Main Material Research Articles

Thermosensitive hyaluronic acid-manganese-capsaicin complex nanogel improving NKG2D/CAR-T melanoma treatment through adjusting tumor microenvironment

Intratumorally injection of CAR-T cells to treat melanoma can reduce the incidence of systemic side effects and ensure an adequate concentration of CAR-T cells. However, few targeting ligands and hostile tumor microenvironment (TME) inhibit the CAR-T cells' survival and infiltration. An in situ hyaluronic acid‑manganese-capsaicin complex nanogel (HA-Mn-CAP Gel) was designed by forming complex nanogel based on the main skeleton material of hyaluronic acid (HA). It targeted CD44 and TRPV1 receptors through HA and CAP, concentrated and released Mn at melanoma, subsequently relieving the hypoxia in the tumor and increasing the expression of CAR-T cells' specific ligands. Cell experiments showed that HA-Mn-CAP Gel significantly enhanced the expression of representative NKG2D ligands (MICA/B and ULBP2/5/6) >2.7 times on A375 melanoma cells. Sequential administration of HA-Mn-CAP Gel and NKG2D/CAR-T increased the tumor inhibition rate about 1.5 times that of the NKG2D/CAR-T group in melanoma-bearing NSG mice. The results of immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assays showed that the combined HA-Mn-CAP Gel and NKG2D/CAR-T significantly increased the proliferation and infiltration of T cells, especially for CD8+ cells. Therefore, the new promising strategy of increasing the target ligand expression and adjusting TME before administering CAR-T cells is suitable for treating solid tumors.

Ceramics for Microelectromechanical Systems Applications: A Review

A comprehensive review of the application of different ceramics for MEMS devices is presented. Main ceramics materials used for MEMS systems and devices including alumina, zirconia, aluminum Nitride, Silicon Nitride, and LTCC are introduced. Conventional and new methods of fabricating each material are explained based on the literature, along with the advantages of the new approaches, mainly additive manufacturing, i.e., 3D-printing technologies. Various manufacturing processes with relevant sub-techniques are detailed and the ones that are more suitable to have an application for MEMS devices are highlighted with their properties. In the main body of this paper, each material with its application for MEMS is categorized and explained. The majority of works are within three main classifications, including the following: (i) using ceramics as a substrate for MEMS devices to be mounted or fabricated on top of it; (ii) ceramics are a part of the materials used for an MEMS device or a monolithic fabrication of MEMS and ceramics; and finally, (iii) using ceramics as packaging solution for MEMS devices. We elaborate on how ceramics may be superior substitutes over other materials when delicate MEMS-based systems need to be assembled or packaged by a simpler fabrication process as well as their advantages when they need to operate in harsh environments.

ОГЛЯД СУЧАСНИХ ПІДХОДІВ ДО УПРАВЛІННЯ МАТЕРІАЛЬНИМИ РЕСУРСАМИ ПРОМИСЛОВОГО ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The purpose of the article is a general overview of approaches to the management of material resources of a manufacturing enterprise. Approaches to defining the concepts of "material resources" and "material resources of the enterprise" and the composition of the material resources of the enterprise are analyzed. It is agreed that material resources include raw materials, main and auxiliary materials, component products, fuel, work in progress and production waste. Features of material resources as an object of management at the enterprise are highlighted and include material form, usage in production process, transfer of their value to the value of produced products. An analysis of individual approaches to material resource management is carried out, in particular, integral, functional, logistic and reengineering approaches. An improved list of material resource management tasks within the framework of individual functional divisions of the enterprise is proposed. The functional divisions include economic and planning, marketing, procurement, accounting, legal department, production, information department. Areas of activity in the field of management of material resources of an industrial enterprise within the framework of separate management functions are suggested and grouped, including activities aimed at coordinating other management functions. In particular, the market factor is the basis of planning, and the need to implement an information system for the management of material resources and ensure its smooth operation to ensure the coordination of management activities for the management of material resources is emphasized. The place and role of the company's information system is determined as such that helps unification of data sources, serves as information base for management decisions, allows to improve the process of management of material resources, ensures higher level of control and risks prevention, reduces the risk of human factor. Proposals for further scientific research were formed.

Evaluating Laser‐Based Microfabrication in Microfluidics: An Experimental and Computational Trial

The aim of this research is to validate a new prototyping method for microfluidic devices which could compete with the widely used polydimethylsiloxane soft lithography. This alternative methodology uses laser‐etched glass and pre‐cured silicone as main materials. A dual approach is chosen for validation, testing prototypes of a mixing device well known in the scientific literature. Specifically the focus is to evaluate the mixing efficiency (ME) of two fluids flowing through the device. After fine‐tuning the fabrication process, the ME is experimentally evaluated, and the results are compared with a 3D computational fluid dynamic analysis.

Improving the functional and technological properties of minced pork using a proteolytic enzyme

The use of pork obtained from intensively growing hybrid animals as the main raw material in meat processing, in particular sausage production, is accompanied by undesirable variability of consumer characteristics of sausage products and a decrease in the economic indicators of enterprise performance. The main technological disadvantages of processed pork are reduced water-binding capacity and significant loss of meat fluid, which in practice is usually compensated by the increased use of food additives and non-meat ingredients. The aim of the study was to assess the possibility of targeted improvement of the technological properties of minced pork using a proteolytic enzyme of animal origin. Model samples of minced meat were developed and cured for 24 hours at a temperature of 4 °C. The following control samples were used: minced meat with the addition of 2% edible salt and minced meat with the addition of 2% edible salt and 0.2% sodium bicarbonate. Moreover, 0.0001% chymotrypsin was added to the test samples containing similar curing ingredients. During electrophoretic study, in samples with the enzyme, an increase in low-molecular fractions (20 kDa, 15 kDa and lower) was observed, which indicated the manifestation of proteolytic activity of chymotrypsin in model systems. Enzymatic treatment led to an increase in pH and water-binding capacity. Cooking loss was reduced by 3 to 6 times, compared to Control 1. After cooking, histological studies of model systems showed that the test samples subjected to enzymatic treatment were characterized by a denser arrangement of structural elements, less pronounced cellular components of muscle tissue and the presence of glutin formed as a result of protein breakdown, filling the microcapillaries. Thus, the use of an enzyme preparation provides an opportunity for targeted improvement of the technological properties of pork obtained from intensively growing hybrid animals.

Penerapan Diversi terhadap Anak Sebagai Pelaku Tindak Pidana Pencurian di Wilayah Hukum Kepolisian Resort Kota Jambi

Many children are now involved in criminal acts, including theft, so the solution needs to be done through diversion. The aim of the research is to understand and analyze the application of diversion to children as perpetrators of criminal acts in the jurisdiction of the Jambi City Resort Police and the obstacles in criminal law in the application of diversion to children as perpetrators of criminal acts in the jurisdiction of the Jambi City Resort Police. For this reason, this research uses a legal sociology approach with an activity design for 6 months whose scope or object in this research focuses on the application of diversion to children who are perpetrators of criminal acts of theft in the Jambi New City Sector Police. The main materials and tools used in this research are primary legal materials that come from the field and secondary legal materials that come from the library, then the place used in this research is the Jambi New City police sector so that the data collection technique is in the form of direct interviews with respondents. which produces an analysis technique, namely qualitative analysis. The results of this research are that diversion has not been applied to children as perpetrators of criminal acts by the Jambi City Resort Police, but there are still several obstacles so that diversion is often failed in achieving this and obstacles in implementing diversion against children as perpetrators of criminal acts of theft in the jurisdiction of the Sector Police. Kota Baru Jambi is where the victim does not want to carry out diversion because they still prioritize the deterrent effect on the perpetrator.

PVD Coatings for Lightweight Bipolar Plates

Bipolar plates are one of the main components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Their functions include distributing reactants, supporting the cell, and conducting heat and electricity. They account for a significant proportion of the fuel cell stack’s weight and volume. The main materials currently used for bipolar plates are graphite and stainless steel. Aluminium has a much lower density than steel and is easier to form than both steel and graphite. Its use, therefore, would allow fuel cells with higher power densities but is hindered due to it being prone to corrosion. This work focused on the development of corrosion-resistant and conductive coatings to address this issue. Carbon coatings with Ti and Cr adhesion layers were deposited on aluminium substrates using closed-field unbalanced magnetron sputtering. These coatings were tested for corrosion properties and performance on the cathode side of a single-cell fuel cell. Coated aluminium samples were also tested for their ability to maintain their corrosion protection after being formed. Coating with a Cr adhesion layer outperformed that with a Ti adhesion layer in both forming and fuel cell tests, demonstrating much lower performance degradation after accelerated stress testing.

Numerical investigation on the formation of focusing effect in the IVR strategy

The “focusing effect” is the main challenging issue to the success of the IVR strategy, since the heat flux to the RPV wall could be significantly larger in the thin metal layer region than that in the oxide layer region. This paper numerically investigates the formation of focusing effect using validated CFD approach. The influences of the top cooling condition, layer height and material properties on the formation of focusing effect are investigated. Results indicate that, enhancing the top cooling mitigates the focusing effect. For the insufficiently-cooled top radiation situation, reducing the pool height significantly increases the focusing effect. For the sufficiently-cooled top surface (e.g., with top water cooling), the focusing effect is not formed for all the cases regardless of the pool height. It demonstrates/supports the benefit of adding in-vessel flooding to IVR strategy as a supplementary measurement. It means that once the in-vessel flooding could be established in engineering to allow for a sufficient top cooling, the focusing effect would not likely be formed regardless of the pool height. It also confirms enhancing top cooling condition an efficient way to reduce focusing effect. As two main influential material properties, the effects of thermal conductivity and viscosity are also investigated. Either decreasing the thermal conductivity or increasing the viscosity (e.g., by addition of other materials) may reduce the focusing effect. Since IVR is a widely adopted severe accident mitigation strategy, this study could provide some insights in the formation of focusing effect and help inspiring or supporting possible new engineering features for a safety IVR design.

Methods of improving the surface of endoprostheses based on titanium alloys used in pediatric oncology.

Rehabilitation of patients in childhood with oncopathology localized in the maxillofacial region is a complex and lengthy process. Typically resection affects the upper or lower jaw, which in turn disrupts the functioning of the entire dental system. Restoring the integrity of facial structures is a key task in the treatment of such patients. One of the main materials for jaw reconstruction is titanium alloy. However, despite its advantages and positive characteristics, there is a high risk of inflammation, encapsulation and rejection of the endoprosthesis. The study is aimed to analyze the currently available data on methods of improving the surface of titanium endoprostheses on the basis of previously published works.

Light-weight high strength porous thermal insulation materials based on dolomite-granite waste

The first choice for the treatment of solid waste is its industrial utilization. Therefore, in the present study, dolomite tailings and granite waste are used as the basic raw materials, along with silicon carbide as a high-temperature foaming agent, to prepare a light-weight, high-closed porosity thermal insulation material. The effects of (i) the chemical compositions of the main raw materials and (ii) the relationship between the sintering process and the properties, microstructure and crystalline phase of the samples are systematically investigated. At the same time, the formation mechanism of high closed porosity of the thermal insulation material is analyzed. The results showed that when sintering temperature, time, and heating rate are 1200 °C, 30 min, and 3 °C/min, respectly, the sample density, compressive strength, true porosity, and closed porosity are 0.7 g/cm3, 6.62 MPa, 74.21%, and 66.36%, respectively. In addition, due to the high closed porosity, relative to traditional inorganic thermal insulation materials, the water absorption and thermal conductivity are significantly reduced to as little as 1.5%, and 0.30 W/(m·K), respectly. This research not only realizes the recovery and utilization of granite waste and dolomite tailings, but also provides a new prospect for energy saving and consumption reduction in the construction industry.

Microwave drying characteristics and kinetics of hematite pellets

Microwave drying characteristics and kinetics of hematite pellets were investigated based on evaluation of the effects of initial mass, microwave power and pellet size during the drying process. The results showed the average drying rate increased with initial mass from 50 g to 80 g and microwave power from 600 W to 1000 W. However, it decreased with increasing pellet size from 10–12 mm to 14–16 mm. The process was successively controlled by external diffusion, internal diffusion, and chemical reaction. The Verma model was the most suitable kinetic model for describing the process. The effective diffusion coefficient of moisture ranged from 6.61 × 10−7 m2/s to 9.98 × 10−7 m2/s. The activation energy for the microwave drying process was only 2.83 W/g.

Study on capacity of HPSB hydrogen storage material catalyzed by Sm2O3

HPSB (Hydrolysis Product of Sodium Borohydride) hydrogen storage material is a kind of porous lamellar structural material developed by our research group. Due to the special structure of this material, it can absorb hydrogen at room temperature, hydrogen absorption pressure is 2–4 MPa, and hydrogen absorption time is 2–5 min. The main preparation method used in the experiment is hydrolysis. The main raw material is sodium borohydride, and the reaction temperature is 30 °C. In this experiment, in order to improve the hydrogen storage performance of HPSB hydrogen storage material, Co–B and Sm2O3 were introduced as catalysts during the preparation of HPSB. The results show that the amount of Sm2O3 and the ratio of Sm2O3 to Co–B have obvious influence on the hydrogen storage performance of HPSB. In addition, according to the results of SEM analysis, the amount of Sm2O3 and the ratio of Sm2O3 to Co–B also have obvious effects on the microstructure of HPSB hydrogen storage materials. The sample with a doping amount of 4 wt% and a ratio of Sm2O3 to Co–B of 4:6 can release 2.17 wt% H2.

Research on Leaching Cesium from Medium and Low Pollucite Concentrates by the Sulfuric Acid Process

Abstract With the sharp decrease in high-grade pollucite resources, medium and low grade pollucite concentrate will become the main raw material for extracting cesium in the future. The main process conditions for leaching cesium from medium- and low grade pollucite concentrate by the sulfuric acid process were studied, and the effects of the ratio of leaching liquid to solid, leaching time, leaching temperature and of leaching liquid on the leaching rate of cesium were investigated. The results show that CsAl(SO4)2·3H2O is formed from 2Cs2O·2Al2O3·9SiO2·H2O after the medium and low grade pollucite concentrates are leached by sulfuric acid. The optimum conditions for the leaching process were as follows: the concentration of sulfuric acid was approximately 3.5 mol/L, L/S≈2, the leaching temperature was 120 °C, the heat preservation time was 2.0 h, and the leaching rate of cesium exceeded 93%. The leaching residue was washed and discarded, and the leaching solution was recycled three times and then concentrated to precipitate alum. The [Cs] in the mother liquor resulting from CsAl(SO4)2·3H2O crystallization ranged from 1 g/L to 1.28 g/L, and the [Al] ranged from 0.29 g/L to 0.33 g/L, which could be recycled for leaching.

Objectives for the use of raw materials and component composition for the production of low-lactose ice cream from goat milk

A huge number of people all over the world suffer from lactose intolerance. The second problem is an allergy to cow milk protein. People with lactose intolerance, as well as those who suffer from cow milk allergies, are forced to significantly limit their choice of ice cream or give it up completely. The article describes a solution to the problem of eating ice cream by children and adults suffering from lactose intolerance and an allergy to cow milk protein, and presents ways to overcome it.The goal of the research. Objectives for the use of raw materials and component composition for the production of low-lactose ice cream from goat milk. During the research, the quality indicators of the selected raw materials have been studied, the characteristics of the main ingredients for the production of low-lactose ice cream have been substantiated and given. Goat milk, in terms of its quality indicators, is most suitable for the production of ice cream, because it contains more protein, fat, solids, less lactose and does not cause allergies, and therefore it has been chosen as the main raw material for the production of ice cream. A theoretical and practical analysis of the chemical composition and properties of goat milk has been carried out, and compared with cow. To reduce the lactose content, a dual method of lactose hydrolysis has been chosen - the use of probiotic starter cultures and the lactase enzyme. In the process of combined hydrolysis at a temperature of 37-39⁰ C for 4-6 hours, a reduction in lactose content of less than 0.9% is achieved, while the concentration of cells of probiotic microorganisms in active form reaches 108 CFU/cm3. It is proposed to use the “Lactomix KM” stabilization system, which is usually used in the production of fermented milk products.

Utilizing Nata de Pina for Hydrogel Synthesis: Effects of Citric Acid on Hydrogel Characteristics

Abstract The increasing production of pineapples will produce waste that’s increasing anyway. To optimize the utilization of pineapple skin waste One solution is to use the pineapple skin waste To be used as the main material for making nata de pina. Nata de pina is fiber cellulose on the surface of pineapple medium from the results of Acetobacter xylinum bacterial metabolism. The resulting cellulose is then used as a basic material manufacture of natural polimer as hydrogel. The research stage consists of 3 stages, namely making Nata de Pina, the manufacture of hydrogels as well as the characterization of the resulting hydrogels. The method used in hydrogel synthesis is chemical crosslinking with citric acid as a crosslinking agent. Variable variations performed in This study is the use of citric acid concentrations of 35%,37,5%,40%, and 42.5%. Nata de Pina-based hydrogel was successfully synthesized. Hydrogels based on Nata de Pina were successfully synthesized. It is shown based on the results of the FTIR test that the hydrogel has a C=O group that proving that there has been a cross-linking between cellulose and citric acid. The resulting hydrogel has good antibacterial activity against bacteria-positive and negative grams. The best results are shown by hydrogels with 40% concentration where the hydrogel has a maximum tensile strength value by 11.4 MPa. This study aim the innovative use of Nata de Pina, a byproduct of pineapple peel waste, as a novel material for hydrogel synthesis. By employing citric acid as a crosslinking agent, we investigated the effects on the hydrogel’s mechanical and swelling properties. Our findings demonstrate the potential of Nata de Pina-based hydrogels in sustainable material applications, offering an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic polymers.

PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA DAKON EDUKATIF BERBASIS PROFIL PELAJAR PANCASILA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR PADA MATERI IDE POKOK PARAGRAF SISWA KELAS V SDN KEMLOKO 01 KECAMATAN NGLEGOK

The study aims to produce educational dakon learning media products based on Pancasila student profiles to improve learning outcomes on the main idea paragraph material for grade V SDN Kemloko 1 Nglegok District which are valid based on material experts and media experts, and are suitable to be used by teachers and students who can improve the learning outcomes of grade V students. This study uses the ADDIE development model. The results of the validity test of the educational dakon product show a level of validity that is very valid and valid with a validation score percentage of 91%, 80% and 80%. The results of the feasibility test of the educational dakon product are very feasible with a percentage of 91.11%. The results of the pretest and posttest of students on the educational dakon product show that the educational dakon media can improve student learning outcomes with the N-gain score obtained reaching 0.45 with a moderate category. Thus, the educational dakon product produced is valid and suitable to be used in learning the main idea paragraph material at grade V.

Non-metal framework for removable partial dentures – A 2-year follow-up clinical report

Traditional removable partial dentures (RPDs) with cobalt-chromium frameworks have been used for several decades, restoring the masticatory function. However, these frameworks have been documented as aesthetically unacceptable due to the display of metal clasps. The patients' increased demands regarding the aesthetic aspects of rehabilitation treatment led to the introduction of new, more aesthetic materials in clinical practice. One of the main materials is polyetheretherketone (PEEK). This clinical report presents PEEK as an alternative material for fabricating RPD frameworks for a Class III Kennedy partial edentulous mandible. The framework was constructed using CAD/CAM manufacturing, and the process combined laboratory scanning, digital framework design, resin try-in milling, and PEEK framework milling. The framework showed good adaptation to the abutment teeth and surrounding tissues. The patient was followed for 2 years without complaints and was grateful for the aesthetics. During this period, there were no signs of degradation in the framework, and the clasps were still as retentive as they were at the initial appointment, with only some pigmentation of the structure being observed.

Wastewater treatment in the pulp and paper industry: A review

The pulp and paper industry plays a large role in global manufacturing, which creates significant water consumption and generation of wastewater that is filled with organic compounds and other chemicals. This paper will explore many different aspects of the pulp and paper industry such as raw material sourcing, manufacturing processes, environmental concerns, technological advancements, and the various wastewater treatment approaches. While there are many different methods to approach this wastewater issue, in this paper we will focus on anaerobic digestion, the application of biological aerated filters, and the use of constructed wetlands. The main material utilized in this industry is wood pulp, which undergoes multiple different procedures and processes to create the typical paper products we use every day. These processes, such as pulping and bleaching, create a large number of environmental concerns despite efforts to encourage better manufacturing practices and paper recycling.

Pengaruh Variasi Ukuran Partikel pada Pembuatan Bio-Briket dari Pelepah dan Tandan Buah Kosong Kelapa Sawit

Palm oil empty fruit bunches (EFB) and fronds are solid waste originating from palm oil processing which can be used as the main raw material for making briquettes. This is supported by its contents, namely lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. The smaller the particle size, the greater the compressive strength of the briquette, but the burning rate will be slower because the cavity/pores of the briquette are smaller. This research aims to determine the effect of particle (mesh) size on the characteristics of briquettes which include water content, ash content, density, compressive strength and burning rate as well as to determine the best composition of a mixture of empty oil palm fruit bunches and fronds. The results of this research show that the best particle size is 70 mesh briquettes with a raw material composition of 46% EFB and 46% fronds (1:1) with 8% tapioca flour adhesive. Biobriquettes with small particle sizes have lower calorific value. The results of this research indicate that the manufacture of briquettes is in accordance with the Standard Characteristics of SNI No. 1/6235/2000.

FOUNDRY TRIBOTECHNICAL BRONZE BrO3A3 CORROSION RESISTANCE INVESTIGATION

Problem statement. Bronzes have been and remain the main material for friction bearings, anti-friction and corrosion-resistant parts manufacturing that work under high loads, chemically active aggression influence at low and elevated temperatures, in cavitation, erosion, etc. conditions. That is, technology continuous development requires from anti-friction bronzes constant their corrosion resistance increasing, as a factor that will allow to significantly expand their application scope and increase cast products from them durability and reliability. The purpose of the articles. Based on relationship between corrosion damages and chemical composition analysis, compare BrO3A3 bronze corrosion resistance with BrA5, BrA9Zh3L and BrO5Tz5C5 bronzes corrosion resistance as the materials most often used in industry for parts manufacturing that work in friction nodes and chemically active environments. Methodology. Alloys for samples production have been prepared by technical purity primary charge materials fusing. Melting has been carried out in induction crucible furnace using a graphite crucible and charcoal as a coating material. Cast bronze samples corrosion resistance studies have been carried out in accordance with ISO 7384:2001, ISO 11845:1995 and GOST 9.308-85 requirements. Studied samples corrosion resistance has been evaluated based on the results of their relative weight loss during exposure for 90 days in climate chamber at relative humidity of 93 ± 3 % and temperature of 40 ± 2 °С, in sea and fresh water with temperature of 20...22 °С. Conclusions. BrO3A3 bronze, among the studied foundry bronzes, is characterized by the best level of anti-corrosion properties in all environments used in this research. In this regard, it is a reason to recommend the studied bronze for tribotechnical purpose cast parts manufacturing, which work in air, fresh or sea water.