Magnesium Sulfate Salts Research Articles

Theoretical study of adsorption of sodium, lithium, magnesium and calcium chloride and sulfate salts by pure and Sc-doped B12N12 nanocages and pure boron nitride nanosheet

High concentrations of water-soluble chloride and sulfate salts may cause adverse effects to humans and plants. Boron nitride (BN) nanostructures seem able to remove these water-soluble salts. In addition, Li+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Na2+ interactions with BN nanostructures have received much attention in fabricating high-performance metal-ion batteries. Accordingly, this study investigated the adsorption of chloride and sulfate salts of Li, Mg, Ca, and Na on pristine and scandium (Sc)-doped B12N12 nanocages and pure BN nanosheet through DFT calculations. Optimizing the structures at the B3LYP/6-31 g (d, p) and M062X/6-311 g (d, p) computational levels indicated very exothermic chemisorption of chloride and sulfate salts on the pure and Sc-doped B12N12 nanocages. The B12N12-LiCl and Sc@B11N12-LiCl complexes showed the highest negative adsorption energies of −26.33 and −57.30 kcal/mol among the chloride salts. The B12N12-MgSO4 and Sc@B12N12-MgSO4 complexes showed the highest adsorption energies of −69.27 and −102.70 kcal/mol among the sulfate salts. Studying the effect of the adsorption process on the electronic properties of the B12N12 nanocage showed a reduction in the energy gap upon the adsorption of all salts on the pure B12N12 nanocage with the lowest energy gap of 3.98 eV for B12N12-MgSO4. The adsorption energies of the individual salts and their complexes on the B12N12 nanosheet at the B3LYP/6-311 g (d, p) level imply the occurrence of physisorption. A significant reduction was observed in the energy gap by adsorbing the salts on the BN nanosheet. Adsorbing CaSO4 and MgSO4 on the BN nanosheet caused the largest variation of 1.71 and 1.56 eV in the energy gap, respectively. The promising results of our study highlight the potential application of BN nanostructures in the removal of various soluble salts and the fabrication of metal-ion batteries.

Role of Cooling Temperature on Impurities Precipitation of Metal Sulfate Solution Derived from Crude Ferronickel Leaching Using MgO

Nickel is used as a raw material for Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) batteries as a compound of Nickel Sulphate Hexahydrate (NiSO4.6H2O). This study used nickel laterite as ore. A hydrometallurgical process carries out Ferronickel to extract nickel concentrate. The first step is leaching using 2M H2SO4 solution for 6 hours with a stirring speed of 200 rpm at 90°C. The leached solution was then neutralized using a neutralizing agent MgO 5% w/w until it reached a pH of 3.5. The neutralized filtrate was then filtered to separate the filtrate and the residue. The neutralization process produces magnesium sulfate salt (MgSO4), which is an impurity. Next, the cooling temperature method is used to precipitate MgSO4 crystals. In this study, the variation of the MgSO4 cooling temperature used was -5, 0, and 5 °C. Subsequently, crystallization was carried out to produce NiSO4.6H2O. The highest nickel recovery (59.61%) can be achieved using a cooling temperature of -5 °C. Also, by using -5 °C of cooling temperature, the nickel content of crystal product is 2.75%. The crystallization product still contains other compounds, such as MgSO4, FeSO4, and CoSO4.

The application of mirabilite in traditional Chinese medicine and its chemical constituents, processing methods, pharmacology, toxicology and clinical research.

Purpose: This study reviews the use of mirabilite in traditional Chinese medicine and various preparations by describing its chemical composition, processing methods, pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical research progress. Methods: The applications and processing methods of mirabilite are searched in traditional and modern Chinese medical writings, and the articles on chemical composition, pharmacological effects, toxicology, and clinical studies of mirabilite and its combinations in PubMed and China Knowledge Network are reviewed, sorted, and analyzed. Results: The main chemical component of mirabilite is sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2SO4·10H2O), followed by small amounts of sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, and other inorganic salts. This study systematically organizes the history of the medicinal use of mirabilite in China for more than 2,000years. This mineral has been used by nine Chinese ethnic groups (Han, Dai, Kazakh, Manchu, Mongolian, Tujia, Wei, Yi, and Tibetan) in a large number of prescription preparations. The Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (2020 edition) records stated that mirabilite can be used for abdominal distension, abdominal pain, constipation, intestinal carbuncle, external treatment of breast carbuncle, hemorrhoids, and other diseases. The traditional processing methods of mirabilite in China include refining, boiling, sautéing, filtration after hot water blistering, and firing. Since the Ming Dynasty, processing by radish has become the mainstream prepared method of mirabilite. Mirabilite can exhibit anti-inflammatory detumescence effects by inhibiting AMS, LPS, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and NO levels and attenuating the upregulation of TNF-α and NF-κB genes. It can promote cell proliferation and wound healing by increasing the production of cytokines TGFβ1 and VEGF-A and gastrointestinal motility by increasing the release of vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, and motilin. It can increase the expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor and AKT phosphorylation in the liver by up-regulating bile acid synthesis genes; reduce TRB3 expression in the liver, FGF15 co-receptor KLB expression, and FGF15 production in the ileum, and JNK signal transduction; and increase the transcription of CYP7A1 to achieve a cholesterol-lowering effect. Mirabilite also has a variety of pharmacological effects, such as regulating intestinal flora, anti-muscle paralysis, anti-colon cancer, promoting water discharge, and analgesic. Only a few toxicological studies on mirabilite are available. External application of mirabilite can cause local skin to be flushed or itchy, and its oral administration is toxic to neuromuscular cells. The sulfur ions of its metabolites can also be toxic to the human body. At present, no pharmacokinetic study has been conducted on mirabilite as a single drug. This mineral has been widely used in the clinical treatment of inflammation, edema, wound healing, digestive system diseases, infusion extravasation, hemorrhoids, skin diseases, breast accumulation, muscle paralysis, intestinal preparation before microscopic examination, and other diseases and symptoms. Conclusion: Mirabilite has good application prospects in traditional Chinese medicine and ethnomedicine. In-depth research on its processing methods, active ingredients, quality control, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms, and standardized clinical application is needed. This paper provides a reference for the application and research of mirabilite in the future.

The overlooked ion: Unraveling the effects of magnesium-specific toxicity on willows under sulphate salinity

Among all the current stressors on global agricultural systems, soil salinity is one of the most significant and continues to escalate. Traditionally, sodium chloride is the salt employed for studying salt stress in plants, but for many regions, sulphates are the predominant salts that cause soil degradation and curtail agricultural production. Willow trees (Salix spp.) have been identified as potential candidates for multipurpose establishment on salinity-affected marginal agriculture fields. To compare the impacts of sodium and magnesium sulphate salts, 12 native and hybrid willow genotypes were subjected to four sodium and magnesium sulphate salt treatments for 12 weeks. Magnesium sulphate treated willows showed more significant growth impacts, and displayed treatment-specific inhibition of photosynthesis, increased disruption of mineral nutrient balance, and greater inhibition of sulphur assimilation, compared to the trees treated with same level of sodium and same treatment osmolality. In addition, it was apparent that sulphate treatments encouraged sulphur uptake and translocation to the leaves, where it was partitioned to organic sulphur, but did not pool in small organic sulphur-containing compounds. The advantages and disadvantages of two different salt tolerance strategies were compared through a case study with two native willows, a sodium excluder and a sodium accumulator.

Various Cu+, Mg2+ and S2- ionic concentration effects on a novel Cu2ZnMgS4 quaternary compound synthesis for various scientific applications

Copper zinc magnesium sulfide semiconducting material (Cu2ZnMgS4) compound is slightly new in electronics, opto-electronics and photo emissive field research. So that, we examined the Cu2ZnMgS4 compound formation characteristics step by step using the Copper sulfate (CuSO4.XH2O), Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4.XH2O), Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4.XH2O) and Sodium sulfide Na2S salt solutions. Characterizations such as pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), TDS were carried out for several concentrations. Further its optics properties of Cu2ZnMgS4 compound in liquid form were investigated through photo-colorimeter measurements (at various color λ including mixed band wavelengths), photo-fluorometer (using various primary and secondary filters) and UV-Vis spectrophotometer (at wavelength range of 300 to 900 nm) measurements. The investigated long term results are presented and discussed in this research article.

Study of the Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Synthesized from Pencil Electrode Using Electrochemical Method and Solar Energy as a Source of Power

Graphene Oxide nanosheets were synthesized using electrochemical exfoliation of pencil electrodes in aqueous solution containing 2% of magnesium sulfate salt. A solar panel of 20V was used as a power supply to turn the synthesis into a green method. Several measurements were carried out to investigate the product, namely: Raman scattering, X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. Raman scattering showed the existence of both D-band and G-band, which are an indication of graphene oxide existence. The D-to-G band ratio was 1.5. The results of X-ray showed a diffraction peak at 2θ = 20.7° corresponding to the space distance between graphene oxide nanosheets and a diffraction peak at 2θ = 26.25° corresponding to the short range interplanar spacing. Photoluminescence showed two peaks of emission (at wavelengths 355nm & 701nm) regarding to the π-π* transition. UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy exhibited a 4.2eV photon energy absorption peak corresponding to the aromatic C=C bonds and 5.4eV photon energy absorption peak corresponding to the carbonyl groups. FTIR showed peaks related to hydroxyl groups, hydrogen-bonded OH groups of COOH, and functional groups such as C-OH (1375 cm-1), and C-O (1039 cm-1). FTIR results approved that graphene oxide nanosheets are functionalized. TEM images show that the synthesized graphene oxide is single-, double-, and multi-layer stacks with an amount of impurities.

Hot Corrosion Behavior of Single-Layered Gd2Zr2O7, Sm2Zr2O7, and Nd2Zr2O7 Thermal Barrier Coatings Exposed to Na2SO4 + MgSO4 Environment

Zirconates of rare earth elements have emerged as promising candidates for thermal barrier coatings (TBC). This study investigates the hot corrosion resistance of single-layered ceramic coatings composed of Gd2Zr2O7, Sm2Zr2O7, and Nd2Zr2O7. The coatings were prepared using air plasma spraying and applied to an Inconel [IN] 625 substrate. Experimental assessments were conducted to examine the hot corrosion behaviour by subjecting the coatings to pure magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) salt at 1000 °C for 24 h and a 50/50 mole percent Na2SO4 and MgSO4 mixture at 900 °C for cyclic durations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 h. This combination of salts creates a highly corrosive environment. This short test was carried out due to the necessity of the initial stages of the destruction process characterization. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) techniques were utilized to identify and analyse the reaction products. At 1000 °C, no chemical reaction products were observed between MgSO4 and Gd2Zr2O7, Sm2Zr2O7, and Nd2Zr2O7. However, in the presence of the MgSO4 + Na2SO4 mixture, the zirconate coatings reacted, resulting in the formation of reaction products such as Gd(SO4)3, Gd2O2SO4, Gd2O3, Sm2O2SO4, Sm2(SO4)3, Sm2O3, MgO, Nd2(SO4)3, Na2O, and m-ZrO2. These compounds are formed due to the interaction of rare earth oxides with a low-temperature-melting eutectic Na2SO4+ (3MgSO4 × Na2SO4) melted at 666 °C. Despite the aggressive nature of the corrosive environment, the decomposition of rare earth zirconates was relatively limited, indicating satisfactory resistance to hot corrosion. Among the zirconate systems studied, Gd2Zr2O7 exhibited the lowest resistance to the MgSO4 + Na2SO4-based corrosive environment, while Sm2Zr2O7 and Nd2Zr2O7 demonstrated better corrosion resistance.

Effects of Epsom (magnesium sulfate) salt on growth performance of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) in nutrient film technique and media-based aquaponics systems

Effects of Epsom (magnesium sulfate) salt on growth performance of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) in nutrient film technique and media-based aquaponics systems

Proposed Origin of the Burns Formation (Meridiani Planum, Mars) by Erosion, Reworking, and Diagenetic Alteration of a Grasberg‐Like Precursor

AbstractThe sulfate‐rich sandstones of the Burns formation investigated by the Opportunity rover on Meridiani Planum, Mars, are directly underlain by the fine‐grained sedimentary rocks of the Grasberg formation. It was recently shown that, except for differing amounts of MgO and SO3, the Burns and Grasberg rocks have very nearly the same chemical composition, suggesting that both units may be genetically related. Here, quantitative models demonstrate that the chemical composition of the Burns rocks is closely reproduced by the addition of MgO and SO3 to a Grasberg‐like precursor. Comparison with previously proposed chemical models indicates that this new model reproduces the measured Burns rock compositions far better than evaporite models and somewhat better than the addition of sulfur alone to pristine basalt. Based on this result, we propose that the precursor materials for both units were derived from related sources and initially had very similar (or identical) chemical compositions, but magnesium sulfate salts were added to the Burns formation during diagenesis. We further propose an alternative origin of the Burns sandstones that incorporates this new chemical model, which involves (a) deposition of fine‐grained airfall deposits with a composition similar to that of Grasberg, (b) induration and erosion into sand‐sized particles, (c) reworking and deposition of the sand grains by eolian and fluvial processes, and (d) diagenetic alteration of the resulting sediments that includes enrichment in MgO and SO3 through evaporation or freezing of infiltrating groundwater. This new scenario would have substantially different implications for sediment sources, depositional history, and diagenetic processes than other proposed scenarios.

Research on MgSO4 Whiskers Grown on the Surface of Porous Materials.

The wooden sluice site of the Nanyue Kingdom in Guangzhou, China, is covered with white magnesium sulfate salt whiskers continuously growing from the surface. In this paper, polarizing microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, infrared thermography, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and surface tension analysis were utilized to comprehensively analyze the micromorphology of whiskers grown on the surfaces of porous materials collected at the site of Nanyue Kingdom, as well as the change laws of magnesium sulfate solution droplets on the porous hydrophilic matrix, and the migration and crystallization of magnesium sulfate solution in the capillary tube. The diameters of magnesium sulfate salt whiskers grown on the surfaces of porous samples range from 30 to 110 μm. For the first time, it is clear to see that the whisker's structure is hollow and nodular. There are solid crystalline salts in hollow tubes, and some of them are aqueous. The top sections of whiskers are approximately circular and are composed of particles with a size of about 0.4-4.0 μm. Their growth conditions are mainly characterized by the high humidity environment where the porous material is located or locally located, the formation of an annular whisker base, and the pressure difference generated during the formation progress of water-bearing crystals in the capillary of the whisker. The research results expound on the circumstances and mechanism of magnesium sulfate solution-induced whisker development on the surface of porous materials, providing a reference for the study of the whisker growth mechanism.

Ex vivo serum treatment with magnesium sulfate and edta disodium salt dihydrate abrogates calcium- and phosphate-induced formation of calciprotein particles

Background and Aims : Calciprotein particles (CPPs), generated in human blood to cope with mineral stress, mediate aggregation and clearance of excessive calcium and phosphate from the circulation. However, increased serum propensity to produce CPPs has been associated with arterial hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular death by causing endothelial dysfunction. As CPPs might represent a link between disturbed mineral homeostasis and cardiovascular disease, we conducted ex vivo testing of potential anti-CPP treatment modalities: albumin (Ca2+-binding protein), Mg2+ supplementation and chelation therapy.

Hydrothermal recovery and reuse of oxidated by-products in magnesium flue gas desulfurization: Experimental studies and molecular dynamics simulation

A large volume of highly concentrated magnesium salt solution is produced during magnesium flue gas desulfurization. Existing method of concentration recovery is relatively inefficient and uneconomical. To address this problem, a hydrothermal crystallization method was proposed to recover the by-products after oxidation. It was found that 80% of the salt solute was recovered in the form of MgSO4·H2O under the following conditions: an initial magnesium concentration of 6.7%, temperature of 180 °C, and holding time of 90 min. The apparent activation energy during crystallization was 186.7 kJ mol−1, indicating that the rate was controlled by a chemical reaction. In terms of microscopic properties, fewer water molecules within the clusters and stronger associations were crucial for the recovery of kieserite instead of epsomite. The nucleation of the magnesium sulfate salt may be attributed to the hydration inhibition in solvent-separated ion pairs and the transformation to contact-associated ion pairs. More importantly, the recovered products could be reused when calcined at 1150 °C for 60 min. Their chemical reactivity was satisfactory. High salt rejection, good water saving, and lower energy consumption are expected study results.

A 100-fold increasing in measles virus titer following enrichment of culture medium with MgSO4

Measles is a contagious disease which causes more than 140,000 deaths per year. The aim of this research was to increase the titer of harvested Measles virus during its propagation in cell culture. For this purpose, the effect of Magnesium Sulfate on titer of Measles virus was evaluated. Specific concentrations of magnesium sulfate salt along with measles virus of AIK-C strain (vaccine strain) were added into chick embryos cell culture medium. Then at the specific times interval the virus concentration in the control and test samples were determined by CCID50 method. Finally the obtained results were compared by Real Time _RT PCR method. The results showed that, MgSo4 increases the titer of Measles virus in the harvested suspensions. The mean increase in viral titer in comparison to the control was determined as 2.3 Log (in macrotitration method) and 2.17 Log (in microtitration method). Also there were significant correlation between CCID50 method and Real Time _RT PCR. In this research, the titer of harvested Measles virus was increased by 100 fold. This method making a significant increase in efficacy of the virus propagation process, so, the expenses of vaccine production will be decreased.

Assessment of interfacial polymerization modalities on the performance of polyaniline doped polyethersulphone hollow fiber membranes

AbstractPolyethersulfone hollow fiber membranes doped with polyaniline were coated by interfacial polymerization (IP) using different monomer pairs. The coated fibers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, water contact angle (CA), porosity, and mechanical properties. Moreover, the performance of coated fibers has been tested at low to medium pressure by measuring pure water flux and magnesium sulfate salt solution. Characteristics and performance have been assessed and compared for all samples. Porosity decreased for all coated samples as compared to the raw sample. Optimum results were obtained using m‐phenylenediamine and trimesoyl chloride depicting the lowest water CA (68°), highest Young's modulus (183 MPa), lowest pure water flux (0.28 LMH/bar), and the highest salt rejection (63% at 9 bar).

CURRENT PRACTICE OF TRISULFATE APPLYING FOR BOWEL CLEANSING IN ACCORDING TO CLINICAL SAFETY POSITIONS

High-quality bowel cleansing is the basis for effective colon examination. Inadequate preparation of the colon can be the reason for nondetection of colorectal polyps during the examination and reach 12%. The objective of this publication is to present current literature data based on the principles of evidence-based medicine that address the safety of using trisulfate in preparation for colonoscopy. It was found that the drug for intestinal cleansing, which is a low-volume one-liter hyperosmotic based on a combination of sodium, potassium and magnesium sulfate salts, has a high efficiency of preparing the intestine for colonoscopy. The percentage of patients with successful bowel preparation using trisulfate is 97%. At the same time, the drug has an acceptable safety profile, including for patients from risk groups. The results of this review indicate that the new low-volume one-liter trisulfate is an effective remedy for providing one of the most important indicators of highquality colonoscopy - bowel cleansing and has a high safety profile.

PSVII-31 Impact of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in Drinking Water on Nursery Pig Performance

Abstract High concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) in water have been reported to increase the incidence of diarrhea and reduce nursery pig growth performance. The particular minerals of concern for pigs are typically intakes of magnesium and sodium sulfate salts. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of drinking water with added concentrations of TDS from sulfate salts on animal performance and feed and water disappearance. Newly weaned pigs (n = 1,144; 20 d old PIC) were stocked at 26 pigs per pen of equal gender in 44 pens in a wean-to-finish commercial research barn. Each pen was randomly assigned to receive one of four water treatments into two cup waters per pen: 1) combination of CaSO4, MgSO4, and NaSO4; 2) CaSO4; 3) MgSO4; 4) NaSO4. The drinking water treatments were derived from stock solutions delivered at 1:128 to relevant pens using a separate medicator per water line (Table 1). Pigs were provided free access to four phase nursery diets and water throughout the trial. Pen weights were measured on d 0, 7, 21, 35, and 42 using a scale that weighs the entire pen of pigs. Feed remaining on weigh days was calculated according to a prepared calibration curve by measuring the distance from the top of the feeder to the top of the feed. Water meters at each pen were read on weigh days to determine the water disappearance per pen. Water treatment did not affect (P > 0.07) ADG nor ADFI of nursery pigs. Water disappearance tended to be greater (P = 0.10) in pens receiving the CaSO4 water compared to the combination treatment from d 21 to 35. The TDS concentrations from sulfate complexes used in this experiment did not impact the growth performance or feed or water disappearance of newly weaned nursery pigs.

Quantification of spinosyn A and spinosyn D in animal-derived products using multiwalled carbon nanotubes coupled with LC-MS/MS for analysis.

An analytical method was developed for the quantification of spinosad (sum of spinosyns A and D) in five animal-derived products (chicken breast, pork, beef, egg, and milk) using LC-MS/MS. The sample was extracted using acetonitrile/1% acetic acid and a combination of magnesium sulfate and sodium acetate salts. The sample was purified using multiwalled carbon nanotubes as sorbent via a dispersive-solid-phase extraction procedure. Matrix-matched calibration (seven-point) provided good linearity with coefficient of determination (R2 ) ≥0.99 for each product. The limits of detection and quantification (LOQs) ranged between 0.0003-0.03 and 0.001-0.1 mg/kg, respectively. Method validation was carried out after spiking the target standard to blank matrices at the concentration levels of LOQ, 2 × LOQ, and 10 × LOQ with three replicates for each. The average recoveries were between 74 and 104%, with relative standard deviations ≤9.68, which were within the acceptable range designated by the international organizations. The developed method was successfully applied for monitoring market samples collected throughout the Korean Peninsula, and none of the samples tested positive for the target analytes. It has therefore been shown that dehydration and acidification were effective to extract spinosad from animal-derived products.

New Production Route of Magnesium Hydroxide and Related Environmental Impact

The paper presents research on a method of obtaining magnesium hydroxide from magnesium sulphate salts and NaOH. In order to acquire the desired and controlled properties, the method of precipitating in aqueous solutions by introducing a NaOH solution into a solution of MgSO4 has been applied. To get as stable a product as possible with graining, the introduction of NaOH takes place at a constant flow rate. In order to identify the environmental impact of the developed process, a life cycle assessment (LCA) has been made. The use of the proposed method for the synthesis of Mg(OH)2 incorporating washing with 25% ammonia solution and acetone enabled a product with a high specific surface area. The Mg(OH)2 obtained was characterised by a higher specific surface area than commercially available magnesium hydroxides that are used as additives for flame retardants in polymeric materials. This allows the material to be used as an anti-pyrogen for a wider group of polymeric materials. For the LCA analysis, two scenarios were assumed, from which the basic one included recovery of ammonia and acetone. The environmental analysis carried out confirmed the validity of this assumption, as it was stated that the main part of the impact was connected with the supply chain for the process examined.

Improvement of the technological effects of flotation of lean fine disseminated scheelite ores

The paper describes the results of studying ways to improve the contrast of calcite and scheelite technological properties using water glass combined with aluminum, zinc, iron, magnesium sulphate salts, a mixture of water glass and calcium chloride, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), combinations of sodium oleate with low-polar compounds (neonol, fatty isoalcohols), liquid phase and oleate ultrasound treatment. The monomineralic fraction of calcite floated by mechanical cell demonstrated that the minimum recovery of calcite is achieved by combining the Fe(II) salt and water glass (3(4) : 1). When f loating lean sheelite ore with a high carbonate modulus on domestic water, the combined use of water glass and CaCl2 reduces the floatability of calcium. Calcium chloride added to water glass on recycling water leads to a certain increase in the rough concentrate yield (13.8 to 14.1 %) with a significant decrease of WO3 recovery to the finished selection concentrate (72.7 to 53.3 %) and a deterioration in the concentrate quality. Replacement of water glass with CMC did not show satisfactory results. Ultrasonic treatment of pulp, liquid phase, collector leads to a certain increase in the calcite floatability, possibly due to the higher liquid phase temperature and increased proportion of the oleate ionic form. The use of neonols in the reagent scheme of flotation of scheelite-containing ore with a high carbonate modulus found no evidence of a decrease in the flotatability of calcite obtained when studying monomineralic calcite fractions unlike fatty isoalcohols that provided better concentrates in the selection cycle in comparison with a single oleate.

Evaluation of a modified spray‐applied interfacial polymerization method for preparation of nanofiltration membranes

ABSTRACTNanofiltration (NF) membranes were fabricated by using piperazine (PIP) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) by conventional and spray‐applied interfacial polymerization methods, studying the effect of the application method for both phases, the number of applied layers, and the displacement speed for the spray application. A polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane was used as support. NF membranes were characterized by different spectroscopic, microscopic, and physicochemical techniques. Rejection capacity was evaluated for sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) salts; the decreasing rejection order was Na2SO4 > MgSO4 > NaCl for each NF membrane. NF membrane prepared with one layer of the sprayed out TMC solution and conventional application of PIP solution exhibited the highest salt rejection (99% for 1000 ppm Na2SO4) and a permeated flux of 10.28 L m−2 h−1 at 0.55 MPa. The modified method is a facile‐reproducible preparation methodology that reduces the consumption of time, effort, and reagents leading to a scalable manufacturing process for separation technology. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48129.