Macro Basis Research Articles

Efficient Technique for the Analysis of Electromagnetic Problems Involving Antenna Trajectories in Complex Scenarios

This letter presents an efficient approach for the electromagnetic analysis of complex scenarios involving transmitting antennas moving along predetermined trajectories. In order to efficiently reduce the size of the problem for each position of the antenna, we propose a technique based on macro basis functions that are dynamically generated using a ray-tracing analysis. The multilevel fast multipole algorithm is also included in order to reduce the memory consumption and speed up the solution process. Some representative test cases serve to validate the efficiency and performance of the proposed approach.

Data-Enabled Advancement of Computation in Engineering: A Robust Machine Learning Approach to Accelerating Variational Methods in Electromagnetics and Other Disciplines

In this letter, we propose and demonstrate a data-driven machine learning-based approach to accelerate the finite element method (FEM), method of moments (MoM), finite difference (FD) method, and related variational methods, while maintaining the attractive properties that have allowed such methods to dominate computational science and engineering fields like computational electromagnetics. We use a neural network to predict a set of macro basis functions for a given problem, using only the solution to an extremely coarse description of the problem as input. We then solve the problem using the predicted macro basis. Unlike some existing methods, ours does not rely on the direct prediction of the solution. We show that our macro basis function approach corrects errors in the raw prediction of the network, achieving a far more accurate solution. Results are presented for a class of finite element scattering problems, with error statistics presented from 1000 validation examples and compared to standard and naive approaches. These results suggest the described macro basis function approach is superior to machine learning approaches that directly predict the solution. Meanwhile, our method achieves comparable accuracy to the full solution while requiring only a fraction of the degrees of freedom.

Pharmacognostical standardization of Albizia lebbeck (L.) BENTH (Fabaceae)

Albizia lebbeck (L.) BENTH (Fabaceae), commonly known as Sirisha, traditionally used as astringent, to treat boils, cough, pain, swelling and it is also used against diarrhea. In the present investigation, various pharmacognostical standards for A. lebbeck have been established. Collection of plant material was carried out and its morphological, physico-chemical and phytochemical studies including HPTLC of leaf, root and stem of plant were investigated. Microscopically, leaf of A. lebbeck showed presence of anomocytic stomata, arc shaped and cortical parenchyma. The roots of the plant showed cork cambium, secondary phloem, and calcium oxalate crystals and stem exhibited fibres, parenchyma cells, vessels, stomata, palisade cells and trichomes. Phytochemically, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of A. lebbeck showed variety of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, saponin, tannin and phenolic compounds. HPTLC profile of ethyl acetate extract revealed up to six phytoconstituents amongst which gallic acid was most prominent. The study concludes that leaves, roots and stem can be differentiated on the basis of macro and microscopic characters, physico-chemical values, HPTLC fingerprint profile and gallic acid detection as marker component. These studies provide referential information for correct identification and standardization of the plant and also be helpful to differentiate A. lebbeck from the closely related other species of Albizia. Keywords: HPTLC, Gallic acid, Pharmacognostical standardization, Phytochemical analysis.

Characterization of wild mushrooms from Tripura, Northeast India

Mushrooms represent an undescribed, poorly documented clade of eukaryotes with enormous environmental and economic benefits for the humans throughout the world. This paper deals with collection and identification of eleven interesting wild mushrooms from different forests of Tripura, Northeast India. These wild mushrooms were identified on the basis of macro and micro-morphological features along with their habitats and distributions. These eleven mushrooms species identified as Pluteus americanus (P. Banerjee & Sundberg) Justo, E.F. Malysheva & Minnis, Cookeina tricholoma (Mont.) Kuntze, Stropharia stercoraria (Schumach.) Quel., Auricularia delicata (Mont.) Henn., Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) J. Schrot., Auricularia sp.1, Auricularia sp.2, Lentinus sp., Inocybe sp., Clitocybe sinopica (Fr.) P. Kumm. and Agrocybe splendida Clemencon. Amongst them four species namely A. splendida, C. sinopica, P. americanus and S. stercoria are new records for India.

Polyphasic characterization of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from animal feeds in Algeria

AbstractIn Algeria, little information is available on the population structure of Aspergillus section Flavi in raw materials and resultant animal feeds. A total of 172 isolates belonging to Aspergillus section Flavi were recovered from 57 animal feeds and identified on the basis of macro and micro‐morphological characters, mycotoxin production and genetic relatedness. For the molecular analysis, sequencing of the calmodulin gene (CaM) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were performed for representative isolates. Four distinct morphotypes were distinguished: Aspergillus flavus (78.5%), Aspergillus tamarii (19.2%), Aspergillus parasiticus (1.7%), and Aspergillus alliaceus (0.6%). All A. flavus isolates were of the L type and no correlation between sclerotia production and aflatoxigenicity was observed. Our results showed that 68% of the A. flavus strains produced aflatoxins B (AFB), and 72.7% were cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) producers. The three isolates of A. parasiticus were able to produce AFB and aflatoxins G but not CPA whereas, all the strains of A. tamarii produced only CPA. The obtained results revealed the presence of different species of Aspergillus section Flavi, among which were aflatoxin producers. This study provides evidence useful for considerations in aflatoxin control strategies.

The Trips Assignment Influence of Freight Vehicle Network System on the Need for Fuel Consumption in Internal - Regional

The road network system in the distribution of the freight transport movement has a strategic role to create economic value of goods that is more efficient than the transportation cost component of goods commodity. The increase of expensive oil fuels requires estimated needs for the distribution of the goods traffic movement on a road network. The consumption of fuel oil is estimated based on the value of the energy content needed in the type of vehicle used. Analysis of the fuel oil needs from the movement distribution of road freight transportation is based on variables that determine the need for fuel oil consumption in the type of freight transport. Moreover, the distribution distance, vehicle type and fuel consumption coefficient are variables that determine the need for oil fuel in the loading of the road network system on a macro basis. The results of the road network system loading model based on the all or nothing model method on the regional regional - internal road network of Central Java province were produced = 352.48 + 0.965 with model validation with traffic counting data obtained was R2 = 0.55. The consumption of oil fuel in the road network system from road network loading obtained the highest fuel consumption from the consumption of pick up vehicle material as the largest vehicle consumption. So that from the analysis results of the need for fuel consumption in road freight transport, a new strategy can be made to reduce the use of small transport on the movement of road freight in the road network system.

A novel CEM technique for modeling electromagnetic scattering from metasurfaces

AbstractThis paper presents a novel computational electromagnetics (CEM) technique, which hybridizes the periodic finite element method (FEM) with the method of moments (MoM), for efficient numerical modeling of electromagnetic scattering from metasurfaces consisting of truncated periodic or locally varying quasi‐periodic array of structures. Based on the quasi‐periodic nature of metasurfaces, the periodic FEM is employed to generate high‐level macro basis functions (MBFs). Following that, a reduced MoM matrix is formed by using the MBFs with unknown coefficients belonging to each cell of the periodic array. The proposed hybrid method reduces the computational load significantly when compared with conventional numerical methods, especially for electrically large truncated metasurfaces involving arbitrarily inhomogeneous unit cells. Various numerical results are presented, and the accuracy and performance of the proposed method are tested against commercial codes, as well as an in‐house FEM code.

Morphological and molecular evidence of Turkish Minuartiella species (Caryophyllaceae), with a desciption of a new species and a proposal for a new combination

The genus Minuartiella comprises four species distributed in the E-Mediterranean region and SW-Asia. Some interesting specimens belonging to the genus where collected from Burdur province (Turkey). On the basis of macro- and micromprhological analyses, as well as molecular data, a new species—Minuartiella serpentinicola sp. nov.—and a new combination—Minuartiella ×antalyensis comb. nov.—are proposed in the present paper. A detailed description of the new species as well as pictures, distribution map, habitat, and IUCN category are also provided. A diagnostic key of Mnuartiella species is provided.

Developing Character Students Trough Spot Capturing Method in Science Education Learning

Characters is something that shows how good someone is. Every human being has the characters since they birth. Characters can be developed on a macro or micro basis, one of which is micro ways with learning and teaching activity in schools. Selection method of learning is vey important to develop good character in students. One method student-centered learning is the Spot Capturing method. This research method uses a literature study method that wants to know the characters that can be developed using the Spot capturing method. The literature results show that spot capturing methods can develop several characters in their implementation such as curiosity, honesty, discipline, hard work, creative, responsibility, social care and communicative.

A comparative and correlative study on literacy and sex ratio of Hooghly District in West Bengal

The study is an attempt to find out the correlation and comparison between Sex-ratio and Literacy rate in Hooghly district of West Bengal. All the four Sub-division of the district are taken as the area of research work. The study of literacy rate and sex-ratio is small and there is enough provision to work on macro basis. The image of literacy rate and sex ratio reflects the demographic condition of a nation. India being a country with high population rate but with relatively low literacy rate and sex-ratio, (Census-2011 the literacy rate was 74.04% and sex-ratio was 940 females per 1000 males). Moving with the study we have observed a curve on sex-ratio which is upward rising.i.e. improving but at a slow rate. Chandan Nagore sub-division of Hooghly district which is our area of study has the highest literacy rate (83.60%) as well as sex ratio (975). Therefore it is a positive sign. Another variable literacy rate is also improving. During the research process it is found that the impact of the traditional superstitions, female infanticides, female negligence and discrimination, which are the biggest obstacles in the field of literacy rate and sex-ratio improvement. The obstacles are not only concentrated in the research but it is prevalent in all most every part of India.

WEEDS IN POTATO CULTURE AND THEIR OUTCOME IN SPREADING OF Alternaria spp.

The aim of this study was to determine whether the weeds accompanying potato crops can be a source of Alternaria spp. causing Alternaria leaf blight and to determine the genetic similarities of Alternaria alternata isolates infecting selected weeds: Chenopodium album, Cirsium arvense and tested potato cultivar. Three-year field experiment was conducted on the potato cultivar ‘Vineta N’. The isolates were classified into different species on the basis of macro- and microscopic features. In each year of the study, A. alternata dominated among the isolated fungi colonizing the leaves of potato plants and the selected weeds. The genetic similarities of A. alternata isolates was determined by the RAPD-PCR method. Tested genetic forms of A. alternata were closely related; only small differences in the pattern of the separated amplification products was evidenced. The dominance of A. alternata on the weeds accompanying potato crops suggests that if weed infestation is extensive, the pathogen is very likely to spread and its population to increase.

Behavior of leaf nutritional status in ‘on’ and ‘off’ year bearing trees of ‘Bengal’ litchi (Litchi chinensis)

The major problems reported in litchi in several countries include irregular flowering, poor fruit retention, small fruit size and alternate bearing. This study assessed the time course (all-year-round, on a monthly basis) of the leaf macro- and micronutrient concentrations, in ‘on’ and ‘off’ year bearing ‘Bengal’ litchi trees. In December 2012, fifty uniform trees, half of them with a heavy fruit load (‘on’ year) and the other half with a very light crop load (‘off’ year) were tagged to trace their nutritional status. The trees were twelve years old, with an approximately 5 m canopy diameter and 4 m in height, and have received the same cultural practices and fertilization since the orchard establishment. Leaves were sampled monthly from December 2012 to November 2013 and analyzed for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and boron (B). Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by multiple range test at 5% probability. Leaf analysis showed differences between ‘on’ and ‘off’ year bearing trees for N, K, Mn and Cu. Leaf macronutrients were higher in the 4th month and lower around the 10th month, whereas leaf micronutrients were higher around the10th month and lower in the 4th month. These results open the possibility to use leaf analysis as a tool to predict potential yield and manage fertilization accordingly to minimize alternate bearing in litchi.

Attenuation of fourier amplitude and pseudo relative velocity spectra due to local earthquakes in the national capital region of India

In this paper we present attenuation of spectral amplitudes of strong earthquake ground motion in the National Capital Region (NCR) of India that surrounds and includes the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. In this region, because of the small volume of seismogenic zone in the shallow crust and the coincidence of this volume with a network of recording strong-motion stations, it is possible to determine the amplitude attenuation and scaling equations along the wave paths in this well-defined shallow geological environment. Similar to the Northeastern region of India, the basement in the NCR zone also comprises the Precambrian metamorphic rocks of the peninsular shield. The frequency-dependent attenuation function for the NCR is therefore obtained by assuming the applicability of the dependence on magnitude and site-condition parameters for the local earthquakes in Northeast India. The validity of the empirical scaling equations thus developed has been established by comparing the estimates of seismic moment and peak ground displacement from long-period extensions and the estimates of seismic wave energy and peak ground acceleration from short-period extensions of the empirical spectra with the expected theoretical trend or recorded values of the same parameters. The presented scaling relations for Fourier (FS) and pseudo relative velocity (PSV) spectra can be considered to provide a sound basis for macro- and micro-zoning specific to the highly risk-prone Delhi region.

Dynamic Threshold Selection Based on Radiation Pattern Characteristics for the Generation of Macro Basis Functions

An approach for the generation of macro basis functions considering the directivity of the sources and the ray-tracing characteristics of the scenario is described in this letter. The number of basis functions generated is highly optimized by dynamically generating the threshold to be applied for the retrieval of the macro basis functions after the application of the singular value decomposition of the currents induced by the plane wave spectrum surrounding each block. Significant performance gains are shown due to the reduction of the number of unknowns compared to the conventional generation of macro basis functions.

Efficient and Memory Saving Method Based on Pseudoskeleton Approximation for Analysis of Finite Periodic Structures

An efficient and memory saving method based on pseudoskeleton approximation (PSA) is presented for the effective and accurate analysis of finite periodic structures. Different from the macro basis function analysis model, our proposed method uses the formulations derived by the local Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions. PSA is not only used to accelerate the matrix-vector product (MVP) inside the single unit but also adopted to decrease the calculation burden of the coupling between the different cells. Moreover, the number of decomposed coupling matrices is minimized due to the displacement invariance of the periodic property. Consequently, even compared with the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA), the new method saves much more memory resources and computation time, which is also demonstrated by the numerical examples.

Attenuation of strong earthquake ground motion – II: Dependence on geology along the wave paths from the Burmese subduction zone to northeastern India

This paper presents another example of event-specific, region-specific attenuation equations for strong earthquake ground motion through essentially the same geological region defined by geometrically constrained ray paths. The current study describes strong motion wave attenuation from deep earthquakes in the Burmese subduction zone, as recorded by strong motion accelerographs in northeastern India. The accompanying empirical scaling equations to determine the Fourier and pseudo-relative velocity (PSV) spectra for the same events are also presented. To demonstrate the validity of the long-period extension of the above spectra, independent estimates of peak ground displacement from recorded accelerograms and estimates of the seismic moment from distant recordings of earthquakes are shown to be in good agreement with the extended spectral amplitudes. The validity of a short-period extension has been tested by comparing the values of pseudo acceleration spectral amplitudes at short periods with the recorded peak ground accelerations. Presented Fourier and PSV spectra can thus be considered to provide a sound basis for macro- and micro-zoning specific to the highly seismic regions of northeastern India.

The youngest egg of avian affinities from the Cretaceous of Patagonia

ABSTRACTWe report the youngest fossil egg of avian affinities from the Cretaceous (Allen Formation, Campanian-Maastrichtian) of Patagonia, Argentina. The fossil consists in most of the internal cast of a single egg, preserving some eggshell fragments on one of its poles. Its axes are 4.5 cm and 3.06 cm. The eggshell surface is smooth, and its thickness average is 400 µm. The eggshell has two layers, with an ornithoid basic type and a ratite morphotype. The well-developed mammillary layer is 154 µm thick, with petal-shaped mammillae, the continuous layer is 251 µm thick. Shell microstructure is consistent with Laevisoolithidae, an ootaxon traditionally associated with enantiornithid birds. The shape of fibers of the testaceous membrane (TM) is preserved; these are flattened, with a thickness of 1.1 µm and a width of 4.8 µm each. The arrangement of the fibers of the TM is random, similar to that observed in extant reptiles. EDAX analysis reported that fibers are enriched in traces of Mg, Al, Si, P, F, and K, elements that are also present in both extant and fossil shell membrane. Cladistic analysis performed is consistent with the avian affinities established on the basis of macro, micro and ultrastructural characteristics.

Efficient Generation of Macro Basis Functions for Radiation Problems Using Ray-Tracing Derived Dynamic Thresholds

This communication presents a technique that allows an efficient selection of the number of macro basis functions for each block by assigning dynamic thresholds applied after the singular value decomposition of the currents induced by the plane wave spectrum. It makes use of a ray-tracing preprocessing of the scenario, where a number of critical points are identified. The threshold assigned for the selection of the high-level basis functions on each block is based on the distance of the center of the block to the nearest critical point. Representative examples are included in order to illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed approach.

Fast and Accurate Simulation Technique for Large Irregular Arrays

A fast full-wave simulation technique is presented for the analysis of large irregular planar arrays of identical 3-D metallic antennas. The solution method relies on the Macro Basis Functions (MBF) approach and an interpolatory technique to compute the interactions between MBFs. The Harmonic-polynomial (HARP) model is established for the near-field interactions in a modified system of coordinates. For extremely large arrays made of complex antennas, two approaches assuming a limited radius of influence for mutual coupling are considered: one is based on a sparse-matrix LU decomposition and the other one on a tessellation of the array in the form of overlapping sub-arrays. The computation of all embedded element patterns is sped up with the help of the non-uniform FFT algorithm. Extensive validations are shown for arrays of log-periodic antennas envisaged for the low-frequency SKA (Square Kilometer Array) radio-telescope. The analysis of SKA stations with such a large number of elements has not been treated yet in the literature. Validations include comparison with results obtained with commercial software and with experiments. The proposed method is particularly well suited to array synthesis, in which several orders of magnitude can be saved in terms of computation time.

Empirical scaling relations for pseudo relative velocity spectra in western Himalaya and northeastern India

In this paper, frequency-dependent empirical scaling equations are developed for pseudo relative velocity (PSV) spectrum amplitudes of strong earthquake ground accelerations in western Himalaya and northeastern India for five ratios of critical damping ζ = 0.00, 0.02, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20. These are based on the frequency-dependent attenuation functions developed in our recent work (Gupta and Trifunac [38]) for these two regions. The proposed scaling relations are shown to have physically realistic dependence on earthquake magnitude, source-to-site distance, and local site geological and soil conditions. The extension of the empirical PSV amplitudes to short and long periods, beyond the empirical period range, is also illustrated using available techniques (Trifunac [89,90]). To demonstrate the validity of a long-period extension, independent estimates of peak ground displacement from recorded accelerograms and estimates of the seismic moment from distant recordings of earthquakes are shown to be in good agreement with the extended spectral amplitudes. The validity of a short-period extension has been also tested by comparing the values of pseudo acceleration spectral amplitudes at short periods with the recorded peak ground accelerations. The realistic nature of short- and long-period extensions provides additional tests for the accuracy of the present scaling relationships. Such relationships can thus be considered to provide a sound basis for macro- and micro-zoning specific to the highly seismic regions of western Himalaya and northeastern India.