Main Product Groups Research Articles

Ретроспективний аналіз споживання основних груп харчових продуктів населенням України

The purpose of the article is to analyze trends in the nature of consumption by the population of Ukraine during 2000-2021 of food substances and energy, as well as the main groups of food products based on statistical indicators of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Materials and methods. The study included the analysis of information from national government statistics on population nutrition and its changes over a long period. The results. The nutrition structure of the population of Ukraine does not meet the requirements for rational nutrition. The analysis of the consumption of the main groups of food products since 2010 shows a gradual decrease in consumption and an unbalanced diet of the population. A decrease in the consumption of meat and meat products (less than recommended by 33.75%), milk and dairy products (less by 46.97%), fruits and vegetables (less by 34.44%), fish and fish products ( less by 34%). Low total caloric content of the diet and low estimated calcium content were also found. According to data on food consumption by the Ukrainian population compared to similar indicators in other countries, low consumption of meat and meat products, fish and vegetable oil, moderate consumption of sugar is noted. milk and milk products, significant consumption of vegetables and potatoes. Conclusions. The revealed trends in the structure of nutrition clearly indicate a significant impact of these changes on the life of the population, in particular, on the formation of health and an increase in the risk of developing food-dependent diseases. The nutritional status of Ukrainians requires careful attention and intervention to preserve and improve the health of the population.

Spatial imbalances of the economic development of Ukraine in war conditions: regional dimension

The article analyzes the transformation of the structure of the gross domestic product of Ukraine (by types of economic activity), which took place under the influence of full-scale armed aggression by the Russian Federation. Spatial imbalances in the performance indicators of the construction (in the field of residential and non-residential construction) and transport sectors of the national economy in the regional section are diagnosed. A detailed assessment of the dynamics of the volume of sold products of the Ukrainian processing industry, in particular, the metallurgical industry, was carried out. The vectors were established and the amount of changes in the dynamics of Ukraine's foreign economic operations, which caused a decrease in the ratio of commodity exports to imports, was calculated. The export specialization of the regions of Ukraine by main product groups was determined. Key trends in the formation and development of domestic export potential are outlined.

Innovative Aspect of E-Commerce Development in Ukraine

Introduction. The share of e-trading in the total volume of the Ukrainian retail sales market tends to increase. Since innovative trade approaches open new perspectives and provide the possibility of doing business in conditions of significant challenges, the role of e-commerce in restoring the country's economy becomes more significant. The social role of e-commerce as a source of vital goods for a population is also growing. Therefore, the study of the e-commerce market and analysis of the impact of war on its development have become important tasks.
 Aim and tasks. The purpose of this study is to examine the state of the e-commerce market using statistical data, analyze the impact of the war on the development of e-commerce, identify the main market trends, and forecast the main indicators of e-commerce. This determines the following tasks: establishing the peculiarities of the e-commerce market in Ukraine, establishing obstacles to the development of e-commerce, identifying opportunities that e-trading opens up for Ukrainian entrepreneurs, and determining the conditions to be taken into account in the transition of retail trade to e-trading under the challenges of war..
 Results. The negative impact of significant market changes in the 2022-2023 was compensated by the growth in active e-commerce users. A change in the growth rate of users by 40% in 2022 was confirmed. This indicates that hostilities changed the range of e-commerce products and that the market share of basic necessities exceeded 50%. The highest annual revenue per user for food products will be 89.4% ahead of the product group closest to this indicator. According to the indicator “Average income from e-commerce per client”, it is predicted to reach 2019 only in 2026. Sales changes for the main product groups in 2024 have been established. According to the “Highest annual revenue per user” indicator, food products will exceed the value for 2023 by 25% and personal care products by 9.4%.
 Conclusions. Innovative technologies (e-marketplace, analysis of buyer profiles, omnichannel communication with consumers, m-trading, etc.) that contribute to the development of e-commerce and the interaction of these technologies and market needs are identified. The peculiarities of the Ukrainian e-commerce market during the war were established. Obstacles to the development of e-commerce and the opportunities that e-trading opens for Ukrainian entrepreneurs have been identified. The conditions that must be considered during the transition from retail trade to e-trading due to the challenges of war, which is especially important for small and medium-sized enterprises, are determined.

Classification of the functions of shopping and entertainment centers taken into account the specifics of their construction in the republic of the Congo

The article analyzes the location and makes a classification of the main, auxiliary and technical premises of shopping and entertainment complexes. The research was carried out on the basis of analyzed project experience and previous scientific research related to the formation of the structure of service facilities and shopping and entertainment centers. The classification includes all the variety of basic functions. The classification includes entertainment functions, consumer services functions and stores of various types of goods. The article discusses the rules for the location of product groups within shopping and entertainment centers. The author proposed a layout of the main groups of goods based on the rule of random purchase. According to the scheme, goods and services that are in greatest demand must be placed as far as possible from the entrance areas. Then, along the route to the main product groups, there is a possibility that the buyer will make a random purchase. This increases the likelihood of efficient functioning of the shopping and entertainment center Also in the article, the author proposes an additional set of basic functions that can increase traffic to shopping centers and provide entertainment services for different social and age groups. This list includes group fitness rooms without expensive sports equipment, as well as roller rinks, green areas, playgrounds, children's and adult educational out-of-school classes, as well as street food areas and street trading areas for fairs. Proper organization of these functions within shopping centers can increase their attendance and, as a result, increase their profits. This will also provide the opportunity for trade and service to the maximum number of people from different social groups.

Зовнішньоекономічна діяльність підприємств харчової промисловості Прикарпаття в умовах війни

The article discusses the current state of foreign economic activity of Ukraine in general and Ivano-Frankivsk region in particular. The raw material orientation of Ukrainian exports has been researched and the vulnerability of the country’s competitive positions in foreign markets has been determined. An analysis of the foreign economic activity of the region of Prykarpattia by commodity, geographical structure and determination of the export potential of national food industry enterprises during the full-scale invasion of the aggressor is carried out. The growth (decrease) rates of exports and imports in 2022–2023 in Ivano-Frankivsk region are determined. The category of food and the main groups of food industry products that were exported and imported by the region are identified. The main approaches are formulated and priorities are identified to increase the resilience of the food industry in the face of the challenges and risks of war, as well as to stimulate their recovery and development. It is found that the key directions of ensuring the sustainability of the industry are: creation of an industrial policy that will contribute to the ability of industry to effectively meet the needs of both the frontline and the civilian population during the war; strengthening food security and increasing exports of agro-industrial products. Attention is focused on supporting the interests of national producers, increasing the export potential of the national product, eliminating the effect of import substitution. The necessity of development of full-cycle production and increase of industrial processing on the territory of Ukraine is substantiated; also there are resumption and increase of food production; attraction of foreign and domestic investors; strengthening the export potential of industry; strengthening the potential of the processing industry for the production of energy from alternative sources; conducting marketing researches; formation of a simplified system of customs and tariff regulation.

FORMATION OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN AGRICULTURAL MARKETS OF UKRAINE IN CONDITIONS OF EXTRAORDINARY CHALLENGES

Modern global instability caused by economic, social and natural factors, which requires a deep understanding and analysis of the impact of such conditions on the formation of demand and supply in the agricultural sector. The relevance of the study is determined by the acute nature of the extraordinary challenges faced by the agricultural sector of Ukraine. In connection with the instability of the economic and political situation, agricultural markets become the object of increased influence of external factors, such as military conflicts, economic sanctions and changes in climatic conditions. Taking into account the dynamism of the market and the search for optimal answers to challenges makes this topic important for the scientific community and practical participants of the agricultural sector. The purpose of the research is to conduct a detailed scientific and practical substantiation of the peculiarities of the formation of demand and supply in the agricultural markets of Ukraine in conditions of extraordinary challenges. The research used general scientific (generalization, comparison, induction and deduction) and empirical-theoretical methods (analysis, synthesis). The use of system- structural and statistical analysis made it possible to analyze the Ukrainian agricultural market and allowed to determine changes in consumer demand for the main groups of products, taking into account economic, social and geopolitical factors. It was found out that the subject of purchase and sale on the agrarian market is agricultural products, the characteristics and peculiarities of production of which determine the uniqueness of the agrarian market in comparison with other types of markets. It has been established that the population's food needs are fully met, and as a result, the country has the opportunity to export products. On the basis of the obtained results, it was established that as a result of a significant increase in food prices, a possible reduction in the assortment of these products and a loss of stable income among the population, it was found that they will lead to a shift in the balance of consumption in favor of bakery products and semi-finished products, which is caused by a decrease in the consumption of livestock products, fish and seasonal products. The results of the study can be used to develop an effective policy of state regulation aimed at increasing the competitiveness of agricultural markets, and can also be used for the further development of risk management programs and strategies in the agricultural sector.

EVALUATION OF THE UKRAINIAN AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY PROSPECTS ON THE EUROPEAN UNION MARKET

The article provides an overview of the peculiarities of functioning and analysis of performance indicators of machine-building enterprises in 22 countries of the European Union and Ukraine. The article studies profitability indicators of machine-building enterprises, with an emphasis on the peculiarities of approaches to pricing. A comparative analysis of the number of machine-building enterprises and the number of people employed in machine-building in each country was carried out. The indicators of imports of machinery and equipment for agriculture from Ukraine to the EU countries are analysed in terms of the main product groups. A comparative analysis of the activities of the machine-building industry of the EU and Ukraine per enterprise, with special attention to the indicators of costs and investments, was carried out. The volumes of investments in material assets, machinery and equipment, personnel, and energy costs were analysed. An evaluation of these indicators of the functioning of machine-building enterprises of the European Union and Ukraine has allowed to identify the key problems of domestic machine-building enterprises in the context of ensuring the competitiveness of their products in the EU market. In particular, the author has established the existence of fundamental differences between Ukrainian and European machine-building producers in terms of investment in personnel and renewal of fixed assets, which leads to a significant technological lag behind their European competitors and a lag in terms of individual productivity of personnel.

Shortbread Consumer Market Analysis in the Republic of Adygea

Flour confectionery products are attractive to buyers and producers. The index of industrial production of the Russian Federation, including "Production of bakery and flour confectionery products", as of May 2023 amounted to 107.7% compared to the same period in 2022. When evaluating the product, it is necessary to take into account consumer properties and hygienic standards. The main groups of flour confectionery products are weighted and packaged. There is no single method of market segmentation. Segmentation is divided according to geographical and demographic (gender, age, family size, income level, etc.) principles. Flour confectionery products with increased nutritional and biological value, functional purpose, as well as enriched are gaining more and more interest. The aim of the work is to study the consumer market of sand cookies in the Republic of Adygea: analysis of assortment and consumer preferences. The consumer market of shortbread cookies in the Republic of Adygea is studied, assortment and consumer preferences are analyzed. It is established that the domestic industry produces only a small number of names of dietary flour confectionery products including cookies. One third of consumers in the country (31%) use cookies daily, mostly satisfied with their assortment (82%), 22% prefer sandy cookies, more than half (62%) choose cookies without additives and weighted cookies. Two thirds of consumers are interested in information about cookies. However, about one fifth of cookies are interested in the functional orientation of the product, which confirms the need to develop the assortment of flour confectionery products in this direction and the formation of consumer demand for these products. In the republic there is a good raw material base for obtaining non-traditional sources of raw materials, for example, flour from white edible corn "Adygeyskaya", developed in the State Scientific and Research Institution "Adygeysky Research Institute of Agriculture", the use of which in flour compositions will allow to obtain sand cookies of functional purpose (for example, gluten-free, low-gluten, etc.).

FOOD SECURITY ISSUES IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND ITS PARTICULARITIES IN GEORGIA

<em>Insurance stable food security was and remains, one of the most significant issues faced by human society. Food security is an important socioeconomic and political issue at the individual, national, and global levels. In the conditions of global cataclysms like the COVID-19 pandemic, the problem of food security becomes even more difficult. As mentioned at the opening of the Joint Technical Symposium held on December 16th, 2022, “There is no certainty when the next pandemic will strike us, but there is the absolute certainty that it will happen again”. In such conditions, rethinking the gained experience obtained through the COVID-19 pandemic becomes particularly important. The article distinguished two aspects of food security – the food quantity problem and the food quality problem and considers the impact of COVID-19 on food security at the levels of countries, human groups, and economic sectors. On the country level, the paper discusses countries that experienced food problems in the past, food-import-dependent countries, and food-export-dependent countries. On the human groups level, the article distinguishes communities and groups of people who already experienced hunger, socially unprotected populations, and the so-called "new poor". On the economic level, the paper defines sectors of the economy that were highly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. It also analyses the food security issues in Georgia and the effects of COVID-19 on the domestic production of main groups of products, the ratio of import and export by groups of products, and the self-sufficiency ratio according to some groups of products.</em>

ІНТЕГРАЦІЙНІ ЗВ’ЯЗКИ МІЖ УКРАЇНОЮ ТА КАНАДОЮ В КОНТЕКСТІ УГОДИ ПРО ЗВТ

The new international division of labor, production internationalization along with the acceleration of integration processes development challenge the role of government and business elite in terms of fulfillment of the integration potential of the national economy to ensure its competitiveness on world markets and welfare of its citizens. The successful solution to a wide variety of issues related to the effective use of tariff and non-tariff regulation is a critical factor in the development of the integration potential of Ukraine. It is also obvious that already concluded FTAs require revision from the point of view of advocating economically more rational and expedient use of relevant instruments of government regulation of economic relations with partners. The study deals with the trade in goods between Ukraine and Canada in the context of Canada-Ukraine Free Trade Agreement. The data taken from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine allows to examine the commodity patterns of exports and imports, to analyze the dynamics of exports, imports, balance of trade in goods between Ukraine and Canada for 2016–2021. Exports of goods to Canada in 2016 – 28.9 mln USD and in 2021 – 160.1 mln USD, i.e. increased 5.5 times; the share of exports of the Ukrainian goods to Canada in all exports of goods of Ukraine grew 3 times from 0,08% to 0,24%. Imports of goods from Canada in 2016 – 217.3 mln USD, and in 2021 – 260.6 mln USD; the share of imports of the Canadian goods to Ukraine in all imports of goods of Ukraine decreased from 0,6% to 0,4%. The trade deficit in goods has been slightly improved: in 2016 the negative balance of trade in goods of -188.4 mln USD is observed and in 2021 it is -100.5 mln USD. The analysis of commodity pattern of Ukraine's exports and imports is presented to identify the changes in the share of the main product groups. It is emphasized that the trends of deindustrialization and primitivization of exports significantly narrow the possibilities for development of the integration potential of Ukraine. It is recommended to modernize the FTA with Canada so that its implementation contributes to the restructuring of the national economy. A key role in this restructuring should be played by the competitive industrial sector integrated into the world economy, which will also result in the long-term investments and additional opportunities for Ukraine to participate in those production segments of global chains where the maximum added value is created.

EXPORT OF ALTAI PRODUCTS AS A COMPONENT OF THE REGION'S IMAGE

The article is devoted to assessing and identifying the problems of mutual influence of export activities and the image of the region, manifested through the influence of the image of the region on the prospects for the development of export activities and export activities on the image of the region. The relevance of the problem is connected with the need to strengthen the export positions of the Altai Territory in order to ensure the growth of its image in foreign markets. The authors have studied and evaluated the dynamics and structure of exports as a factor that has a significant impact on the image of the Altai Territory, identified possible areas of activity to improve its image in foreign markets, which, in turn, can positively affect the intensification of export activities.
 The growth of exports of Altai Krai products to foreign markets, the increase in its competitiveness, as well as the constantly changing market conditions update the study of the components of the image of the exporting region, require monitoring of the factors that determine it, taking into account the changing preferences of importers.
 As a result of theoretical studies of the problems of the image of the region, export activity, supported by analytical calculations of the dynamics and structure of exports of the main commodity groups of products of the Altai Territory in 2016-2020, the authors came to the conclusion that exports on the image of the region and the image on the prospects for the development of exports, the need to search ways to improve the effectiveness of mutual influence, based on the unique characteristics of the region.

Bacterial Pathogens in Food: Modern Safety Criteria and Methods of Molecular Genetic Analysis.

The review is devoted to the issues of improving the food biosafety system by developing and implementing modern methods of microbiological and molecular genetic analysis and new safety standards for the main groups of food products. The results of fundamental and applied microbiological research in the field of food safety conducted by the Federal Research Center for Nutrition and Biotechnology are presented. We demonstrated the necessity of a detailed study of the ecology and features of survival of new types of pathogenic microorganisms and evaluation of the role of technological factors in the formation of altered properties of these pathogens in food production environment. It is noted that the most effective basis for establishing criteria for biosafety of food products is the use of a structural model of microbiological risk analysis (MRA), which implies assessment and integration of risks throughout the food chain and step-by-step study of microbial hazards, predicts the degree of danger to the health of certain foods contaminated by them and the risk and severity of adverse effects. Consideration of the variability of pathogens and the ability of MRA to forecast allows rationalizing resources in the most relevant areas when developing measures to protect the population. It is shown how, as a result of studying the biology of pathogenic bacteria of the genera Campylobacter, Salmonella, Cronobacter, and Listeria and mechanisms for regulating the expression of pathogenicity and resistance factors of these pathogens, improved schemes and modified methods have been developed over a number of years, allowing accelerated indication of pathogens in food products using combined schemes of bacteriological and molecular genetic analysis based on the selection of the most informative biochemical and immunological tests, and their genotyping. Accumulated scientific data in the field of biosafety indicate the need for further research in the prediction of the pathogen behavior in food, studying the mechanisms of regulation of the expression of pathogenicity genes in food-borne pathogens, the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes, and studying the interaction of the human with pathogens to calculate the biological response to microbial agents coming from food.

Development Features of the Domestic Consumer Goods Market in Ukraine

Abstract Subject and purpose of work: The main purpose of the article is to assess the functioning of the domestic market for consumer products and to characterise its development. Trends in the development of the domestic consumer goods market are analysed in the following areas: consumption of main product groups; food supply through consumption funds; agricultural production in the context of crop and livestock production; the ratio of exports to imports of agricultural and food products; and economic accessibility of the population to foodstuffs. The paper also analyses the problems of developing trade infrastructure facilities. Materials and methods: The methods of scientific abstraction, systemic, structural and functional, synergetic approaches was statistical and comparative analysis to assess the state of development of the domestic market for consumer goods and the determinants of regulation of the internal consumer market were implemented. The open resources of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine were the main sources of data. Results: It has been proved that trade infrastructure currently plays an important role at the present stage of development of the internal market for consumer goods in Ukraine. Certain trends are primarily due to the reduction in the total number of markets as a result of prohibition of informal markets, where food products were mainly traded, as well as the active development of supermarket chains, which today occupies an important place in the trade infrastructure. Conclusions: The analysis revealed insufficient levels of actual and projected consumption of most basic types of food, compared to the recommended norms.

Перспективи залучення промисловості України у глобальні ланцюги доданої вартості та їх вплив на економічне зростання

The article presents the study of the involvement of processing industry in the global value chains of added value on the economic growth of Ukraine. Main product groups in export and import, taking into account the inclusion of these industries in the global value chains of added value were characterized with the help of dynamic and structural analysis of foreign trade of Ukraine. The regression analysis revealed a strong direct link between the actual volumes of GDP of Ukraine and the change in the volume of exports of machines and equipment and the volume of imports of vehicles. It is concluded that the existing state of attracting national machine-building enterprises in the global chains of value creation has a positive effect on Ukraine's economic growth despite a high import component in the export of mechanical engineering products and a relatively low share of these products in exports. Statistically significant dependence of the GDP index of Ukraine on changes in export and import by the main product groups were not revealed. The lack of statistically significant link between the actual volumes of Ukraine's GDP and the change in the volume of ferrous metals, despite their high share in exports, confirms low efficiency of inclusion of Ukrainian metallurgical enterprises in the global value chains. The results of the study confirmed the expediency of development of export-oriented production of machines and equipment on the basis of modernization of domestic metallurgical base during the period of post-war restoration of the Ukrainian economy.

Forestry Sector Resource Optimization with TIMES

Abstract Latvia’s wood industry is based mainly on three product groups – fuelwood, wood-based panels and furniture. This research adopts the TIMES modelling approach to assess the potential of forestry resources’ contribution to the development of bioeconomy by evaluating different existing and new products. The modelling approach is commonly used for energy systems, however, the study shows the adaptation of TIMES for the forestry sector from the perspective of bioeconomy development analysis, considering wood resource demand in the energy sector and the benefits of higher added value product production. The aim of modelling is to find which are more economically feasible exploitation options and the optimal production amounts for wood and wood by-products, such as biofuels, xylan, and lyocell. The study results show that the potential production of new products with higher added value is compatible with currently existing wood demand trends of three main product groups. The result shows that the lyocell biorefinery scenario has the potential for adding 199.5 million euros to Latvia’s GDP and helps achieve a 30 % increase in the added value of forestry resource use by 2030. To achieve the target, only 140 thousand tons (1.3 %) of total processed wood (total wood commodity is equal to 11 139 thousand tons) is used for lyocell biorefinery due to the high added value of the new product. Despite the various limitations of the model, the obtained results suggest that producing higher added-value products from forestry resources should be considered as a significant long-term supplementary driver of economic growth and bioeconomy development.

Ожирение и COVID-19: инсайты двух пандемий

Objective of the Review: To present the pathophysiological mechanisms of the coronavirus infection in obese patients, and approaches to obesity correction in this group of patients following an overview of large randomized clinical trials of cardiovascular safety from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar. Key Points. Clinical trials have demonstrated that obesity is a significant risk factor of a number of comorbidities, including severe and fatal cases of the novel coronavirus infection. A higher prevalence and severity of the novel coronavirus infection in obese patients is caused by a set of factors, with the most significant factor being an increased cardiovascular risk, including tendency to blood-clotting, reduced respiratory efficiency, impaired immune response, and chronic inflammations. Main groups of medicinal products that can be used to manage lipotoxicity have been listed. Conclusion. It has been proven that a range of positive effects from new antihyperglycemic agents (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose linked transporter-2 inhibitors), combined with a well-studied efficiency and safety profile, is a new method to manage obesity during the coronavirus pandemic. Keywords: novel coronavirus infection, obesity, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, sodium-glucose linked transporter-2 inhibitors, cardiovascular complications, prevention.

Зовнішньоекономічні відносини між Україною та Китаєм: основні напрямки розвитку

The article is devoted to the problems of developing foreign trade relations between Ukraine and China, as China ranks first in terms of trade among other trade partners of Ukraine. The article analyzes the reasons for China's interest in Ukraine and possible benefits for our country. The countries' export, import, foreign trade turnover, and foreign trade balance indicators are studied. The calculated indicators allowed us to state a positive trade balance for most goods, which indicates the advantage of exports over imports. The growth rates of exports and imports for the main product groups are calculated. It is concluded that the dynamics of international trade for ferrous metals, seeds, and fruits export growth rates are the highest, and electric machines and flour products - the lowest. The necessity of direct investments for further development in all spheres of the economy is substantiated. The structure of investment cooperation between Ukraine and China is analyzed, and conclusions are made about the number of direct investments coming from China. Based on the research and study of literature sources on the selected topic, the following conclusions were drawn on the prospects of foreign trade relations between China and Ukraine: it is advisable to study in detail the development of China's interests to adjust Ukraine's export policy to revive cooperation partners of Ukraine; as for the Ukrainian-Chinese trade relations, the following product groups have particular prospects for development: already positive in the foreign trade balance (corn, soybeans, barley, dairy products, honey), negative in the foreign trade balance (poultry, pork, fruits, vegetables) ) and products that do not require special state permits (sunflower oil and a wide range of food products). It is expedient to develop bilateral relations in mutually beneficial areas for both countries; there is a positive trade balance for most goods. For ferrous metals, seeds, and fruits, the export growth rates are the highest. For electric machines and flour products - the lowest, we need to emphasize the stabilization of exports of commodity groups, where export growth has increased. Ukraine needs to make tremendous efforts to join the «One Belt, One Road» initiative as a participant: because our country is only a watchdog. Also, you need to show more initiative and declare your desire to join the project «16 + 1»

Number of Gastroesophageal Refluxes Detected With Oesophageal pH-Impedance Study Correlates With Dietary Patterns

Abstract Objectives To evaluate association of number of gastroesophageal refluxes detected with oesophageal pH-impedance study with dietary patterns Methods Subjects referred to oesophageal pH-impedance examination were invited to participate in the study, approved by LEC. In case of agreement, they were asked to provide data of their usual nutrition based on food frequency questionnaire (Nutrilogic, Russia). Diet was assessed in accordance with healthy eating index, for the following main groups of products: grains, fruits, vegetables, dairy products, meats, fats and confectioneries. The results are shown as a quotient of dividing the actual values by the recommended. Spearman rank R was used to analyse correlation between number of gastroesophageal refluxes (GER) detected with oesophageal pH-impedance examination and dietary patterns assessment. Results Data of 40 consecutive patients (12 of them with confirmed gastroesophageal reflux disease, 28 females, age (Mean ± SD): 52.2 ± 12.9 y.o.) served as the source for the study. Mean energy value of the ration was 2302 ± 1391 kcal/day. Dietary patterns for main food groups was as follows: grains 1.4 ± 0.7, vegetables 1.1 ± 0.7, fruits 0.8 ± 0.9, dairy products 0.6 ± 0.6, meats 1.7 ± 1.0, fats 0.6 ± 0.8, confectionaries 0.3 ± 0.5. Mean number of GERs was 43.8 ± 24.4, acid GERs - 26.2 ± 20.5 per day. Direct medium-strength correlation was found between pattern of dairy products consumption and total number of GERs (Spearman R = 0.47, P < 0.05), weak-acid GERs (R = 0.49, P < 0.05), non-acid GERs (R = 0.62, P < 0.05). Pattern of confectionaries consumption was associated with high (that reached proximal oesophagus, ∼17 cm above LES) GERs: R = 0.47, P < 0.05. Conclusions This preliminary results may serve as a basis for further research in larger comparative trials and may be considered when diet modification is planned for patients with GERD. Funding Sources Russian Science Foundation research grant #19–76-30014.

Handel zagraniczny produktami mięsnymi Polski z Japonią w latach 2004-2019

Głównym celem artykułu jest charakterystyka zmian w handlu zagranicznym produktami mięsnymi Polski z Japonią w latach 2004-2019. Zastosowano następujące metody: analiza porównawcza w czasie eksportu produktów mięsnych oraz wchodzących w jej skład głównych grup produktowych, analiza struktury towarowej tego eksportu. Otrzymane wyniki mogą być wykorzystane przez różnych uczestników łańcucha dostaw (np. przetwórców czy handel), mogą stanowić wsparcie nie tylko dla polityki gospodarczej państwa w zakresie kształtowania relacji handlowych, ale także dla przedsiębiorstw eksportujących, które są zainteresowane określeniem swojej pozycji konkurencyjnej na rynku (np. mogą oszacować swój udział w eksporcie do Japonii określonych grup asortymentowych) czy rozważyć ewentualne uplasowanie swoich produktów na tym rynku. W badaniach wykorzystano dane OECD, ITC Trade Map i niepublikowane dane roczne dotyczące eksportu i importu Ministerstwa Finansów z lat 2004-2019.

Vegetables, Potatoes and Their Products as Sources of Energy and Nutrients to the Average Diet in Poland.

The aim of our study was to analyse vegetables, potatoes and their products as sources of energy and nutrients in the average diet in Poland. Representative data of the 2016 Household Budget Survey from 36,886 households were used. This is the largest study sample in Poland, so we generalized the conclusions to the whole population using the statement ‘average diet’. We analysed three main product groups: vegetables, vegetable products, and potatoes and potatoes products, dividing them into 14 subgroups (e.g., tomatoes, cabbage, carrots, other vegetables, and mushrooms). The percentages of energy, protein, carbohydrates, total fat, nine vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin D, and vitamin E), seven minerals (calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron, magnesium and zinc), and fibre from the analysed food subgroups are presented. Additionally, the influence of household characteristics on the supply of energy and nutrients from each subgroup of vegetables, potatoes, and their products was evaluated using cluster analysis. In the analysis, R programme and Kohonen neural networks were applied. Our study showed that vegetables, potatoes, and their products provide 7.3% of daily dietary energy supply. Vegetables contribute more than 20% of the supply of six nutrients: vitamin C (51.8%), potassium (32.5%), folate (31.0%), vitamin A (30.6%), vitamin B6 (27.8%), and magnesium (20.2%), as well as fibre (31.8%). Cluster analysis distinguished three clusters that differed in nutritional supply from vegetables, potatoes, and their products. Educational level, income measured by quintile groups, village size, socio-economic characteristics, urbanization degree, and land use were the most important factors determining differences between clusters.