Magnetic Susceptibility Curves Research Articles

Commensurate Superstructure of the {Cu(NO3)(H2O)}(HTae)(Bpy) Coordination Polymer: An Example of 2D Hydrogen-Bonding Networks as Magnetic Exchange Pathway.

The average and commensurate superstructures of the one-dimensional coordination polymer {Cu(NO3)(H2O)}(HTae)(Bpy) (H2Tae = 1,1,2,2-tetraacetylethane, Bpy = 4,4'-bipyridine) were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and the possible symmetry relations between the space group of the average structure and the superstructure were checked. The crystal structure consists in parallel and oblique {Cu(HTae)(Bpy)} zigzag metal-organic chains stacked along the [100] crystallographic direction. The origin of the fivefold c axis in the commensurate superstructure is ascribed to a commensurate modulation of the coordination environment of the copper atoms. The commensurately ordered nitrate groups and coordinated water molecules establish a two-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network. Moreover, the crystal structure shows a commensurate to incommensurate transition at room temperature. The release of the coordination water molecules destabilizes the crystal framework, and the compound shows an irreversible structure transformation above 100 °C. Despite the loss of crystallinity, the spectroscopic studies indicate that the main building blocks of the crystal framework are retained after the transformation. The hydrogen-bonding network not only plays a crucial role stabilizing the crystal structure but also is an important pathway for magnetic exchange transmission. In fact, the magnetic susceptibility curves indicate that after the loss of coordinated water molecules, and hence the collapse of the hydrogen-bonding network, the weak anti-ferromagnetic coupling observed in the initial compound is broken. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra are the consequence of the average signals from Cu(II) with different orientations, indicating that the magnetic coupling is effective between them. In fact, X- and Q-band data are reflecting different situations; the X-band spectra show the characteristics of an exchange g-tensor, while the Q-band signals are coming from both the exchange and the molecular g-tensors.

Observation of low-temperature magnetic ordering in mixed-phase Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductors substituted by iron

The series of unsubstituted Sr2CaCu2O6 and iron-substituted Sr2CaCu2−xFexO6 () materials were produced by a high-pressure synthesis route and characterized using X-ray diffraction and SQUID magnetometry. The change of contained phase ratio was found at different substituent concentrations in the samples synthesized under the same conditions: unexpected growth of 0201 and CuO phase with decrease of iron content was observed. Synthesis temperature-dependence of obtained phase fractions was found for the samples with . The superconductivity transition was found for all obtained samples and the highest critical temperature was around 103 K. From the SQUID measurements distortions of the magnetic susceptibility curves were found; these were explained by the magnetic ordering arising at low temperatures. This magnetic ordering was associated with the magnetic moment appearing in iron-doped 0201 phase.

Ferritin surplus in mouse spleen 14 months after intravenous injection of iron oxide nanoparticles at clinical dose

In this study, we followed the biodegradation of ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles injected intravenously at clinical doses in mice. An advanced fitting procedure for magnetic susceptibility curves and low-temperature hysteresis loops was used to fully characterize the magnetic size distribution as well as the magnetic anisotropy energy of the injected P904 nanoparticles (Guerbet Laboratory). Additional magnetometry measurements and transmission electronic microscopy observations were systematically performed to examine dehydrated samples from the spleen and liver of healthy C57B16 mice after nanoparticle injection, with sacrifice of the mice for up to 14 months. At 3 months after injection, the magnetic properties of the spleen and liver were dramatically different. While the liver showed no magnetic signals other than those also present in the reference species, the spleen showed an increased magnetic signal attributed to ferritin. This surplus of ferritin remained constant up to 14 months after injection.

Cenozoic Vertical‐Axis Rotations of the Hoh Xil Basin, Central–Northern Tibet

AbstractUnderstanding the Cenozoic vertical‐axis rotation in the Tibetan Plateau is crucial for continental dynamic evolution. Paleomagnetic and rock magnetic investigations were carried out for the Oligocene and Miocene continental rocks of the Hoh Xil basin in order to better understand the tectonic rotations of central Tibet. The study area was located in the Tongtianhe area located in the southern part of the Hoh Xil basin and northern margin of the Tanggula thrust system in central‐northern Tibet A total of 160 independently oriented paleomagnetic samples were drilled from the Tongtianhe section for this study. The magnetic properties of magnetite and hematite have been recognized by measurements of magnetic susceptibility vs. temperature curves and unblocking temperatures. The mean directions of the Oligocene Yaxicuo Group in stratigraphic coordinates (Declination/Inclination = 354.9°/29.3°, k = 33.0, α95 = 13.5°, N =5 Sites) and of the Miocene Wudaoliang Group in stratigraphic coordinates (Declination/Inclination = 3.6°/36.4°, k = 161.0, α95 = 9.7°, N = 3 Sites) pass reversal tests, indicating the primary nature of the characteristic magnetizations. Our results suggested that the sampled areas in the Tuotuohe depression of the Hoh Xil basin have undergone no paleomagnetically detectable rotations under single thrusting from the Tanggula thrust system. Our findings, together with constraints from other tectonic characteristics reported by previous paleomagnetic studies, suggest tectonic rotations in the Cuoredejia and Wudaoliang depressions of the Hoh Xil basin were affected by strike‐slip faulting of the Fenghuo Shan‐Nangqian thrust systems. A closer examination of geological data and different vertical‐axis rotation magnitudes suggest the tectonic history of the Hoh Xil basin may be controlled by thrust and strike‐slip faulting since the Eocene.

EXAFS and X-ray diffraction study of LaCoO3 across the spin-state transition

A combined high-resolution Co K-edge extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) study has been performed to clarify the detail of anomalous behavior of temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility curve on the LaCoO3 across the spin-state (∼120 K) transition. According to XRD analysis, the Debye-Waller factor of Co-O bond exhibit rapid growth below 20 K whereas the temperature dependence of the average Co-O bond length shows linear behavior from 10 K to 400 K. The EXAFS data show an anomalous decrease of the Co-O bond lengths with respect to those obtained by XRD. No local distortion of CoO6 octahedral as temperature increases up to 400 K has been detected.

Exchange Interactions on the Highest-Spin Reported Molecule: the Mixed-Valence Fe42 Complex.

The finding of high-spin molecules that could behave as conventional magnets has been one of the main challenges in Molecular Magnetism. Here, the exchange interactions, present in the highest-spin molecule published in the literature, Fe42, have been analysed using theoretical methods based on Density Functional Theory. The system with a total spin value S = 45 is formed by 42 iron centres containing 18 high-spin FeIII ferromagnetically coupled and 24 diamagnetic low-spin FeII ions. The bridging ligands between the two paramagnetic centres are two cyanide ligands coordinated to the diamagnetic FeII cations. Calculations were performed using either small Fe4 or Fe3 models or the whole Fe42 complex, showing the presence of two different ferromagnetic couplings between the paramagnetic FeIII centres. Finally, Quantum Monte Carlo simulations for the whole system were carried out in order to compare the experimental and simulated magnetic susceptibility curves from the calculated exchange coupling constants with the experimental one. This comparison allows for the evaluation of the accuracy of different exchange-correlation functionals to reproduce such magnetic properties.

The effect of dipole-dipole interactions on coercivity, anisotropy constant, and blocking temperature of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles

Superparamagnetic manganese ferrite nanoparticles with mean size of 〈D〉 = 6.5(±1.5) nm were synthesized through a solvothermal method using Tri-ethylene glycol as a solvent. The peak temperature of zero field cooled measurements of magnetization and AC magnetic susceptibility curves shifted toward higher temperatures by applying different pressures from 0 to 1 kbar and increasing the powders compaction. The frequency dependence of AC susceptibility measurements indicated the presence of weak dipole-dipole interactions between nanoparticles. By increasing the powders compaction and interactions strength, the coercive field (Hc) increased and squareness (Mr/Ms) decreased. The obtained effective anisotropy constant (Keff), by susceptibility measurements, was from 1.72 × 106 to 2.36 × 106 ergs/cm3 for pressure of 0 to 1 kbar. These values are larger than those obtained from hysteresis loops at 5 K (0.14 × 106 to 0.34 × 106 erg/cm3). Also, the Keff was two orders of magnitude greater than that of bulk MnFe2O4. Size, surface effects, and total energy barrier between equilibrium states were reported as the main causes of large anisotropy. Below 75 K, a signature of weak surface spin glass was observed. However, memory effect experiment indicated that there is no collective superspin glass state in the samples. This study suggests the role of powders compaction on properties of a magnetic nanoparticles system. Furthermore, the coercivity, the anisotropy constant, and the blocking temperature are affected by changing nanoparticles compaction.

Grain size, magnetic susceptibility and geochemical characteristics of the loess in the Chaohu lake basin: Implications for the origin, palaeoclimatic change and provenance

Rare studies on the aeolian deposit located in north bank of the Yantgze River are documented. Recently, it is found in the field investigations and in bore sections that the loess in the Chaohu lake basin has the largest thickness of over 40m. In this study, the probability cumulative curves, frequency distribution, the grain size distributions and the discriminant function of the grain size suggest that the loess in the Chaohu lake basin is of eolian origin. The magnetic susceptibility curves of the loess in the basin coincide perfectly with those of the loess in the northern China and the marine isotope stages (MIS), and show that paleoclimatic cycles and sub-cycles were documented since L3 during middle–late Pleistocene in the basin. The MS curve of Paleosol S1, Paleosol S2 and loess L3 in the basin coincide perfectly with MIS5, MIS-7 and MIS-8, respectively. The good correspondence indicates that the loess in the basin has given a sensitive response to the globe paleoclimatic change since L3. On the other hand, the climate changes in some stages recorded by the loess has regional characteristics obviously, which might be the result of the dual effect of globe climate changes and East-Asia monsoon climate changes. The result of geochemical characteristics suggests that the loess in the basin has undergone moderate to strong chemical weathering. Most elements are mobilized during chemical weathering; Na and Ca of the loess are markedly lost and the removal of K is also evident, and chemical weathering doesn’t evidently turn into the Si removal stage. The chemical weathering of the loess is more intensive than that of the loess deposits in northwestern China and the upper reaches of the Yantgze River. The intensive chemical weathering has been documented by the loess might be related to strong monsoon climate in Chaohu lake basin. The provenance of the loess also differs from that in northern China, and is discussed firstly with the lithofacies palaeogeography. The well-developed alluvial–lacustrine deposits in the Huaihe floodplain seem to be the major source materials of the loess.

Sr2Cu(PO4)2 and Ba2Cu(PO4)2 as quasi-one-dimensional spin-[formula omitted] Heisenberg antiferromagnet

Using magnetic exchange couplings for antiferromagnets Sr2Cu(PO4)2 and Ba2Cu(PO4)2, estimated independently by Johannes (2006 [1]) and Salunke (2007 [2]), we present model calculations via exact diagonalization for several lattices of 24 and 16 spins by calculating experimentally accessible quantities like spin–spin correlation, the antiferromagnetic order-parameter, entropy-density, specific-heat and z-component of the magnetic susceptibility using up to 15 low-lying eigenstates. From our calculation, the ratio of critical entropy and mean-field critical entropy comes out to be ∼0.492(7). The slope of the specific heat curve at low temperatures is found to be 2/3. The peak value of z-component of the magnetic susceptibility versus temperature curve turns out to be 13χ∼0.05 . Our results favor the conclusion that these magnetic compounds are indeed quasi-one-dimensional antiferromagnets.

Synthesis of LaYbO3 perovskite through modified Pechini method: Structural, electric and magnetic characterization

Single phase LaYbO3 lanthanide-based perovskite powder was synthesized by modified Pechini method, which is based on polyesterification of metal–citrate complexes in aqueous solution. Complexes were formed in aqueous solution and after polyalcohol addition and slow water evaporation, bond formation is allowed and a macroscopic polymeric network was produced, where cations are embedded and uniformly distributed. Finally, through several pyrolysis steps, microcrystalline oxide particles were obtained. Structural characterization was performed by means the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The obtained patterns were indexed and refined to reveal that the LaYbO3 simple perovskite crystallizes in an orthorhombic structure, belonging to the Pnma (#62) space group, with lattice constants a = 6.0327 Å, b = 8.4138 Å and c = 5.8307 Å. Studies of electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy show that the LaYbO3 is free of impurities. Electric response was evaluated by electric polarization measurements as a function of applied electric fields. Obtained curves show evidence of a hysteretic behavior related with dielectric losses which are characteristics of insulator materials. From the saturation values of electric charge, the relative dielectric constant was determined to be 22.6. The magnetic behavior was examined by means of the curves of magnetic susceptibility as a function of temperature. The fit with the Curie equation is in agreement with a typical paramagnetic feature with effective magnetic moment [Formula: see text] = 4.9 [Formula: see text]B, which is close to the theoretical expected value from the Hund’s rules.

Color characteristics of Chinese loess and its paleoclimatic significance during the last glacial–interglacial cycle

The soil color is widely used in paleoclimate and paleoenvironment reconstructions in the Chinese Loess Plateau. To better understand the color spatial changes during the glacial–interglacial cycle, the soil color lightness (L*), characteristic spectra, magnetic susceptibilities and mean grain sizes of three loess–paleosol sequences were compared. Results showed that high L* and low hematite to goethite ratios (Hm/Gt) appeared in loess units, and low L* and high Hm/Gt ratios accompanied paleosol layers, indicating glacial–interglacial hydrothermal oscillation. L* in the Yulin section was higher than in the Chaona and Lihuacun sections, indicating that different precipitations have great effect on L*. Furthermore, Hm/Gt, magnetic susceptibility (χlf), and mean grain size are correlated closely with L*. L* and Hm/Gt not only document climatic variations in the glacial–interglacial cycle vis-à-vis loess–paleosol sequences, but also can identify Heinrich cold events and millennial scale Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) warm events. It suggests that soil color responds sensitively to global climate change driven by ice volumes. L* and Hm/Gt curves exhibit higher frequencies and larger amplitudes than magnetic susceptibility (χlf) curves, indicating that L* and Hm/Gt can be regarded as sensitive and reliable proxies for characterizing high-resolution climate change during the last glacial–interglacial cycle.

Solvothermal synthesis and magnetic properties of β-Co2P nanorods

Abstract Hexagonal high temperature phase β-Co2P nanorods with a diameter of around 50 nm were synthesized via a mild solvothermal route. The reaction was carried out at 180 °C using cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2 · 6H2O) as Co source and yellow phosphorous as P source. The composition, structure as well as morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The magnetic susceptibility curve indicates that the β-Co2P nanorods show canted antiferromagnetic state, different from the paramagnetic state of orthorhombic low temperature phase β-Co2P.

Hydrothermal synthesis, crystal structure and properties of a novel chain coordination polymer constructed by tetrafunctional phosphonate anions and cobalt ions

A novel cobalt phosphonate, [Co(HL)(H2O)3]n (1) (L=N(CH2PO3H)33−) has been synthesized by hydrothermal reaction at 150°C and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, elemental and thermogravimetric analysis. Complex 1 features a 1D chain structure with double-channel built from CoO6 octahedra bridged together by the phosphonate groups. Each cobalt ion is octahedrally coordinated by three phosphonate oxygen atoms and three water molecules. The coordinated water molecules can form the hydrogen bonds with the phosphonate oxygen atoms to link the 1D chains, building a 2D layered structure, further resulting in a 3D network. The luminescence spectrum indicates an emission maximum at 435nm. The magnetic susceptibility curve exhibits a dominant antiferromagnetic behavior with a weakly ferromagnetic component at low temperatures.

Geostatistical Microscale Study of Magnetic Susceptibility in Soil Profile and Magnetic Indicators of Potential Soil Pollution.

Directional variograms, along the soil profile, can be useful and precise tool that can be used to increase the precision of the assessment of soil pollution. The detail analysis of spatial variability in the soil profile can be also an important part of the standardization of soil magnetometry as a screening method for an assessment of soil pollution related to the dust deposition. The goal of this study was to investigate the correlation between basic parameters of spatial correlations of magnetic susceptibility in the soil profile, such as a range of correlation and a sill, and selected magnetometric indicators of soil pollution. Magnetic indicators were an area under the curve of magnetic susceptibility versus a depth in the soil profile, values of magnetic susceptibility at depths ranging from 1 to 10 cm, and maximum and background values of magnetic susceptibility in the soil profile. These indicators were previously analyzed in the literature.The results showed that a range of correlation of magnetic susceptibility was significantly correlated with magnetic susceptibility measured at depths 1, 2, and 3 cm. It suggests that a range of correlation is a good measure of pollutants’ dispersion in the soil profile. The sill of the variogram of magnetic susceptibility was found to be significantly correlated with the area under the curve of plot of magnetic susceptibility that is related to the soil pollution. In consequence, the parameters of microscale spatial variability of magnetic susceptibility in s soil profile are important measures that take into consideration the spatial aspect of s soil pollution.

Magnetic property, DFT calculation, and biological activity of bis[(μ2-chloro)chloro(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(II)] complex

The dinuclear complex bis[(μ2-chloro)chloro(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(II)] (1) was synthesized, and characterized by X-ray, FTIR and thermal analysis. The fitting of magnetic susceptibility and magnetization curve of (1) indicates the occurrence of weak antiferromagnetic exchange interaction between copper(II) ions. The electronic structure has been also determined by density functional theory (DFT) method. Complex (1) displayed potent anticancer activity against B16 (Melanoma), MDA-MB-32 (Breast Adenocarcinoma), A549 (Lung Adenocarcinoma), HT-29 (Colon Adenocarcinoma) and SF (Astrocytoma) cell lines with an average IC50 value of 0.726μg/ml compared to 4.88μg/ml for cisplatin. Complex (1) has a better therapeutic index and toxicological profile than cisplatin, and has demonstrated a potential chemotherapeutic property.

Magnetic characteristics of industrial dust from different sources of emission: A case study of Poland

Dust emission and deposition in topsoil have negative effect on individual components of the ecosystem. In addition to routine geochemical analyses, magnetic measurements may provide useful complementary information related to the type, concentration and grain-size distribution of the technogenic magnetic particles (TMPs) and thus the degree of contamination of the environment. The aim of this contribution is to use magnetic parameters in distinguishing dust from a wide range of sources of air pollution (power industry, cement, coke, ceramic industries and biomass combustion). We measured magnetic susceptibility, hysteresis parameters and thermomagnetic curves. Our results suggest that predominant component in tested samples is magnetite, only dust from coking plant and the combustion of lignite contained also maghemite and/or hematite. Mixture of sizes, ranging from fine single-domain to coarse multi-domain grains, was detected. Our results indicate that industrial dusts from various sources of emissions have different specific magnetic properties and magnetic measurements may provide very helpful information.

The origin of the antiferromagnetic behaviour of the charge-transfer compound (HMTTF)[Ni(mnt)2

The charge-transfer (HMTTF)[Ni(mnt)2] material (1) was the first mixed-stack compound reported to present ferromagnetic (FM) interactions between the donor (D) and acceptor (A) units within each mixed-stack. Despite the presence of a dominant FM interaction, its magnetic susceptibility curve, χ(T), corresponded to that of an antiferromagnetic (AFM) compound at low temperatures, a fact that was tentatively explained in terms of a FM-to-AFM magnetic transition. In this work, the First-Principles Bottom-Up procedure has been applied to rationalize the magnetic properties of 1. The results presented herein indicate the presence of up to five sizeable JAB magnetic exchange interactions (26.0, -1.7, 1.9, 0.1, and -99.3 cm(-1)) that create a complex 2D magnetic network. This magnetic topology not only produces a calculated χ(T) curve that is in excellent agreement with the experimental measurements, but also allows us to understand the magnetic behaviour of 1, in the full range of temperatures, solely in terms of the different Boltzmann population of diamagnetic and paramagnetic spin states as the temperature changes. Our data thus provide a plausible explanation for the AFM behaviour of 1 at low temperatures that does not involve a phase transition.

Magnetic susceptibility and facies relationship in Bajocian–Bathonian carbonates from the Azé caves, southeastern Paris Basin, France

Abstract This study focuses on three Bajocian and Bathonian carbonate sections from the southeastern part of the Paris Basin (Mâconnais area, in the east of France). The main goals of the study are to propose a palaeoenvironmental model, to get insight into vertical and lateral facies evolution, to improve correlations and to better understand the origin of the magnetic susceptibility (MS) signal in these deposits. The sedimentological setting corresponds to a ramp, with two types of geometries: (1) a homoclinal carbonate ramp with oolitic shoals; and (2) a multiple-slopes carbonate ramp with reef complexes. The MS signal appears to be influenced by facies and ramp geometry. The evolution of MS seems to be mainly related to changes in carbonate productivity and water agitation: oolitic facies and reef complexes, with high carbonate production show the lowest signal, while storm deposits are characterized by higher values. In addition, the MS signal from proximal tempestites have higher values than distal ones. MS appears to be a useful complementary proxy for palaeoenvironmental interpretations, correlations and sequential stratigraphy. The facies evolution, supported by MS curves, shows at least nine successive depositional sequences, which were inserted into the regional sequential canvas.

On the Growth and Physical-chemical Characterization of Tb5Si2Ge2 Thin Films Produced by Electron-beam Evaporation

This pioneering work reports on the production of Tb5Si2Ge2 thin films by e-beam evaporation. Scanning Electron Microscopy images unveil the fabrication of dense and homogenous thin films, prepared with a beam current of 25mA and 31mA. For the as-deposited thin films, the magnetic susceptibility versus temperature curves reveals that both samples are in the paramagnetic state in all range of temperature (5-370K). Nevertheless, after a 400°C heat treatment for 2hours, it was possible to promote a magnetic transition at 112K, which is characteristic of the magnetic transition of the bulk counterpart. These achievements are a step forward for magnetic refrigeration technology since the obtained transition is the one responsible of the magnetocaloric effect.

Superspin Glass State in Mgfe2o4 Nanoparticles

MgFe2O4 nanoparticles were prepared at different annealing temperature of 400, 450 and 500°C. Transmission electron microscope image show that powders consist of ∼ 8nm particles. Scanning electron microscope image show aggregation of particles and formation of large particles with size of 20-100nm. Obtained nanoparticles were superparamagnetic at room temperature. A broad peak (TP) was observed in temperature dependant AC magnetic susceptibility curves. The TP increased by increasing the annealing temperature, as a result of increase in particles size. The effective anisotropy constant estimated about 2 (to 3) × 105 erg/cm3. The aggregation caused high interparticles interactions and consequently the total energy barrier between equilibrium states increased. Analysis of frequency dependence AC magnetic susceptibility showed presence of superspin glass state at low temperatures.