern Sea Route, are touched upon, and its graphical scheme is presented. The economic advantages and promising development of the Northern Sea Route, including from the point of view of transportation safety, are outlined. The structure of container transportation in Russia is considered, and the topic of significant changes in recent years due to the imposition of sanctions by unfriendly states is touched upon. Changes in the directions of cargo flows are presented, and statistical data on Russian exports and imports are provided. The prospects for the development of transport infrastructure, the seaport of Olya as the main port of the Caspian Sea and the commercial seaport of Ust-Luga are outlined. The issues related to the changes in container transportation and rail transport are reflected. The innovations and developments in the container transportation service by rail are outlined. Statistical data on container transportation by rail in early 2025 have been announced. Examples of the development of rail container transportation and their relationship with water transport and its infrastructure are given. The tasks set for the development of container transportation in Russia and their prospects are outlined.

Empirically tested indigenous supply chain resilient framework for future businesses

The issues of resilience contribute significantly to a sustainable supply chain of goods and services coming through the main ports of entry and this is crucial for the survival of many industries, organizations and customers in the World, the African continent and the Sub-Sharan region. Thus, sustainable supply chains rely heavily on information communications technologies (ICT) to perform their operations. The resilience of these ICT processes ensure that these goods and services are delivered to satisfy customers without compromising quality. The ICT that enables the sustainable supply chain performance has to be responsive, reliable and efficient. This quantitative study of two hundred and fifty (250) respondents investigates the influence of ICT (agility, reliability and efficiency - ICTARE) on economic sustainable supply chain performance (ESSCP) and the mediated effect of robust competence of IT staff between ICTARE and ESSCP. Lisrel 8.0 was used to analyze the data obtained from the respondents. The study results suggest a positive relationship between ICTARE and ESSCP. The results also confirm a full mediation between ICT reliability and sustainable supply chain performance through ICT staff competence within the context of shipment of goods and services within Ghana’s ports and harbours. The implication of this research is enormous: ICT used in a suitable way will enhance the resilience of supply chain networks in supporting the distribution of goods and ‘services in a timely manner’ in order to improve customer satisfaction.

Increasing the Competitiveness of Pelindo IV Port Services in the Makassar Region

This study aims to examine the increase in competitiveness at Pelindo 4 Regional Makassar City. This study is a case study with a qualitative approach. This study is an exploratory case study type. The primary data source is Indonesian maritime operators, consisting of shipping companies (PP) using Pelindo III services, port operators (OP) in this case Pelindo III, freight forwarders (FF) using Pelindo III services, and academics. The methods for obtaining data are: survey, documentation, archives, interviews, observations. The Delphi method is a process of repeating surveys conducted on selected respondents regarding the competitive advantages of ports, including experts (key persons). Pelindo IV Makassar Regional plays a very important role in the logistics and sea transportation sector in the Eastern Indonesia region. Pelindo IV Makassar Regional manages various strategic ports that connect eastern Indonesia with other regions at home and abroad. The ports managed include Soekarno-Hatta Makassar Port, Makassar New Port, Paotere Port, Garongkong Port, Makassar Container Terminal (TPM). In addition to the ports above, Pelindo IV Regional 4 Makassar also manages other ports such as Ambon Port, Balikpapan Port, Parepare Port, and Ternate Port, all of which play an important role in supporting the flow of logistics and passengers in Eastern Indonesia. Pelindo 4 Regional Makassar has several advantages that make it an important entity in managing ports in Eastern Indonesia. The advantages of Pelindo 4 Regional Makassar are Its strategic position, Modern and Complete Port Facilities Strong Infrastructure Support, Service Diversification, Optimal Natural Resource Management, Guaranteed Security and Safety, Sustainable Development and Social Responsibility, and Quality of Human Resources and Training. Although Pelindo 4 Regional Makassar has many advantages, there are several weaknesses or challenges that may be faced in its operations. The weaknesses that Pelindo 4 Regional Makassar may have are Limited Infrastructure in Several Ports, Congestion and Space Limitations at the Main Port, Dependence on Sea Transportation, Lack of Diversification of Revenue Sources, Limited Human Resources in Several Areas, Environmental and Sustainability Issues, Dependence on Road Infrastructure and Land Transportation, Increased Competition from Other Ports, Impact of Policy and Regulation Changes, and Security and Threats from Terrorism or Crime. Ports in Pelindo 4 Makassar Region generally do not compete closely with each other, because they are managed by one entity, namely PT Pelindo (Persero), which has now been integrated after the merger of Pelindo I-IV in 2021. As part of the subholdings Pelindo Terminal Petikemas (SPTP) and Pelindo Multi Terminal (SPMT), ports in Region 4 are more complementary than competitive. However, in the context of competing for the flow of goods, several ports in this region may experience moderate competition, especially in attracting ships and cargo from goods owners or shipping companies. However, in general, Pelindo 4 is trying to distribute the role of these ports to increase logistics efficiency in the eastern region, not to create unhealthy competition. If what is meant is competition with ports outside Pelindo (for example private ports or international ports), then the challenges can be more complex. In the Pelindo Regional 4 area, there are several Special Terminals (Tersus) and Terminals for Self-Interest (TUKS) managed by private companies and have the potential to become competitors in loading and unloading services, including: PT Vale Indonesia in Malili, South Sulawesi, PT Bosowa Bandar Indonesia in Garongkong, South Sulawesi, PT Letawa Astra Agro Lestari in Pasangkayu, Central Sulawesi, . PT Donggi Senoro LNG in Luwuk, North Sulawesi, PT Panca Amara Utama in Luwuk, North Sulawesi, PT Cargill Indonesia in Amurang, North Sulawesi, and PT Sulawesi Regas Satu in Amurang, North Sulawesi. To improve the competitiveness of Pelindo IV Regional Makassar City, strategies that need to be implemented include infrastructure and technology development, human resource development, service diversification, and strengthening relationships with stakeholders. In addition, environmentally friendly approaches and green innovations are also becoming increasingly important in today's era. By focusing on improving operational efficiency, capacity development, and maintaining sustainability, Pelindo IV Regional Makassar City can excel in global competition and remain relevant in the growing market.

THE ROLE OF TSUNAMI RESONANCE ON THE BALANCE OF MECHANICAL ENERGY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR FRAGILITY ANALYSES

Tsunamis are rare events that can cause widespread damage and devastation even at remote locations far removed from the source location. Among the reasons for this damage potential are their minimal energy loss during their propagation, as well as being prone to energy trapping by mesoscale features such as continental shelves and shallow water bays, which may promote standing and edge wave activity. This may lead to an enhanced tsunami response in certain locations, which can exacerbate the hazard compared to surrounding locations. This has prompted us to attempt to understand to which extent, resonance can drive subcritical tsunami flows. To this end, we carried out high-resolution modeling of tsunami inundation at three different locations along the coast of Chile. The aforementioned Coquimbo, the large metropolitan area of Valparaíso and Viña del Mar, and the main port of San Antonio.

Peran KSOP dalam Menertibkan Tenaga Kerja Bongkar Muat melalui Simon TKBM di Pelabuhan Belawan

Belawan Port as the main port in Indonesia plays an important role in international trade. The Main Harbormaster and Port Authority Office (KSOP) of Belawan has the authority to supervise operational activities at the Port including regulating stevedoring workers (TKBM). This regulation is implemented through the TKBM Monitoring System (SIMON TKBM) to manage workers efficiently, transparently, and safely. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with literature study methods, interviews, observations and documentation then analyzed using data reduction methods, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of the study showed that the role of KSOP is very central in regulating TKBM through SIMON TKBM which includes TKBM supervision, competency improvement, rule enforcement, and coordination with stakeholders. However, technical obstacles were also found including the failure of duplicate data management and the absence of an automatic age filter in the system, as well as practical obstacles, namely the lack of coordination regarding TKBM competency certificates.

Spring Food Spectrum of Two Planktivores (Sardina pilchardus Walbaum 1792 and Sardinella aurita Valenciennes 1847) From the Central Algerian Coast (3° E to 4° E—South West Mediterranean Sea) in Relation to Sexes and Sizes

ABSTRACTSardina pilchardus, Walbaum 1792, and Sardinella aurita, Valenciennes 1847, are the fish most consumed by the Algerian population. Sardine has become increasingly rare in commercial fishing catches, whereas round sardinella is being sold at excessively high prices. Given the importance of trophic interactions between clupeids and the low levels of the pelagic food web (plankton and others), the stomach contents of the two species of S. pilchardus and S. aurita are studied. Samples are collected from the spring commercial fishery (April and May 2023) associated with the two main ports on the central coast (Algiers and Bou Ismail) justified by the intense trophic activity of these two predators. High feeding intensity (or stomach vacuity coefficient) is recorded in both males and females. Our results support the hypothesis that the diet of species in specific zones remains consistent due to stable local trophic resources. This is underscored by the lack of variation in prey quality and quantity across size and sex in both clupeid species, emphasizing the role of these interactions within the pelagic food web. Using the morphological identification and counting technique, the preys are linked to 12 taxonomic units belonging to the zooplankton, phytoplankton, and miscellaneous communities. The analysis of the diet is carried out by classifying the prey on the basis of the frequency index (If), taking into account the sex and the size where three categories of prey are defined. Copepods are the preferred prey with rates that did not differ significantly by sex and place of origin of the two clupeids. These findings extended to secondary prey (other zooplankton and phytoplankton). Also, the composition of the diet remained homogeneous in the Gulfs of Algiers and Bou Ismail. Quantitative and qualitative results on diet composition of the two clupeids and their trophic interactions within the two target ecosystems will serve as a basis for fisheries management (i.e., Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management [EAFM] and Ecosystem‐Based Fisheries Management [EBFM]). The modeling of all the variables will allow decision makers to predict the level of exploitable biomass in the medium and long term.

Port Digital Transformation: Implementation of Disruptive Technologies for Logistics Optimization in Rio de Janeiro Terminals

Maritime trade in the State of Rio de Janeiro constitutes a pillar of the local economy. The state features four main ports: Angra dos Reis, Itaguaí, Niterói, and the port of Rio de Janeiro. The latter stands out for its versatility, handling a wide range of cargo such as grains, oil, containers, chemical products, and general cargo. Introducing blockchain technology in Rio de Janeiro's port operations offers an opportunity to improve the region's Export and Import processes, similar to the Port of Tianjin in China. This technological innovation can enhance port procedure transparency, security, and efficiency. This article focuses on blockchain's ability to restructure cost allocation and significantly reduce time spent on logistical and administrative activities, thus promoting more effective and competitive port operations. The adoption of blockchain technology at the Port of Rio de Janeiro represents a strategic step to modernize port operations and expand its competitiveness in the current global scenario. Its benefits include substantially reducing operational costs and waiting times, greater transparency and traceability in transactions, and strengthened security and regulatory compliance. By incorporating these innovations, the Port of Rio de Janeiro positions itself to meet the dynamic demands of international trade, developing a more efficient, reliable, and sustainable logistics ecosystem, aligning with practices adopted by global port powers.

Analysis of Publishing Services Seafarers Identity Documet (SID) At the One-Stop Service Center at the Harbormaster's Office and Tanjung Perak Main Port Authority

This research discusses the Analysis of Seafarers Identity Document (SID) Issuance Services at the One-Stop Service Center at the Tanjung Perak Main Port Authority Office. SID is an official identity document for seafarers who work on foreign-flagged vessels and serves to ensure access and legal protection for them. SID issuance services are carried out online through the e-SID website which is designed to increase efficiency and ease of service for seafarers. To evaluate the quality of these services, this research uses a quantitative method with a descriptive approach. Data were collected through questionnaires involving service users and then analyzed based on five dimensions of service quality: Tangibles, Empathy, Assurance, Responsiveness, and Realibility. The results show that the SID issuance service at KSOP Utama Tanjung Perak with an average satisfaction score of 76.32% is classified as good. The Empathy dimension obtained the highest score (80%), followed by Assurance (76.83%), Responsiveness (75.75%), Reliability (75%), and Tangibles (73.12%). Some aspects that require improvement include information availability, friendly attitude of officers, time efficiency, and consistent application of SOPs. As an effort to improve service quality, researchers recommend developing a real-time application status tracking feature, socializing online procedures through educational media, periodic training for officers, and improving information technology infrastructure. With these steps, it is expected that SID issuance services will become more efficient, transparent, and responsive to seafarers' needs.

Implementasi Perconnection Classifier Pada Jaringan dengan Menerapkan Load Balancing dan Failover

The internet has become a secondary necessity that supports daily activities such as working, studying, and exchanging information. High-traffic websites can overload servers, degrade performance, or cause system failures. One effective solution is to implement load balancing and failover methods. Load balancing divides the load across multiple servers to prevent overloading, while failover ensures the system stays functional by switching to backups in the event of a failure. This study aims to configure load balancing and failover on wireless networks using mikrotik devices and two internet modems. The test results showed that failover successfully maintained the connection when the main port was disabled, while load balancing increased internet speed by combining the main and backup networks.

Impact of the new Maritime Silk Road on the resilience of major container ports

ABSTRACT With the new Maritime Silk Road (MSR) re-configuring supply networks and logistics connectivity, it is essential to demonstrate the improved maritime connectivity under the new MSR via empirical research. This study evaluates the resilience of 54 main representative container ports from 2013 to 2023 by constructing an impact indicator system based on four key dimensions: robustness, redundancy, resourcefulness, and rapidity. we comprehensively adopt the integrated methods that of complex network, entropy weighting technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution, standard deviational ellipse, factor and interaction detection, offering a multidimensional perspective on resilience of ports. Our results show that the overall resilience is significantly improved with the spatial pattern shifting from a northwest-southeast direction towards a northeast-southwest direction, reflecting the positive impact of the new MSR on the sustainability of major container ports. The findings provides actionable recommendations for policymakers and port operators, including investing in alternative trade routes, taking action on green initiatives and digital technologies to reduce risks and ensure stability. This study explores the complex interactions between resilience dimensions and factors, and improves the understanding of port resilience by combining multidimensional analysis with the specific context of the new MSR.

The influence of professional pilots, pilotages services, and shipping safety on the smooth flow of ship traffic

This research aims to determine the role of ship pilotage in the mandatory pilotage waters, especially in the main port of Indonesia. This study seeks to assess the effect of professional pilots, pilotage services, and shipping safety on the smooth flow of ship traffic at the main port of Indonesia, managed by the largest port operator, Pelabuhan Indonesia. The research method used is Descriptive Quantitative. The data utilized in this study are primary data, obtained from a questionnaire with a Likert scale measurement ranging from 1 to 5 (strongly disagree to strongly agree), which was completed by employees at PT Pelabuhan Indonesia and stakeholders in the port. The sample consisted of 80 employees out of a population of 200. The analysis tool used in this research is Smart PLS 4.1.0.0. The data obtained are then analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis techniques based on the primary data collected. The data will be presented in numerical form, which will then be interpreted. 1) Professional pilots have a significant effect on the smoothness of ship traffic; 2) Pilotage services have a significant effect on the smoothness of ship traffic; and 3) Shipping safety has a significant effect on the smoothness of ship traffic. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that pilot professionalism, pilotage services, and shipping safety significantly impact the smooth flow of ship traffic in the port. These findings are important to consider in future efforts to improve and develop navigation systems and shipping management. In this study, the resulting state of the art shows that although professional pilots, pilotage services, and shipping safety are important elements in the shipping industry, their influence on the smooth flow of vessel traffic is not as strong as expected. This research provides valuable new insights for academics and practitioners in the maritime field, especially in the context of policy and the development of a more effective shipping system. Additionally, this study identifies areas that require more attention in efforts to improve the smooth flow of vessel traffic, which can form the basis for further research in the future.

Development of a water quality index to assess and classify water quality in the coastal waters of Hai Phong (Vietnam)

The method of developing the water quality index (WQI) to evaluate and classify the water quality of the coastal waters of Hai Phong (2019) includes the following steps: selecting parameters, calculating sub - indices, determining weights, calculating the WQI, building a classification scale, and testing the formula. The water quality of Hai Phong’s coastal waters varied widely, ranging from very poor to excellent. The water quality of Hai Phong's coastal waters tended to improve from the river mouths to the sea. In the rainy season, the areas with very poor and poor water quality tended to expand, while the areas with medium and good water quality tended to shrink compared to the dry season. The area of excellent water quality showed little seasonal variation. During high tide, water quality was typically better than during low tide. The water quality at the Bach Dang, Lach Tray, Van Uc, and Thai Binh estuaries was very poor during low tide (WQI from 19 to 22) and poor during high tide (WQI from 43 to 45) in both the dry and rainy seasons. The South - Southwest area of the Hai Phong coastal estuary generally had worse water quality compared to the North and Northeast areas. The Ben Beo area (the main port of Cat Ba Island, where most of the island's large and small boats gathered) had medium water quality (WQI from 62 to 73). This area was at a higher risk of environmental pollution compared to other areas in the Cat Ba Island sea. The outside area had water quality ranging from good to excellent.

Effects of Injector Layout on Mixture Formation for a Two-Stroke Semidirect Injection Kerosene Piston Engine

Abstract Traditional two-stroke piston engines encounter fuel short-circuiting issues, which result in low fuel efficiency and relatively poor emission performance. The higher viscosity and lower volatility of heavy fuel contribute to increased fuel consumption and poorer emissions as utilized in these engines. This study explored the potential of multiinjector configurations in fuel atomization and evaporation, with a particular focus on semidirect injection technology. The configurations that were presented include a dual-injector configuration for the main scavenging ports and a triple-injector configuration for both the main and auxiliary scavenging ports, which were compared to a single-injector configuration in the auxiliary scavenging port. Additionally, different fuel supply ratios for the triple-injector configuration were investigated in the study. A three-dimensional (3D) numerical computational model for a semidirect injection engine was established to analyze the formation process and distribution of fuel atomization and air–fuel mixture under full load at an engine speed of 6000 rpm. Research indicates that locating the fuel injector closer to the scavenging port can effectively reduce fuel film formation and enhance the vaporization rate while maintaining a relatively high fuel capture rate, thereby leading to a uniform distribution of the air–fuel mixture. At a spray angle of 50 deg, the fuel gasification rate of liquid fuel is remarkably enhanced, attaining a value of 81.6%. Meanwhile, increasing the number of injectors reduces fuel loss and enhances both fuel vaporization and mixture uniformity. The fuel supply ratio of 1:1:1 in the triple-injector configuration for the main and auxiliary scavenging ports is more conducive to fuel atomization and evaporation.

Totally 3-dimensional endoscopic ventricular septal defect closure and aortic valve replacement via a periareolar incision.

There are no prior reports of totally endoscopic minimally invasive cardiac surgery for combined ventricular septal defect closure and aortic valve replacement. We utilized a periareolar incision as the main access, inserting a cardioplegia line, vent tube and the aortic cross-clamp entirely through this incision. Only three ports (main incision, camera port and left-hand port) were used. A three-dimensional endoscope facilitated precise techniques. The type I ventricular septal defect was approached and closed from the aortic side using a Gore-Tex patch, with mattress sutures for the lower edge and shared sutures with the aortic valve replacement for the upper edge. A stented bioprosthetic valve was sewn in a supra-annular position. The patient recovered rapidly, with excellent cosmetic results and minimal invasiveness.

Designing of An Integrated Port Development Planning Model: Application to The Three Main Cameroonian Ports

The Chad and the Central African Republic countries threatened to find an alternative to Cameroon's ports because of the low accessibility and inefficiency of these ports. The objective of this study in its relevance is to characterize the current hinterland of Cameroonian maritime ports, to analyze the dynamics of the flow of goods in the port hinterland of Cameroon, and to make recommendations for improving the National Port Master Plan to guarantee the increased development of Cameroonian maritime ports. The Huff model integrated into the Spatial Interaction Model (SIM) is used to geographically delimit the economic hinterland of Cameroon's seaports. The results of the study highlight two key points: (1) the significance of integrating the development of Cameroon’s port hinterland into the national port planning strategy to enhance the growth of the country’s maritime ports. (2) Each port in Cameroon should pay more attention to the expansion of the hinterland. This study introduces methods integrating the SIM approach for practical hinterland exploration with the Bayesian model and mutual information for analyzing hinterland needs. Additionally, it offers recommendations for a seaport development planning model. This article broadens the use of the SIM Bayesian model with mutual information, which can easily be adapted to other scenarios.

A Calvinist Bolthole? The Unusual Survival of Great Yarmouth's Dutch Congregation

Abstract The case of Great Yarmouth's Dutch congregation exemplifies the complexity of the migrant experience in early modern Britain. It shows how a community of Dutch émigrés defined itself through its Calvinist faith, with the minister, congregation and chapel all playing central roles. Over the seventeenth century, the number of Dutch exiles and their descendants in Great Yarmouth dwindled, threatening the survival of their ministry and the community it sustained. It was the choice between separation from, or assimilation to, the English community that created a tension between the town's Dutch ministers, their congregation and the town's Puritan elite. The exceptional success of second‐ and third‐generation Dutch migrants in maintaining their community for over a century before the congregation's dissolution can be attributed to Great Yarmouth's unique economic circumstances as the main port for Dutch herring fishermen and a complex religious settlement that pitted Calvinist Presbyterians and Independents against conformist Anglicans.

Komposisi Hasil Tangkapan Longline di Pelabuhan Benoa, Provinsi Bali

Tuna longline fishing was first introduced tothe Indonesian people around 1954, pioneered by theCenter for Marine Fisheries, and for the first time in1962, long line tuna fishing was attemptedcommercially by BPU Fisheries. Fisheries.Longlinetuna fisheries in Indonesia, especially in the IndianOcean, began to develop since the establishment of thestate company PT (Persero) Fisheries Samudra Besarin 1972 which is located in Benoa, Bali. Benoa Harboris the main port in Bali Province and is one of thebases for the distribution of tuna fish in Indonesiaapart from Muara Baru (Jakarta), Pelabuhan Ratu(West Java) and Cilacap (Central Java). As one of themain tuna fishing ports, Benoa Harbor is the base forindustrial scale tuna fishing vessels operating in thewaters of the Indian Ocean.

Understanding the sedimentation process in Tanjung Carat, South Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract South Sumatra Province is one of the provinces in Indonesia with high revenue compared to other provinces. However, they have faced a significant challenge with their logistics and transportation efficiency. Their main ports are within the river area which limits the size of the vessels it can accommodate. One of the major ports is Boom Baru Port, which is situated in Palembang, the capital of South Sumatra Province. It lies on the Musi River and has a draft of approximately −6 meters from the lowest water spring (LWS). To address this challenge, plans are underway to develop a new major port in the coastal area. Tanjung Carat has emerged as a promising candidate for port development because of its strategic location at the estuary of major rivers in South Sumatra, which includes the Musi Banyuasin and Musi River. The upstream area from these rivers is heavily utilised by mining and agriculture. However, the geographic location and upstream human activities lead to important challenges due to sedimentation, which will be a major constraint for the port development project. The limited availability of published studies on sedimentation in this area further hinders effective planning for the proposed port development. Additionally, the tidal forces in this estuary are complex. The complexity lies in the presence of tidal asymmetry driven by the interaction between diurnal and semidiurnal tidal components. The estuary’s connection to the Bangka Strait adds another layer of complexity to the tidal regime. Therefore, this research aims to improve our understanding of the key factors influencing sedimentation and develop strategies to mitigate its impact on the proposed port development. Delft3D numerical model is employed to simulate and analyse the hydrodynamic processes in the Tanjung Carat Estuary. This analysis provides a comprehensive picture of the main drivers of sediment dynamics in this critical location.

Logistics Solutions to Container Congestion Problems in Port Sudan 2020 - 2024 (Theoretical Study)

This theoretical study focused on addressing and explaining the problem of container congestion and overcrowding in Port Sudan, the main port of Sudan, which necessitates finding solutions to this problem that has negatively affected the movement of exports and imports. Especially since the Republic of Sudan is witnessing many disturbances as a result of the popular revolution that changed the regime, which created many challenges in this transitional period that Sudan is experiencing as a result of the change of regimes and thus its impact on the administrative and financial system in various joints of the state apparatus. The study proposed a model to simulate the situation, which was applied and introduced to stakeholders. The study concluded with a number of results, perhaps the most important of which are: There is a large congestion and overcrowding in the container area, as well as logistical and administrative obstacles that increase the size of the problem, and also from the results of the study that this congestion necessarily leads to an increase in handling, loading and unloading costs. The study concluded with a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: the necessity of formulating clear strategies and policies from the port administration to deal with this deteriorating reality of services, as well as studying the experiences of countries that suffer from similar conditions to learn how to overcome these problems.

SEJARAH PELABUHAN BARUS 1901-1983

The research entitled "History of Barus Harbor (1901-1983)" aims to find out the background of the establishment of Baru Harbor, the goods traded, who carried out the trade from the Dutch Colonial period to the New Order era, the causes of Barus Harbor experiencing decline and the impact The decline of Barus Harbor lasted from 1901-1983. The method used in this research is a historical method which has four stages, namely: heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and explanation using a maritime history approach. Based on the research results, it is known that the background to the establishment of the Barus port was because the trading port at Kadei Gadang was not safe for merchant ships to dock, so the colonial government built the Barus Port, while the goods traded by the local population were camphor, resin, salt, incense. exchanged for Chinese merchandise such as ceramics, the Mandailing people traded Malay songket, while the Dutch traded watches and ceramics. The decline in trade at Barus Harbor was caused by sea abrasion, as a result Barus harbor was no longer the main port, because a safer harbor was built in Pasar. Tarandam.