Macro Approach Research Articles

Which Individual Characteristics Mediate the Relationship Between Social Entrepreneurial Passion and Social Entrepreneurial Intention?

Social entrepreneurship, operationalized through social entrepreneurial behavior, focuses on social missions, primarily looking for new solutions to social problems. Social entrepreneurial intention, however, is the main foundation before the emergence of social entrepreneurial behavior. This research examines a model of social entrepreneurial intention empirically tested on undergraduate students involved in innovative business projects. Specifically, this study aims to test the positive relationship between social entrepreneurial passion and social entrepreneurial intention and verify which individual characteristics (i.e., social entrepreneurial self-efficacy, pro-social behavior, and social support) mediate the positive relationship between social entrepreneurial passion and social entrepreneurial intention. The data was collected from 416 undergraduate students and analyzed using the confirmatory factor analysis and Hayes’s PROCESS macro approach. The results showed that social entrepreneurial self-efficacy, pro-social behavior, and social support completely mediated the positive relationship between social entrepreneurial passion and social entrepreneurial intention. This study provides theoretical implications for extending the literature regarding the theory of planned behavior in the context of social entrepreneurship. This study also has practical consequences for entrepreneurship educators and policymakers in educational management.

Exploring users' fluidity and adaptation in virtual worlds: metaverse features and interaction of awe and realism

PurposeMetaverse technology has attracted much attention in many contexts, including industry, education, marketing and business. Some recent studies have focused on qualitative studies based on the actual definition of the metaverse. However, practical research related to metaverse platforms remains in its infancy. This study provides actionable insights into the determinants of metaverse adoption by using perceived fluidity.Design/methodology/approachA two-stage structural equation modeling (SEM) approach and Hayes’ Macro approach are used to examine the proposed hypotheses.FindingsResults show that technology features (e.g. real-time rendering, interactivity and immersion) increase users’ perceived fluidity, which in turn leads to positive intentions to use the metaverse. A high level of perceived realism is not an advantage for metaverse technology and plays a negative moderating role in this mechanism. The interaction of awe with technological features can enhance the negative moderating effects of realism.Originality/valueThis study pioneers the examination of perceived fluidity as a key determinant of metaverse adoption, offering a novel perspective beyond traditional factors. It uniquely identifies the paradoxical role of perceived realism, demonstrating its potential negative impact on user experience. In addition, the research highlights the reinforcing effect of awe on this relationship.

Blockchain-based food traceability system and pro-environmental consumption: A moderated mediation model of technology anxiety and trust in organic food product

Blockchain technology is increasingly recognized as a transformative tool for enhancing clarity and responsibility in the organic food supply chain, where concerns about product authenticity and safety are paramount. By offering provable and translucent information about the origination, production processes, and administration of organic items, blockchain helps to reduce information asymmetry and builds consumer trust, which is critical for purchase decisions in the organic food market. Drawing on insights from the trust theory and the stimulus-organism-response framework, this study uses a moderated mediation model to explore how technology anxiety negatively moderates the direct and indirect influences of blockchain-based food traceability systems on trust in organic food products and organic food purchase intention. Using a targeted sample of 5326 consumers in Vietnam, the PROCESS macro approach (models 8 and 4) is utilized to examine the formulated hypotheses. The results demonstrate that blockchain-based food traceability systems notably enhance consumer trust in organic food products and their intention to buy these products. Trust in organic food products serves as a mediator in the connection between blockchain-based traceability and purchase intention, while technology anxiety weakens the positive impacts of blockchain technology on trust and purchase intention when anxiety levels are high. This research makes crucial contributions to the literature by offering a mechanism-based explanation of how blockchain technology enhances consumer trust in organic food products and integrates technological anxiety as a moderator, providing a deeper understanding of how technological innovations shape consumer behavior. In light of the findings, several critical recommendations have been proposed for practitioners and policymakers.

Advancing equity, diversity, inclusivity, and accessibility in primary care: The development of an integrated educational experience model.

This article presents the development of the Equity, Diversity, Inclusivity, and Accessibility (EDIA) Cross-Cutting Theme Project within the Team Primary Care (TPC) initiative, aimed at addressing systemic inequities through innovative educational strategies. Grounded in the social accountability of health professions framework, this project aims to equip primary care teams with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to promote health equity. The EDIA Integrated Educational Experience (IEE) model includes a self-assessment tool, digital learning space, and national mentorship network, providing a comprehensive approach for primary care teams to promote health equity. The IEE model utilizes a layered micro, meso, and macro approach to support cultural transformation within highly complex healthcare environments. Key lessons learned involve trust- and relationship-building processes to help dismantle historical silos and encourage open dialogue. Future efforts focus on implementation, ensuring adaptability, scalability, and sustainability, positioning the model as a catalyst for equitable primary care delivery.

ChatGPT adoption in entrepreneurship and digital entrepreneurial intention: A moderated mediation model of technostress and digital entrepreneurial self-efficacy

Research background: In the rapidly evolving milieu of digital entrepreneurship, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, exemplified by ChatGPT, has witnessed burgeoning prominence. However, there remains a dearth of understanding regarding the relationships between ChatGPT adoption in entrepreneurship and individuals’ cognitive career processes of digital entrepreneurship. Purpose of the article: The primary aim of the research is to adopt the Social Cognitive Career Theory and a moderated mediation model to unravel the intricate dynamics that characterize the impact of ChatGPT adoption in entrepreneurship and digital entrepreneurial intentions, underlying a moderated mediation mechanism of digital entrepreneurial self-efficacy and technostress. Methods: Drawing on the sample of 1326 respondents in Vietnam using a stratified sampling approach, first, Cronbach’s alpha and confirmatory factor analysis were used to test the reliability and validity of scales; after that, Harman’s single-factor and common latent factor were employed to test the common method bias; finally, the PROCESS macro approach was utilized to test the hypothesized model. Findings & value added: Our findings reveal positive impacts of ChatGPT adoption in entrepreneurship on digital entrepreneurial self-efficacy and digital entrepreneurial intentions. Moreover, digital entrepreneurial self-efficacy is found to significantly mediate the impact of ChatGPT adoption in entrepreneurship on digital entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, technostress emerges as a significant negative moderator, influencing the impact of ChatGPT adoption in entrepreneurship on both digital entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intentions. This study thus contributes to the literature by advancing our understanding of how AI technologies shape entrepreneurial aspirations, offering valuable insights for scholars and practitioners navigating the transformative landscape of digital entrepreneurship.

The social stigma of loneliness: A sociological approach to understanding the experiences of older people

Loneliness, and its stigmatising nature, has long been of interest to sociology, with germinal contributions by writers such as Robert Weiss. Yet, the social stigma of loneliness remains under-theorised. Furthermore, recent scholarship on loneliness is dominated by psychological perspectives that often overlook the social role of stigma and its entanglement with factors like age-related norms and contexts. To address these gaps, we develop a conceptual understanding of the stigma of loneliness in later life. We focus on older people (65+) since loneliness is strongly linked with assumed age-related decline – illness, ‘uselessness’ and increasing isolation – which research suggests is more likely to be internalised in later life. In developing our conceptual lens, we creatively combine Erving Goffman and Imogen Tyler’s work on stigma. Such reconfiguration integrates relationality and power within micro and macro approaches, pushing forward sociological boundaries on stigma. It also foregrounds the connections between agentic and structural elements of stigma, which have been missing in loneliness studies. Through this lens, we derive key dimensions of the stigma of loneliness: enaction, reception and management. To apply our framework, we draw on interviews, diaries and ethnographic data capturing persistent loneliness among older people living alone and in care homes. Findings illuminate the complexity of loneliness stigma in later life contexts, offering new research and policy directions.

Scale effects and implications of the stochastic structure of customer water demands

ABSTRACT The effect of different temporal (from seconds to months) and spatial aggregation scales (from individual users to full urban areas) on water demand behavior has been explored to a limited degree. The effort described here extends those works by evaluating the scale effects of residential water consumption in a unique US data set that covers 10,000 households with a 1-gallon (3.79 L) hourly resolution over 2 years. A preliminary data analysis and a sequential Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is carried out to assess the effect of different temporal (weekly, daily, hourly) and spatial aggregation (individual meters and groups every 10, 100 and 1,000 meters) levels on demand. Results show that individual users act very differently from each other, and individual consumer variability is only canceled out when a significant number of households are aggregated. The implications of this finding are assessed from a hydraulic modeling perspective as the spatiotemporal scale of measurements may condition the type of analysis that can be carried out in practice. However, additional work is needed to explore the point at which it may be worth embracing a micro (per fixture/household) or a macro (per node/network) approach for different purposes.

Five Decades of Research on Women and Terrorism

While numerous researchers have taken a macro approach to assessing the state of the field of terrorism studies, little has been done to better understand one vital sub-section: women and terrorism. Despite women’s active and supportive participation in terrorism and political violence, it is often repeated that they are overlooked, under-analyzed, and ignored in the research which has often taken a gender-blind approach. Yet, there has been notable growth in this literature since 9/11. The rise of the Islamic State, and women’s active participation in the group, also drove a new wave of research and analysis on women and terrorism. Now, fifty years since the emergence of terrorism studies, and over two decades since 9/11, this article asks how has the state of literature on women and terrorism evolved? This article reviews the academic literature on women and terrorism through the examination of 661 articles, books, and chapters published from 1970 through 2021 on the topic—the largest such review to date. This study uses a quantitative approach to examine 17 data points including the authorship, publication, research focus, methods, and data trends within the field of women and terrorism. By doing so, this project builds on its predecessors by examining the exponential leaps in this field of research at the macro level and how it has evolved over the last fifty years, particularly in relation to terrorism studies more generally. This work finds that there is now definitively a significant and important body of research that exists on women and terrorism, but that key limitations in this body of work persist.

Analysis of Green Banking Implementation in the Banking Industry in Indonesia (2018-2022 Period)

This research aims to analyze the implementation of green banking and the policies implemented in it. The macro approach is carried out through literature studies by collecting secondary data such as scientific articles, planning documents, government policies, and the mass media as well as data related to this research. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively by implementing green banking in several aspects, namely, in the internal bank, in customer service, and during financing. And in its implementation, it has fulfilled the principles of the green banking concept which includes 4 elements of life, namely nature, well-being, economy, and society. Keywords: N/A

How karmic beliefs and beliefs in a just world interact to trigger consumer’s pro-environmental consumption behavior: does gender matter?

PurposeLittle is known about how religious-related beliefs (i.e. karmic beliefs and beliefs in a just world) might affect consumers to engage in more environmentally friendly behavior. Drawing on the justice motive theory, this study aims to explore the individual, complementary, congruent and incongruent impacts of karmic beliefs and belief in a just world on consumers’ proenvironmental consumption.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 736 consumers was recruited by means of a mall-intercept survey in the most populus cities in Vietnam. An advanced technique – polynomial regression with response surface analysis – was used to test the hypothesized model, whereas the PROCESS macro approach was used to estimate indirect effects.FindingsThe findings indicate that while karmic beliefs do not directly affect proenvironmental consumption, they can inspire environmentally friendly behaviors through belief in a just world. High levels of both beliefs enhance proenvironmental consumption, but imbalanced levels erode such behaviors. Importantly, the findings revealed gender differences concerning the role of religious beliefs in influencing proenvironmental consumption among male and female consumers.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study offered several theoretical and managerial implications for proenvironmental consumption.Originality/valueThe research provides new insights into how religious beliefs (karmic beliefs and belief in a just world) affect, interact, balance and imbalance with each other to trigger proenvironmental consumption. The research also contributes to the sustainable consumption literature by indicating the mediation roles of belief in a just world and proenvironmental consumption intention in the relationship between beliefs in karma and actual proenvironmental consumption behavior, as well as offering empirical evidence about the gender differences regarding these relationships.

Macro Approach to Search for Welding Conditions to Extend Creep Life

Macro Approach to Search for Welding Conditions to Extend Creep Life

#NavigatingHealth - Building a Global Movement Empowering Patients to Navigate Health Systems

Background: Whilst health reports talk about health systems shifts from reactive “one size fits all” to proactive personalised health care, the current reality is that health systems are challenging for patients and carers to navigate. Patients frequently experience gaps and barriers in healthcare. We talk about patient-centred care, but we do not have patient centred systems. The challenges are not new and patient navigation was extensively research by Professor Harold Freeman in the US over 30 years ago. 
 Audience: This presentation is for a multidisciplinary audience of patients, health professionals, policy managers and politicians focused on enabling patient-centred at a systems level. 
 Who did you involve and engage with? What was the approach and process undertaken? 
 Patients, professionals and policy makers in Australia and globally have been involved in what started as a national Community of Practice in Australia “Mind the Gap: #NavigatingHealth”. 
 The approach was tested for audience interest with a series of two webinars in September 2021 to set the scene of navigating health across a life journey of patient and provider experiences with a solutions focused approach on how to tackle the many challenges.
 Following the success and interest of the webinars and as part of a focused advocacy and change management approach we developed a bimonthly Community of Practice. This is open to all those in Australia. Our focus in the first year was to make visible the many solutions being developed to support patients and to develop an engaged participatory community and build connection. 
 Further to the success in the first year, we have now expanded the approach at a global level running our first global webinar in November 2022 with speakers from Australia, the United States of America, Canada and the United Kingdom providing a connected approach across a life journey. This included lived experience of patients as well as presentations from non-governmental, medical and government organisations interweaving micro, meso and macro approaches (for example included American Cancer Society, NHS England). 
 What is the learning for the international audience? Problems that patients face navigating health systems in countries are common and consistent. Collaborating across disease and functional areas both within and across countries allows the opportunity to take a “big-picture” view to take a systems focused approach. This allows the solutions being developed to be coalesced at a systems level, remove duplication and leverage resources to benefit both patients, providers and policy makers to focus on a person-centred value-based healthcare approach across a life journey. 
 What are the next steps? Our next steps are to consolidate the learnings and scale. Whilst our initial focus has been high income countries we will be expanding the approach in 2023 to low and middle income countries using the same methodology.

Corrosion and Protection of Synthetic Intermetallic Compounds and Bulk Aluminum Alloy Under Simulated Atmospheric Conditions

Aluminum alloy 7075-D6 is often used for aircraft parts and is thus exposed to atmospheric conditions. AA7075-D6 is susceptible to corrosion due to high Zn, Mg and Cu contents in the form of various intermetallic particles having more or less noble electrochemical potential regarding the matrix (1,2). Usually, corrosion of aluminum alloys is simulated using solutions of various concentrations of chloride ions. However, aircraft are exposed to atmospheric conditions, where Cl- is not the only pollutant. Namely, in industrial and urban areas, major inorganic species such as ammonium (NH4 +), sulfate (SO4 2−) and nitrate (NO3 −) ions are found in the form of NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4 (or NH4HSO4). Therefore, these should also be considered because they represent corrosive agents for many aluminum alloys (3). Corrosive conditions may be thus better simulated by the so-called dilute Harrisonʼs solution (DHS) (0.35 wt.% (NH4)2SO4 + 0.05 wt.% NaCl), which in addition to Cl− also contains SO4 2− and nitrate NO3 − reflecting the environmental and atmospheric conditions. The first part of our study was focused on the corrosion of AA7075-T6 in DHS and comparison with NaCl solution. In addition to AA7075-T6, major intermetallic compounds (IMCs) synthesized in bulk form to represent the major intermetallic constituents (Al2Cu, Al2CuMg, Al7Cu2Fe and MgZn2) were also investigated. For IMCs, electrochemical measurements were performed using a microcell, and a standard cell was used to study the bulk alloy.Bulk AA7075-T6 was less susceptible to corrosion in DHS than in chloride solution stemming from the beneficial presence of sulfate ions and lower chloride concentration. The susceptibility of IMCs to corrosion in DHS increased as Al2Cu < Al7Cu2Fe < Al2CuMg < MgZn2 due to the increased dissolution of Mg in the presence of ammonium ions. The relative nobility of IMCs was determined based on the galvanic current density.In the second part of our study, we addressed the role of cerium salts in the corrosion protection of AA7075-T6 in DHS. Cerium salts are non-toxic compounds and demonstrate corrosion inhibition by inhibiting redox reactions by forming a protective cerium-containing precipitated conversion layer (4). Ce salts acted as inhibitors for the alloy during 14-day testing, forming a Ce hydroxide layer. The degree of protection depended on the type of anion, being the highest for Ce acetate. For the IMC, however, inhibition by Ce salts did not occur during short measurements, indicating the importance of galvanic interaction with the alloy matrix in the inhibition, which was confirmed by long-term measurements of the alloy. Micro and macro approaches give essential information on the galvanic relation between the IMPs and Al matrix under different conditions in the presence and absence of different cerium salts or other inhibitions (5). This brought about valuable information concerning corrosion inhibition and synergism with other ions in the corrosion media. Figure. Schematic presentation of (a) effect of various anions (NH4 +, SO4 2 - and Cl-) in dilute Harrison’s solution, and (b) effect of cerium(III) cations and corresponding anions (Cl-, NO3 - and CH3COO-) on the surface of AA7075-T6. Corrosion inhibition due to the deposition of the cerium layer is presented in (c). The precipitation of Ce species proceeds mainly on the cathodic sites and progressively spreads over the alloy surface; meanwhile, the Mg and Al are slowly dissolved from the anodic sites.

Macro Approach in Economic Crime Response Technology in the Age of Global Transformation

The economic interest that dominates the pattern of modern human life causes the most prominent global transformation in terms of economic activity. Related to this, a macro approach is needed in overcoming technology-based economic crimes. The urgency of this research is expected to provide input for the development of legal science, specifically in Judicial Law and Economic Criminal Law related to cybercrime and make improvements in the provisions of laws and regulations relating to telematics crimes, especially in terms of electronic transactions. This study uses normative legal research. This study uses secondary data and primary data as supporting data. The results of this study show that overcoming technological economic crimes requires a multi-aspect concept because the nature of technological economic crimes is very complex. Its complexity continues to grow following the flow of global transformation in the economy. Therefore, the concept of handling it must be done with a multi-aspect concept.&#x0D; Keywords: economic, crimes, technology, global

Toxic leadership behaviour of nurse managers and turnover intentions: the mediating role of job satisfaction

IntroductionGlobally, hospitals are confronted with major challenges of turnover of nurses. Knowledge of the factors that account for the turnover of nurses will aid in creating strategies that will enhance nurse managers’ leadership behaviour and job satisfaction to reduce turnover. The study, therefore, investigated the mediating role of job satisfaction on toxic leadership and turnover intentions of nurses.MethodsA multi-centre cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess 943 nurses using the Toxic-leadership Behaviour of Nurse Managers scale, Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire and Turnover Intention scale. Descriptive statistics was used to assess the prevalence of toxic leadership, job satisfaction and turnover and Pearson’s correlation examined the relationships between the variables. Hayes’ PROCESS macro approach of mediation was used to determine the effect of toxic leadership behaviour on the turnover intention on the possible influence of job satisfaction.ResultsThe response rate for the study was 76.0%. Mean scores for turnover intentions and toxic leadership behaviour were 3.71 and 2.42 respectively. Nurses who work with toxic managers showed a higher propensity to leave their jobs. Job satisfaction acted as a mediator between the toxic leadership practices of managers and turnover intentions. The total effect of toxic leadership behaviour on turnover intention comprised its direct effect (β = 0.238, SE = 0.017, 95% CI [0.205, 0.271]) and its indirect effect (β = -0.020, SE = 0.017).ConclusionsJob satisfaction acted as a mediating factor for toxic leadership behaviour and nurses’ turnover intentions. As part of nurse retention initiatives, avoiding toxic leadership behaviours will be the ultimate agenda. Nurse administrators should recognize the value of excellent leadership and develop a structured training programme through the use of evidence-based professional development plans for nurse managers.

Perceived Support and Employee Creativity: A Moderated Mediation Model of Intrinsic Motivation and Gender Stereotype

With vast changes in the Indian higher education system, there is a strong need for higher educational institutes (HEIs) to learn, adapt and change. Creativity is hence deemed critical for HEIs to survive and to gain a competitive advantage. The present study examines three different types of perceived support (PS) through selected variables on employee creativity. The data collected from faculty members of three universities were analysed through structural equation modelling using the PROCESS macro approach. The results revealed significant direct influences of supervisory support and recognition on creativity. Faculty intrinsic motivation (IM) acted as a mediator in explaining the PS–creativity associations while gender stereotypes moderated the mediation effect of IM. The implications of the study for ongoing researchers and HEIs have also been discussed.

Do Different Estimation Methods Lead to Implausible Differences in the Size of Nonobserved or Shadow Economies? A Preliminary Answer

This review evaluates three micro and three macro estimation approaches to determine whether unrealistic differences exist in estimating the size of nonobserved/shadow economies. While some macro-MIMIC estimates are higher than estimates using the statistical discrepancy approach, when adjusting for double-counting, MIMIC approaches provide similar results. Macro approaches usually cover not only typical shadow economy activities, but also voluntary work, do-it-yourself activities, and classical crime activities; by nature, macro approaches will lead to higher and more accurate estimates than micro approaches. However, if certain adjustments are made, the estimated size of the shadow economy using the MIMIC approach comes close to the size of the shadow economy indicated by micro survey approaches. Hence, claims that macro approaches are unrealistically high and rely on unrealistic assumptions must be reconsidered.

Micro–macro approach of anisotropic damage: A semi-analytical constitutive model of porous cracked rock

A semi-analytical constitutive model of a porous cracked rock is proposed based on the micro–macro approach within a thermodynamic framework. The representative volume element (RVE) of a porous cracked rock is divided into two subproblems, P1 and P2. The porosity evolution equation of a spherical pore is proposed for P1, whereas P2 is an inelastic problem containing numerous anisotropic penny-shaped cracks. First, the relationship between microscopic and macroscopic strains is established through homogenization. This relationship is introduced into the macroscopic free energy equation. A crack propagation criterion based on the Griffith release rate is proposed, and the evolution equations of the shear and tensile crack densities are proposed based on the surface energy function. Subsequently, the Gaussian numerical integration method is used to obtain a semi-analytical explicit expression of the macroscopic stiffness tensor. Finally, based on the proposed crack propagation criterion, a strength-prediction method is developed. A series of uniaxial and triaxial experimental data for different rocks from other references is used to validate the proposed constitutive model and strength prediction method. The results obtained using the proposed model agree well with the experimental curves obtained from uniaxial tension and triaxial compression tests performed on different rocks. The macroscopic mechanical behavior and evolution of microscopic parameters for different rocks with an increase in confining pressure are effectively demonstrated by the proposed model. Strength prediction method can accurately describe the failure strength of different rocks. Furthermore, a sensibility analysis of model parameters revealed that initial porosity e0 and dilation coefficient ζ have a deteriorating effect on the failure strength, and material constant η has an enhancing effect on the failure strength.

Analisis Potensi Pajak Daerah dengan Pendekatan Makro-Mikro di Kota Serang

The development of hotel taxes and restaurant taxes in the city of Serang in the last 5 years has shown a decline. In the last 2 years, namely 2022 and 2021, there has been a negative trend, aka a decrease in the percentage of revenue realization. This is not the same as data for 2020, 2019 and 2018, which shows a positive trend in its realization. The research method used is a quantitative method using secondary data obtained from the offices of BAPENDA, BPKAD and DINKOP UKM. This study uses 2 macro and micro approaches, namely the macro approach using trend analysis linked to the realization of annual taxes, then the micro approach uses secondary data originating from DINKOP UKM on the basis of calculating multiplying the estimated annual turnover of the taxpayer against the effective tax rate. The analytical tool used is trend analysis based on the time series method. The results of the study show that based on the macro approach, the potential for hotel tax and restaurant tax revenues is projected to be very large, this is in line with the results of the micro approach. This shows that the two types of taxes make a sizable contribution to regional tax revenues, provided that the realization can proceed properly so that the amount of local tax revenue collected is in accordance with projections.

Institutions and Their Social Construction: A Cross-Level Perspective

Defining institutions as taken-for-granted systems of roles and interactions, this paper presents a novel theoretical integration of hereto disparate micro and macro approaches to their social construction. Building on and modifying Berger and Luckmann (1967), I emphasize the social and cultural embeddedness of the phenomenological experience of institutions and their embodiment in organizations and organizing practices. The paper identifies mechanisms by which micro-institutions emerge at the intra-organizational level and how institutionalization is shaped across the multiple levels of organizations, geographic communities, organizational fields, societies, and the world system. It proposes that the locus of sedimentation, and hence institutionalization, occurs at multiple levels, which are culturally embedded within higher-level institutional orders of society and the world system. It further proposes that the generation of a committed network of role practitioners is a critical component of institutionalization.