Machinery Items Research Articles

Tariff Negotiations Under Free Trade Agreements: The Case of Mongolia and the Republic of Korea

One of the principal reasons for the establishment of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) between countries is to negotiate the reciprocal reduction and/or elimination of customs tariffs. According to Mongolian law, the Customs General Administration of Mongolia (CGAM) is responsible for determining the optimal rate and amounts of customs duties. As such, it plays a leading role in the negotiation of tariffs and the implementation of FTAs with partner countries. This paper examines the legal text of tariff negotiations and the modality of reducing tariffs, and determines specific goods of interest for tariff negotiations within the framework of the agreement between Mongolia and the Republic of Korea (ROK), based on analysis of the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) index. The results of the analysis show that, during the negotiation process, Mongolia should focus on textiles and apparel, as well as agricultural production, while the ROK should concentrate on automobiles, items of machinery and their parts, tobacco, cosmetics and noodles. This study should prove useful to Mongolian Customs experts and tariff negotiation team members, trade policy makers and domestic producers.

СОВЕТСКИЙ ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННЫЙ КИНЕМАТОГРАФ 1960-Х ГГ. КАК ИСТОЧНИК ПО ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ИСТОРИИ ИНДУСТРИАЛЬНОГО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА

The article considers as historical sources Soviet feature films of the 1960s – “As Long as Man Lives” (1963), “On Tomorrow’s Street” (1965). It deals with some aspects of the filmmaking, thereby treating feature films as full-fledged historical source for studying not only the history of cinema, but also the history of science and technology. To reconstruct the plan and the actual process of filming, the authors used the documents of fund No. 2944 from the Russian State Archives of Literature and Art (fund of the State Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers for Cinematography {Goskino SSSR} of the period from 1963 to 1992. The archival materials helped to vividly show how the USSR Goskino initiated and controlled the process of creating feature films. The most informative in that respect were the production reports and the correspondence with the management of film studios and art councils, etc. Methodologically, the article is based on the concept of the cinema-photo-phono-documents elaborated by V.M. Magidov. According to the above concept, Soviet feature films are considered to be an integral part of the cinema-photo-phono-document identity, in which the cinema, through visualization, content of the film frame and the montage specifics brings to the screen items of machinery, objects of industrial production and attributes of industrial development. By transferring the visual symbols into the field of historical research, there appears the need to interpret the director’s decisions and assess the authenticity of the depicted events.

Пуассоновский процесс деградации машин: применение к стоимостной оценке

The machinery degradation process is described by a random process in which failures occur with constant intensity, and with each failure the rate of benefits generated by the machinery item reduces by a random amount. If the machinery item begins to generate negative benefits, it is subject to decommissioning. We get explicit expressions for the average life of the machinery items and the coefficient of variation of the service life. Machine’s value is determined by discounting the flow of benefits from its future use. This allows to link this value with the rate of benefits that the machinery item brings. In cases where there is no information on the amount of such benefits, appraisers rely on the machine’s age. However, different machinery items of the same age may be found in a different condition and therefore are characterized by different values. We offer formulas for calculating the percent good factors reflecting the average decrease in the equipment’s value with age. To take into account the effects of income tax, property tax and inflation, it suffices to adjust the discount rate in the constructed model. It has been verified that the proposed dependencies are in a fairly good agreement with market price data for two different types of construction equipment.

Least upper bound of percent good factors of used machinery items

We consider one of the problems of valuation of used machinery items. During operation, the technical and economic characteristics of the machinery item tend to deteriorate and the probability of its catastrophic (resource) failure changes. Accordingly, the market value of a used machinery item is reduced compared to a similar new one. The ratio of the market value of a used machinery item and a similar new one, expressed in a percentage (or as fractions of a unit) is called the percent good factor (goodness factor). In general, it depends on the technical condition of the machinery item. However, it is difficult to quantify and reliably estimate it in many cases (for example, in mass assessment), and appraisers are forced to rely only on the machine’s age. There are numerous articles containing recommended by the authors dependencies of goodness factors (or their additions to one, namely physical depreciation factors) on age. We present a model of the dependence of the machine’s market value on age, which allows us to establish the exact upper limit for its goodness factors. We show that a number of recommended dependencies do not satisfy the obtained restriction and therefore can lead to erroneous results.

Least upper bound of percent good factors of used machinery items

Least upper bound of percent good factors of used machinery items

The Location Substitution Effect: Does it Apply for China?

The notion that China is the factory of the world is now changing. Factories in China are shifting their production base to neighbouring Asia, primarily because of higher input costs in China, a volatile Chinese exchange rate and protectionist measures targeted against Chinese exports. In this article, we examine the location substitution effect for China: Chinese firms are exporting primary, intermediate and machinery items, meant for producing final output in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), which include Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and Myanmar. Results suggest that GMS countries are exporting finished items to China, that are increasingly getting manufactured using primary and intermediate inputs imported from China.

Energy inputs and GHG emissions of tillage systems

Different tillage systems result in different resource uses and environmental impacts. Reduced tillage generates savings in direct energy input and the amount of machinery items needed. As the basics for holistic Life Cycle Assessments, both the influencing direct and indirect energy as sources of greenhouse gas emissions are required. Life Cycle inventories (LCI) were aggregated for a number of optimised machinery systems and tillage scenarios integrating a four crop rotation consisting of spring barley, winter barley, winter wheat and winter rape seed. By applying Life Cycle Assessments to a number of tillage scenarios and whole field operations sequences, the energy efficiency and environmental impact in terms of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) were evaluated. Results showed that the total energy input was reduced by 26% for the reduced tillage system and by 41% for the no-tillage system. Energy used for traction and machine construction contributed between 6 and 8% of the total GHG emission per kg product. The total emission of GHG was 915 g CO 2 equivalents per kg product by using the conventional tillage system, 817 g CO 2 equivalents for the reduced tillage system and 855 g CO 2 equivalents for the no tillage system. The no tillage system was expected to yield 10% less. The mineralisation in the soil contributed the most (50–60%) to this emission, while the fertiliser production contributed with 28–33%. The results stress the importance of applying a systems approach to capture the implications of, for example, sustained yields as otherwise the environmental benefits can be compromised.

반잠수식 시추선용 선체 유지보수 관리 시스템 개발

Each owner or operator of offshore products uses a maintenance management system like CMMS(Computerized Maintenance Management System) in order to manage their assets effectively and efficiently for a long time. But most of maintenance management systems have been focused on machinery items, not on 'Hull' until now. On the other hand, classifications like ABS, DNV, GL are having a sale on hull inspection and maintenance system for ships and an interest in hull maintenance system is increasing because of the application of EDD(Extended Dry Docking). This paper discusses the concept, inspection process and the practical application of Hull maintenance for Semi-submersible drilling rig to extend the service life and run a stable operation.

Chinese Dragon venturing into GMS territory : Does it Makes Sense?

The notion that China is factory of the world is now changing. Factories in China are shifting their production base to neighboring Asia, primarily because of higher input costs in China, a volatile Chinese exchange rate, and protectionist measures targeted against Chinese exports. In this paper, we examine the location substitution effect for China: Chinese firms are exporting primary, intermediate and machinery items, meant for producing final output in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). Results suggest that GMS countries are exporting finished items to China, that are increasingly getting manufactured using primary and intermediate inputs imported from China.

Chinese Dragon venturing into GMS territory : Does it Makes Sense?

The notion that China is factory of the world is now changing. Factories in China are shifting their production base to neighboring Asia, primarily because of higher input costs in China, a volatile Chinese exchange rate, and protectionist measures targeted against Chinese exports. In this paper, we examine the location substitution effect for China: Chinese firms are exporting primary, intermediate and machinery items, meant for producing final output in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). Results suggest that GMS countries are exporting finished items to China, that are increasingly getting manufactured using primary and intermediate inputs imported from China.

Wear debris and associated wear phenomena—fundamental research and practice

The effect and consequences of wear on the present-day operation and maintenance of industrial machinery are considerable and far reaching in terms of the performance, cost and underlying business environment. One of the ways open to maintenance engineers to keep track of the wear occurring is to monitor the condition, or ‘health’, of critical items of machinery by either measuring or capturing representative samples of wear products, primarily the debris that is generated in the contact which is subsequently released and transported away from the source by the lubricant behaving as a carrier fluid. Commencing with a brief description of some wear-related failures of critical components, such as bearings and gears, the different manifestations of wear debris are reviewed with particular regard to the methods employed to measure or capture the debris and how their characteristics are determined. Of particular importance is the need to establish and single out those morphological features which relate to the underlying wear mechanisms involved which led to their generation. The manifestation of wear phenomena and the causal effects are to be addressed by examining the mechanisms in the light of current fundamental research in which the links between wear and the generation of the associated debris are reviewed and discussed.

Measuring inflation in the soviet machinebuilding sector, 1960–1973

This article examines the behavior of machinery wholesale prices in the Soviet Union during the 1960–1973 period. Many Western experts hypothesize that Soviet enterprises escape fixed prices by making cosmetic changes in established products in order to raise their prices—the so-called new-product-pricing phenomenon. The hedonic technique—the use of regression analysis to examine the connection between price change and quality improvements in machinery items—is used in the study to test for the presence of this phenomenon and to determine what impact, if any, it had on machinery price levels over the period studied.

USE OF COMMERCIAL SPECIFICATIONS IN THE SHIPBUILDING PROCESS

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the method used by the Navy in the acquisition of ships, with particular reference to the some 2,500 documents referenced directly in the process. For such documents, initially mostly military, a concerted effort is underway to substitute “commercial specifications” where feasible. A comparison is made between the processing of military documents and industry standards. The paper then goes into details of available Industry Documents for materials and small items, noting the general absence for large items of machinery and equipment (and a possible solution). The use of “off‐the‐shelf” equipment also is discussed as well as advantages and disadvantages of both methods of specifying requirements. Finally, the paper summarizes the alternatives: maximum use of industry standards (either directly or indirectly); use of Commercial Item Descriptions where feasible; and retention of military documents where necessary (mission‐critical systems, where marine ruggedness is required, and for truly military applications).

Technology of Barium Ferrite Magnets

Due to uncertain availability of nickel at reasonable prices in the world market for the manufacture of alnico magnets for diverse uses in the light electrical industry, there is an urgent need for their replacement by the barium ferrite magnets which can easily be made at low cost from the indigenously occurring raw materials. The ferrite magnets are made from principal ingredients barium carbonate and iron oxide by conventional powder metallurgy techniques employed for the fabrication of metal and ceramic components. The paper describes in some detail various steps involved in the manufacture of these magnets and different items of machinery required at each step. Importance of proper mixing, ball milling, compacting and sintering to obtain optimum properties is also discussed.

THE EFFECT OF NON‐CONTACT EXPLOSIONS ON WARSHIP MACHINERY DESIGN.

Summary.The widespread damage to machinery caused by non‐contact under‐water explosions caused much concern early in the war, and several trials have been carried out to investigate this problem. Photographs of typical damage on service have been included to show the serious nature of the problem.The phenomena caused by an under‐water explosion are briefly described, and the effect of the pressure pulse caused by it traced to the ship and thence to specific machinery items. While it is not possible to formulate a definite theory to cover the motion caused by the explosion, it is found that a close approximation can be made to the velocity of an item in a ship from energy principles, a simplified theoretical basis for this being given in Appendix I.The magnitude of the accelerations are then discussed and the effect of such suddenly applied motion on machinery design is considered.Since one of the first requirements was to modify existing machinery to withstand these shock forces as far as possible details of typical modifications are given in Appendix II.As shock is not the only criterion of design, many machines cannot be designed to withstand such forces, and special mountings to reduce the forces are discussed.