Main Ecosystem Research Articles

How does the pedoenvironmental gradient shape non-vascular species assemblages and community structures in Maritime Antarctica?

The main terrestrial ecosystems dominated by lichens and mosses, which represent important ecological indicators of climatic changes in high polar latitudes, are found in the Antarctic continent. However, little is known about how environmental filtering shapes cryptogamic communities’ assemblages at fine-scale. In this study, we analysed changes in non-vascular species richness, species composition and plant coverage along a pedoenvironmental gradient in Maritime Antarctica. We hypothesized that pedoenvironmental filters (i.e. soil texture and chemistry properties) drive the non-vascular assembly community. We classified soils according to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources, selecting ten different pedoenvironments at fine-scale. The plant inventory data from 206 plots across these pedoenvironments was used to evaluate the main effect of plant coverage, soil texture and soil chemistry on non-vascular species richness and composition. The ecological value of the species was determined and the type of community it occurred in was characterized, then the associations of the species were classified in each pedoenvironment. Differences in species richness, species composition and plant coverage were detected along the pedoenvironmental gradient. However, plant coverage, soil chemistry, soil texture and soil variables did not affect species richness and species composition, with the exception of clay content that was particularly an important predictor of species composition. High pedoenvironmental filtering apparently has no effect on species richness but determined differences in species composition. Therefore, we assumed that pedoenvironmental filtering determined high beta diversity in this island from maritime Antarctica. This study reveals that fine scale heterogeneity contributes to specific species associations along a pedoenvironmental gradient; thus, pedoenvironmental filtering not only determines diversity pattern in non-vascular plants, but also type of communities.

Carbon fluxes across alpine, oasis, and desert ecosystems in northwestern China: The importance of water availability

Dryland regions cover >40% of the Earth's land surface, making these ecosystems the largest biome in the world. Ecosystems in these areas play an important role in determining the interannual variability of the global terrestrial carbon sink. Examining carbon fluxes of various types of dryland ecosystems and their responses to climatic variability is essential for improving projections of the carbon cycle in these regions. In this study, we made use of observations from a regional flux tower observation network in a typical arid endorheic basin, the Heihe river basin (HRB). As a representative area of both the arid region of China and the entire region of central Asia, the HRB includes the main ecosystems in arid regions. We compared the spatial variations of carbon fluxes of five terrestrial ecosystems (i.e., grassland, cropland, desert, wetland, and forest ecosystems) and explored the responses of ecosystem carbon fluxes to climatic factors across different ecosystems. We found that our region exhibits a carbon sink ranging from 85.9 to 508.7 gC/m2/yr for different ecosystems, and the water availability is critical to the spatial variability of carbon fluxes in arid regions. Carbon fluxes across all sites exhibited weak correlations with temperature and precipitation. Marked differences in precipitation effects were observed between the sites within oases and those outside of oases. Irrigation and groundwater recharge were of great importance to the variations in carbon fluxes for the sites within oases. Evapotranspiration (ET) exhibited strong relationships with carbon fluxes, indicating that ET was a better metric of soil water availability than was precipitation in driving the spatial variability of carbon fluxes in arid regions. This study has implications for better understanding the carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems and informing ecological management in dryland regions.

KONSEP KETAHANAN PANGAN PADA KASUS OVERFISHING PADA KAWASAN LAUT JAWA

As a maritime country, Indonesia is one of the largest fish producers in the world. This marine resources has fulfilled Indonesian people in their daily needs on fish and also has fulfilled the world's demands for fish. Sea of Java is one of the main ecosystems that provides that marine commodities. However the fish demand that always increases over time threatened the fish ecosystem because of overfishing phenomena by fishermen. The most possible solution for this problem is establish fisheries transmigration in Indonesia which is supported by suitable equipment for fish catching in purpose to resource and development equality in all regions of Indonesia as well as preserving marine biota conservation for marine improvement in this region for the future generation.

Avifauna Survey within a University Campus and Adjacent Forest Fragment in Bicol, Eastern Philippines

With the lack of baseline information on avifauna within Bicol University and the adjacent forest fragment, this research aimed to identify bird species and compare their presence between an urbanized and forest areas. Avian diversity was documented within the Kalikasan Park and Bicol University Main Campus adjacent ecosystems, representing a forest fragment and semi-urbanized ecosystems, respectively. Bird survey was carried out through point count method. Identification was aided by existing taxonomic keys. A total of 44 species were recorded with eleven as Philippine endemics. Lonchura malacca(Chestnut Munia) and Aplonis panayensis (Asian Glossy Starling) were among the most frequently sighted. Bird species sighted was higher in the forest fragment as compared with the main campus area. The study recommends that Bicol University Main campus be transformed into an avian buffer and safe zone for the protection and conservation of these species and to provide policies to maintain high bird diversity.

Integrating biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services into operational plan of community forest in Nepal : status and gaps

After initiation of community forestry system in Nepal, the status of forest cover has improved due to significant roles of people in conservation, management and utilization of forest resources. As a result of increased productivity of the forest and restoration of degraded areas, forest users have been able to receive various economic, social, cultural and environmental benefits to strengthen their livelihood. Despite many positive outcomes of community forestry, there are still some factors which haven’t allowed the proper biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services maintenance. The study carried out on 100 operational plans from different parts of the country and it showed that the incorporation status of biodiversity and ecosystem services into community forest operational plan is worse despite the fact that such plan is the main component to lead the destination of any community forest. In addition to this, some gaps and challenges were observed in community forestry which have not favoured to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services management systematically at an optimum level. Among them, duplication problem of biodiversity and ecosystem services related issues in operational plan; timber oriented operational plan; limited provision about wildlife conservation and negative perception of people on wildlife and their conservation owing to human wildlife conflict; dominant socioeconomic factors; impact of introduced species, invasive and alien species; lacking in provision of adaptation and mitigation methods to cope with impact of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem services and shrinking of biological corridor due to habitat fragmentation were major issues. Besides this, to address these issues, it was also identified from the national consultation workshop of forest officials and experts that most appropriate uniform methods, measures and mechanisms are needed to be developed for the complete assessment, prioritization, analysis and development of action plans to main stream biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services management into operational plan of community forestry.

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Mangrove forest is the main life-supporting ecosystem which is important for coastal and marine areas that haveeconomic function as well spawning ground for living things. This study aims to analyze the community perceptionas well as to find out the economic value generated from mangrove ecosystem in Kalibu and Eelahaji villages,North Buton Regency. The study used purposive sampling method with the 50 respondents from both villages thatwere chosen in purposively. The results showed that ccommunity perceptions to the benefit of mangrove forestsand forest protection in the Kalibu and Eelahaji vilages were still in high category. According to the communityperception, the main cause of mangrove forest degradation was due to mangrove wood collection for fire wood.Economic valuation is an effort to provide quantitative value of goods and services provided by natural resourcesand environment in the form of direct use value, indirect use value, and option value. The direct value of mangroveforest benefit consists of fire wood, fish, crab, and shrimp. Indirect use value of mangrove forest is in the form ofbarrier to abrasion and sea- water intrusion while the option value is in the form of ecotourism. The quantification of all economic values from mangrove of Kalibu village results in IDR 8,680,773,742 per year while in Eelahaji village is IDR 6,144,339,375 per year.

Ecological and geochemical evaluation of ecosystems of the Curonian Spit (Russia)

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of the quantitative content of metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, Sr, Ni, Ca, Fe, Br, Rb) in the leaves of the flora dominants of the main ecosystems of the Curonian Spit (foredune, palve area, large dune ridge). The heavy metal content in the upper layer of sandy soils, forest ecosystems (palve area) and large dune ridge was analysed. In the accumulative horizon of soils, the heavy metal content did not exceed the sanitary standards (MAC (maximum allowable concentration)/TAC (tentative allowable concentration)), and their concentration was significantly lower than the similar level in urbanised territories which allows for taking their contents into account as a baseline for the Kaliningrad region. From the ecological and physiological points of view, the content of heavy metals in the studied plants is not toxic, and is typical of the accumulation features in plants.

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of the Extreme Precipitation across the Tibetan Plateau (1986–2015)

The Tibetan Plateau is one of the most vulnerable areas to extreme precipitation. In recent decades, water cycles have accelerated, and the temporal and spatial characteristics of extreme precipitation have undergone dramatic changes across the Tibetan Plateau, especially in its various ecosystems. However, there are few studies that considered the variation of extreme precipitation in various ecosystems, and the impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and few researchers have made a quantitative analysis between them. In this study, we analyzed the spatial and temporal pattern of 10 extreme precipitation indices across the Tibetan Plateau (including its four main ecosystems: Forest, alpine meadow, alpine steppe, and desert steppe) based on daily precipitation from 76 meteorological stations over the past 30 years. We used the linear least squares method and Pearson correlation coefficient to examine variation magnitudes of 10 extreme precipitation indices and correlation. Temporal pattern indicated that consecutive wet days (CWD) had a slightly decreasing trend (slope = −0.006), consecutive dry days (CDD), simple daily intensity (SDII), and extreme wet day precipitation (R99) displayed significant increasing trends, while the trends of other indices were not significant. For spatial patterns, the increasing trends of nine extreme precipitation indices (excluding CDD) occurred in the southwestern, middle and northern regions of the Tibetan Plateau; decreasing trends were distributed in the southeastern region, while the spatial pattern of CDD showed the opposite distribution. As to the four different ecosystems, the number of moderate precipitation days (R10mm), number of heavy precipitation days (R20mm), wet day precipitation (PRCPTOT), and very wet day precipitation (R95) in forest ecosystems showed decreasing trends, but CDD exhibited a significant increasing trend (slope = 0.625, P < 0.05). In the other three ecosystems, all extreme precipitation indices generally exhibited increasing trends, except for CWD in alpine meadow (slope = −0.001) and desert steppe (slope = −0.005). Furthermore, the crossover wavelet transform indicated that the ENSO had a 4-year resonance cycle with R95, SDII, R20mm, and CWD. These results provided additional evidence that ENSO play an important remote driver for extreme precipitation variation in the Tibetan Plateau.

Managing Smart Service Ecosystems Through Technology: How ICTs Enable Value Cocreation

Due to the recognized influence of technology on value cocreation (S-D logic), the work aims at applying service ecosystems view to the analysis of the tourism sector (redefined as smart tourism). The main goals of the study are: 1) to detect ICTs' active role in combining with the other ecosystems' elements (actors, resource integration, and institutions); 2) to investigate ICTs' integration in overall corporate and value cocreation strategies. The empirical research adopts a case study methodology and is based on interviews administered to 10 managers from the bed and breakfast (B&B) sector in Salerno. The results show that ICTs (in our sample) act as: 1) key levers to foster the dynamic integration of resources among actors based on the active reshaping of institutions, and 2) strategic tools to enhance value cocreation from predelivery to postdelivery. The findings reveal ICTs' influence on the main ecosystems' elements and on the dynamic integration among actors, knowledge exchange, and institutions. Therefore, the impact of technology on value cocreation practices, until now relatively unexplored from a practical point of view, is shown. Moreover, observing how managers in the sample employ ICTs in the different phases of delivery the work can provide significant insights on how the emergence of value cocreation can be fostered and monitored constantly. The work entails both theoretical and managerial implications. In the first place, it offers insights on the different kind of value cocreation practices fostered and generated using ICTs in business processes. In the second place, it sheds light on how managers can: optimize knowledge exchange to enable cocreation; monitor the emersion of cocreation in real time; and foster service improvement and innovation.

Biodiversity Study on Segara Anakan Lagoon

Segara Anakan is the only estuary on the southern coast and the widest mangrove ecosystem in Java Island. However, it is currently not included in the list of government protected conservation area. This study aims to identify the biodiversity in Segara Anakan conservation area. The results of this identification show the types of flora, fauna and their conservation status in a biodiversity profile. The results of this study showed that Segara Anakan conservation area is 16,253.2 ha with mangrove ecosystem as it main ecosystem. The total area of mangrove is 3,980 ha. There are 60 species of mangrove plants, one of them has a “near threatened” status according to the IUCN Red List (i.e. Ceriops decandra). According to the IUCN Red List, two birds are on “vulnerable” and one mammal has a “near threatened” conservation status. From the Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index calculation, the biodiversity level of the Segara Anakan Lagoon is categorized as a medium with the value 1.76 - 2.80. The Segara Anakan community also uses mangroves for processed food and batik colouring which can generate group turnover of around 2 to 3 million rupiahs per month.

Review on the Role of Parkland Agro Forestry in Agricultural Landscapes of West Africa and Lessons Draw for East Africa

Parkland agroforestry practice can provide different environmental services, especially for biodiversity conservation. This practice gets big attention with agroforestry and conservation scientists. The main purpose of this paper was to explore what are the main ecosystems services and livelihood strategy of parkland agroforestry provide to farming communities in West Africa region and the main challenges faced in conservation and management of the diversity of these trees in agricultural landscapes. What are the best practices and concerns towards parkland agroforestry in West African countries have and what lessons can be drawn to their counterparts in East African farming communities.The contributions and challenges of parkland agroforestry practices were described by different scholars. In West Africa`s region parklands as anthropogenic landscapes with a rational land use system developed by farmers over many generations and farmers select and protect tree species to diversify production for subsistence and income as well as to minimize environmental risks related to climatic variability. The contribution to the conservation of biodiversity through in situ conservation of tree species on farm, reduction of pressure on remnant forests, and the provision of suitable habitat for a number of plants and animal species on farmlands. Besides, planted trees and shrubs contribute significantly to farmers’ livelihoods by supplying food, fodder, wood and medicine. The main challenges are poor survival rate of seedlings due to moisture stress and browsing, careless field clearing and weeding, and the presence of seedlings seemed to be determined mainly by moisture availability and seed availability. In conclusion parkland in West Africa covers wide part of the agricultural landscapes providing enormous services and products to the farming communities of the region. Then the best practices accumulated in West Africa have to be transfered to East Africa through linking the agroforestry expertes and the farmers of the two regions. Keywords: Biodiversity Consrvation, Ecosystem Service and Antropogenic landscapes DOI : 10.7176/JNSR/9-13-05 Publication date :July 31 st 2019

BIOINDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN COSTAL/ESTUARINE AREAS AS A TOOL FOR MONITORING PLANS: A STUDY CASE FOR SUAPE COMPLEX PORT (PERNAMBUCO, BRAZIL)

The implantation of Suape Complex Industrial Port (Pernambuco, Brazil) has resulted in several actions which modified dramatically the landscape and changed the ecological role of the reef and estuarine communities in the area. The main impactful processes in Suape are related to sedimentation by dredging, reef dynamitation, landfill on the reefline, destruction of the mangrove and traffic of large vessels. The main objective of this research consists of providing a brief introduction to the process of assessing environmental impacts occurring in the main estuarine ecosystems. It was used a check-list of the indicators applied to the main four rivers estuaries and the bay of Suape, filled out by the researcher observing in loco, the main environmental impacts. Each impact can present weight 1 (small), 3 (moderate) or 5 (extreme), established subjectively, according to its importance in relation to the principles of the analysis adopted. The most impacted system was the Massangana river estuary (-431) followed by Ipojuca (-296) and Tatuoca (-288). The Merepe river (-249) and Suape bay (-212) presented lower impacts, however still very high. It was observed that the used model for the development of Suape does not contemplate ecosystem resources, since all the environments were destroyed and discharacterized. Thus, initiatives to promote the economic development at all costs cause the destruction of the natural and social heritage, like unfortunately ocurred in Suape.

Economic valuation of mangrove forests at Secanggang, Langkat

Mangrove forest is the main life-supporting ecosystem for organisms in coastal and marine areas. It got serious pressure as the impact of land conversion. The objective of the study was to analyse the total economic valuation of mangrove forest in Secanggang, Langkat. The number of samples is determined as many as 30 by using cluster sampling. Data were analysed using economic valuation techniques for calculating the total value of the mangrove ecosystem. Total economic value is carried out by interviewing each respondent to estimate economic value, namely the direct use value, the indirect use value, and the option value of the mangrove forest. The total economic value is IDR 22,497,463,608 per year. It is obtained from direct use value is IDR 4,662,525,000 per year, indirect use value amounted IDR 17,507,736,480 per year, while option value amounted IDR 327,202,128 per year. Direct use value comes from the benefits of the firewood, shrimp, fish, and crab utilization. For the indirect use value was obtained from retaining abrasion and provider of fishery resources, i.e. shrimp feed resource and the option value was obtained by calculating the value of biodiversity in the mangrove ecosystem.

The Detection of Forest Health Level as an Effort to Protecting Main Ecosystem in the term of Watershed Management in Maros Watershed, South Sulawesi

Forests have an important role in the balance of watershed systems, mainly as water management regulators by providing sustainable water resources for humans and the environment. The changing of forest conditions could give a huge impact to the balance of the watershed. The effect of this imbalance has caused flooding problems in the rainy season and drought in the dry season as it’s happened in the Maros watershed. These problems occur because of the lack of optimal carrying capacity of forest ecosystems due to changes in forest conditions. Healthy forest conditions have a very different response compared to unhealthy forests, particularly in regulating watershed management. Based on these problems, this research was conducted to identify the condition of forests in the Maros watershed by detecting the level of forest health in forest types in Maros watershed through forest health analysis using Landsat 8 recording image of 2013 and to identify the impact of forest conditions on water availability (blue water and green water) by using SWAT model on the scenario of changing forest conditions and to make optimum forest condition direction which supported to become a sufficient Maros watershed management and to identify the condition of the forest related to air (blue water and green water) by using the SWAT model as much as possible and sustainable through reforestation or afforestation activities. The forest types in Maro’s watershed consists of primary and secondary dryland forests, plantations forest and mangrove forests, with an area of 162.07 km2. The results of forest health analysis obtained a good level of forest health (very healthy and healthy) covering an area of 128.54 km2 and a poor (unhealthy and dead) forest health covering an area of 33.53 km2. The presence of unhealthy forests condition in Maros Watershed influenced the optimal proportion of the forest area in providing water yields. A good forest area in the Maros watershed produces 3,289,440 m3 of blue water. This value is very far from the water needs of the people around Maros watershed (3,308,977 m3/year). Therefore, it is necessary to optimize forest land through reforestation (improvement of forest conditions) and afforestation (forest addition). From the SWAT modeling results, it was found that the addition of forest area would increase the value of blue water, but to the optimum extent of forest addition with an area of 33.44% of Maro’s watershed. The addition of forest area that exceeds this capacity will reduce the value of the blue water of the Maros watershed due to the increasing of green water through the evapotranspiration process.

KOMPOSISI JENIS DAN STRUKTUR VEGETASI HUTAN DATARAN RENDAH DI KOMPLEKS GUNUNG BULUSARAUNG SULAWESI SELATAN

The Bulusaraung Mountain is a lowland forest and is one of the main ecosystems owned by Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park. Therefore, this study aims to determine the species composition and vegetation structure of lowland forests in the complex of Bulusaraung Mountain. The research was conducted from April to May 2018. Data collection was carried out using a 20 × 20 meter plot placed on the Balleanging, Tokaddaro and Tompobulu track lines based on altitude (550 m asl, 650 m asl, and 750 m asl). The result of this study show that there are 44 species were found on tree class, 65 species on pole class, 40 species on sapling class and 25 species on seedling class. The species composition in the study area was dominated Palaquium obovatum, Persea rimosa, Arthrophyllum diversifolium, Cryptocarya laevigata, and Engelhardia serrata, while Psychotria leptothyrsa, Antidesma bunius, Maesa ramentacea, Ficus sandpaper, Baccaurea javanica, Symplocos maliliency, Callicarpa pentandra, and Saurauia tristyla is a type of tree that differentiates at each altitude. The structure of the forest canopy layer at an altitude of 550 m above sea level consists of three canopy layers, while at an altitude of 650 and 750 m above sea level consisting only of two canopy layers. The cover of forest canopy in all sampling locations was reached 75-90%.

Climate change impact on ecosystem functions provided by birds in southeastern Amazonia.

Although the impacts of climate change on biodiversity are increasing worldwide, few studies have attempted to forecast these impacts on Amazon Tropical Forest. In this study, we estimated the impact of climate change on Amazonian avian assemblages considering range shifts, species loss, vulnerability of ecosystem functioning, future effectiveness of current protected areas and potential climatically stable areas for conservation actions. Species distribution modelling based on two algorithms and three different scenarios of climate change was used to forecast 501 avian species, organized on main ecosystem functions (frugivores, insectivores and nectarivores) for years 2050 and 2070. Considering the entire study area, we estimated that between 4 and 19% of the species will find no suitable habitat. Inside the currently established protected areas, species loss could be over 70%. Our results suggest that frugivores are the most sensitive guild, which could bring consequences on seed dispersal functions and on natural regeneration. Moreover, we identified the western and northern parts of the study area as climatically stable. Climate change will potentially affect avian assemblages in southeastern Amazonia with detrimental consequences to their ecosystem functions. Information provided here is essential to conservation practitioners and decision makers to help on planning their actions.

The tradeoff between soil erosion protection and water consumption in revegetation: Evaluation of new indicators and influencing factors

Soil conservation and soil water storage are two of the main ecosystem functions affected by revegetation programs. However, the effects of revegetation on these variables have traditionally been studied separately, and there have been few efforts to assess their responses to revegetation in an integrated way. This paper evaluates the tradeoff between these responses by introducing two new indicators: the accumulation of the ratio between soil erosion protection and water consumption over a prescribed time period (EEWA) and the time specific ratio of the reduction in soil water to the reduction in erosion by vegetation (EEW). Micro-plot experiments involving different vegetation types, clipping treatments, and rainfall intensities were conducted, revealing that analyses based on EEWA identified different dominant factors and optimal management strategies than would be obtained by considering either soil conservation or soil water contents in isolation. The vegetation type, clipping, and rainfall intensity all affected soil erosion by changing the level of soil protection and the driving forces of erosion. Vegetation type and clipping affected soil water storage during and after simulated rainfall but the impact of rainfall intensity was limited because even the mildest rainfall treatment exceeded the soil's infiltration capacity. The results confirmed that it is possible to retain the soil conservation benefits of revegetation programs while avoiding detrimental soil water consumption by manipulating factors such as the vegetation type and clipping regime. These findings will provide useful guidance for increasing the sustainability of revegetation programs, particularly in arid areas where soil water is often a limiting factor for vegetation survival.

Carbon Sequestration in the Trees of Community Forest:

Carbon sequestration is one of the main ecosystem services in today’s condition. Estimation of above ground tree biomass and carbon stock is important as it gives ecological and economic benefits to the local people. This study was conducted in the Hasantar Community Forest (HCF) of Nagarjun Municipality, Kathmandu. Concentric circular plots of 12.62m radius were established in five different blocks of HCF for the study of tree species. The main objective of this study was to find out the Important Value Index (IVI), Above Ground Tree Biomass (AGTB) and carbon stocks tree species of HCF. This forest comprises the tree species of families like fagacaeae, moraceae, myrtaceae, fabaceae etc in dominant numbers. Schima wallichii was found ecologically most significant tree species as it possess highest IVI value. The carbon stock of this plant was found as 206.865 t/ha which comprises 27 % of total carbon in HCF. The total above ground tree carbon stock of HCF (55.4 ha.) was found 144.795 t/ha.
 Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(1): 124-129

Frugivorous bats in the Colombian Caribbean region are reservoirs of the rabies virus

BackgroundBats are an important ecological group within ecosystems. The rabies virus is a Lyssavirus, and haematophagous bats are the principal reservoir; however, the virus has also been detected in non-haematophagous bats. The objective was to determine the rabies virus in non-haematophagous bats in the Colombian Caribbean region.MethodsIn 2017, a cross-sectional study was carried out with a base-risk sampling in twelve geographic zones of the Colombian Caribbean area that included the main ecosystems of two departments. 286 bats were captured, which were euthanized with a pharmacological treatment following the ethical protocols of animal experimentation. The taxonomic identification was done with dichotomous keys. The necropsy was carried out at the capture site, and brain samples were kept in liquid nitrogen. The extraction of the RNA was carried out from the frozen brains with Trizol™; a fragment of 914 bp of the glycoprotein G of the rabies virus was amplified with RT-PCR. The amplicons were sequenced with the Sanger method.ResultsTwenty-three genera of bats were identified, and, in two frugivorous, Artibeus lituratus and Artibeus planirostris, amplicons were obtained and sequenced as the rabies virus.ConclusionsThis is the first evidence of natural infection of the rabies virus in frugivorous bats in the Colombian Caribbean area; this result is important for the surveillance and control of rabies.

PERUBAHAN TUTUPAN LAHAN HUTAN DI CAGAR ALAM RAWA DANAU MENGGUNAKAN CITRA LANDSAT DAN SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFI

Rawa Danau Nature Reserve is an area of the old volcanic caldera located in Serang District, Banten Province about 100 km to the west of Jakarta. This area has been identified as a very important natural site on the island of Java. This is based on the fact that the main wetland ecosystem at Rawa Danau is the only remaining freshwater swamp forest ecosystem of peat swamp forests in Java Island. The objective of this study was to identify land cover classes and their changes in Rawa Danau Nature reserve area on 2006, 2011, and 2016, and also calculate degradation rate and reforestation during the time of observation. This study was conducted in April - June 2017. Data sources was generated from landat image ETM + 7 coverage year of 2006 and 2011, Image Landsat OLI 8 coverage year 2016 and other supporting digital maps. Supporting tools and instruments used were software, ArcGis 10.1, Erdas 9.1, GPS, Camera and Stationary. The result showed that land cover can be successfully classified both digital ly or visual ly and composed of secondary swamp forest, marsh bushes, fields, settlements, water body and swamp. Highest degradation during 2006-2016 occur ed on swamp forest that was converted into fields, while highest reforestation happened on fields that became swamp area . Key words: Degradation, Image Landsat, Land Cover Changes, Land Cover