Knockdown of histone deacetylase 9 ameliorates immunoglobulin a nephropathy by modulating immune response.

AdipoRon alleviates depression-like behaviors in mice by activating AdipoR2-JAK1-STAT3 pathway in microglia.

Cryptotanshinone suppresses ESCC metastasis by inhibiting macrophage polarization: A mechanistic study elucidating the rationale for cisplatin combination.

A macrophage-targeted ratiometric upconversion nanoprobe for high-fidelity imaging of nitric oxide dynamics during immune polarization and plasticity.

Energetic metabolism-regulatory glycopeptide hydrogel accelerates pressure ulcer wound repair.

Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury represents a significant challenge to recanalization therapy for ischemic stroke and is critically influenced by microglial polarization. Although inhibition of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) has been shown to mitigate cerebral I/R injury and associated neuroinflammation, its specific effect on the balance between M1 and M2 (anti-inflammatory) microglial polarization remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to elucidate the role and underlying mechanism of ROCK inhibition in regulating M1 and M2 microglial polarization, using the classical antidepressant fluoxetine as a positive control. ROCK inhibitor fasudil and positive control fluoxetine effectively alleviated cerebral I/R injury and facilitated a shift in microglial polarization from the M1 to the M2 phenotype, both invivo and in vitro. In the hippocampal tissues of cerebral I/R mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide, we observed an upregulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2). ROCK2 knockdown promoted the M2 microglial polarization, suppressed the expression of NOX2 and TXNIP, and inhibited the activation of NF-κB P65 in mouse hippocampal tissue. Notably, pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB reduced the expression of NOX2 and TXNIP, as well as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), in microglia subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation. Correspondingly, inhibition of NOX2 also decreased TXNIP expression.Conclusion and Innovation:ROCK inhibition promotes a shift in microglial polarization from the M1 to the M2 subtype by suppressing the NF-κB/NOX2/ROS/TXNIP signaling pathway. This study provides the first evidence demonstrating the mechanism by which ROCK inhibition drives microglial polarization toward the M2 phenotype. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 45, 149-168.

Modulation of M1 macrophage polarization by Fe3O4@Cu2-xS engineering for improved tumor immunotherapy and MRI.

Regulatory role of MRTF-A in macrophage polarization and the therapeutic mechanism of Bushen Wenyang Huayu decoction in endometriosis.

A composite sustained-release system with immunomodulatory and synergistic osteogenic differentiation effects for repairing inflammatory alveolar bone defects.

ROS-responsive puerarin-loaded MOF hydrogel coating: Reprogramming the pathological microenvironment for enhanced diabetic bone regeneration.

An in situ-forming hydrogel with a sol-spray system promotes diabetic wound healing via synergistic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Biodegradable Zn alloys have attracted considerable attention as candidates for load-bearing bone-fixation implants, yet simultaneously optimizing mechanical strength, corrosion-wear resistance, and multifunctional biofunctionalities remains challenging. Herein, a Zn-3Cu-0.8Sr (ZCS) alloy was successfully fabricated by a synergistic processing route that integrated hot rolling (HR) with deep-cryogenic rolling (DCR). The HR+DCR processing effectively refined coarse and brittle SrZn13 and primary ε-CuZn5 phases into uniformly dispersed, well-bonded fine reinforcements, while simultaneously promoting grain coarsening and precipitate growth by suppressing dynamic recovery and restricting atomic diffusion at cryogenic temperatures. This microstructural engineering strategy produced an optimal combination of mechanical properties, including an ultimate tensile strength (σuts) of ∼301.7 MPa, a yield strength of ∼245.0 MPa, an elongation at break (ε) of ∼33.5%, the lowest σuts loss of 12.5% and ε loss of 6.6% after 30 d of immersion in Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution, and the highest biotribological resistance among all thermomechanically processed specimens. The HR+DCR processed specimen exhibited the lowest electrochemical corrosion rate of ∼162 µm/y and degradation rate of ∼20.1 µm/y in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium with fetal bovine serum among all thermomechanically processed specimens. Notably, the alloy displayed enhanced osteoblast viability, osteogenic differentiation and mineralization, and near-complete antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Moreover, the alloy effectively modulated the immune response, driving macrophage polarization toward a pro-healing M2 phenotype. Overall, the alloy combines high mechanical, biotribological, degradation, osteogenic, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory biofunctions, underscoring its potential for next-generation biodegradable orthopedic-fixation devices. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work reports a multifunctional Zn-3Cu-0.8Sr alloy fabricated using a synergistic hot rolling and deep-cryogenic rolling process for next-generation orthopedic applications. The alloy exhibits exceptional mechanical properties: σUTS of ∼301.7 MPa, σYS of ∼245.0 MPa, and ε of ∼33.5%, with minimal strength/ductility loss after 30-day immersion in Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS). It demonstrates a favorable electrochemical corrosion rate (∼162 µm/y), degradation rate (∼20.1 µm/y), and superior biotribological resistance in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (DMEM+FBS). Biologically, it enhances osteoblast viability and mineralization while providing near-complete S. aureus antibacterial efficacy in vitro and in vivo. This synergistic combination of strength, corrosion-wear resistance, and bioactivity highlights the alloy's significant potential for advanced biodegradable orthopedic applications.

Metal-phenolic nanoparticles with ROS/pH dual-responsiveness for liver fibrosis therapy via synergistic microenvironment remodeling and metabolic reprogramming.

Smart multifunctional ROS-responsive supramolecular hydrogel for simultaneously regulating oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and bacterial infection in diabetic wound healing.

Periodontitis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease driven by microbial dysbiosis and host immune dysregulation. Although conventional therapies, such as scaling and root planing or open-flap debridement, focus on biofilm control, they often fail to fully restore immune homeostasis. Consequently, platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and its derivatives have gained increasing attention as biomaterials with both regenerative and immunomodulatory activity. This review summarizes contemporary insights into the immunopathogenesis of periodontitis, highlighting neutrophil dysfunction, Th17/Treg imbalance, and complement-mediated hyperinflammation as key drivers of tissue destruction. It also synthesizes current evidence on the biological and immunological roles of PRF, including its capacity to promote regulatory T-cell differentiation, modulate macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype, and regulate osteoimmunological pathways. Clinical studies show that adjunctive PRF improves probing pocket depth (PPD) reduction, clinical attachment level (CAL) gain, and patient-reported outcomes; however, heterogeneity in preparation protocols and defect characteristics limits comparability across studies. This review uniquely integrates the immunomodulatory mechanisms of platelet-derived concentrates with emerging personalized periodontics, emphasizing how biomarker-based individualization may enhance the predictability of regenerative outcomes.

Sanghuangporus vaninii extract exerts dual anti-tumor effects in colitis-associated colorectal cancer by direct cytotoxicity and macrophage reprogramming via the PPARγ/NF-κB axis.

Self‑oxygenating nanoparticle-mediated photodynamic therapy for biofilm control and macrophage immunomodulation in vitro.

Diabetic wounds are a severe complication of diabetes, imposing a significant economic burden on patients and their families. Egg white (EW) is a natural, cost-effective, and easily accessible nutrient that contains various bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic properties. Carbon dots (CDs) exhibit excellent biocompatibility and low toxicity. This study introduces a CDs-crosslinked EW hydrogel (CEWH), prepared using CDs as crosslinkers for EW. Our previous study has established CEWH as a multifunctional biomaterial for tissue engineering. In this study, we further demonstrate that CEWH acts as a scaffold for diabetic wound healing in a mouse model by recruiting macrophages and promoting their polarization toward the M2 phenotype, thereby improving the local wound microenvironment. Its large pore size and extended degradation profile facilitate vascular infiltration into the wound site. Moreover, CEWH not only enhances the proliferation of skin tissue cells but also promotes the regeneration of hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and nerves while facilitating collagen deposition, ultimately restoring normal skin architecture and accelerating wound closure in diabetic mice. Overall, our findings underscore CEWH's potential as an effective and affordable wound dressing, providing a safe and economically viable solution for diabetic wound treatment.

Skin-mimetic bilayer hydrogel enhances spatiotemporal coordination of neuro-immune-vascular interactions to accelerate diabetic wound healing.

High performance injectable PLLA/BG composite microspheres in aging skin regeneration.