Lycoperdon Perlatum Research Articles

The concentrations of microelements in forest mushrooms are influenced by soil pH and C/N ratio and less by stand characteristics

The fruitbodies or sporocarps formed by mushrooms can accumulate mineral elements, such as selenium, zinc or copper, making them an important source of micronutrients essential to humans. However, the literature about environmental factors affecting mineral composition in mushrooms is scarce and limited to the ambiguous impact of soil properties and region. In our study, we investigated the effects of tree stand characteristics (tree species and tree canopy cover), understory cover, and soil properties (pH and C/N ratio of the soil) on the concentration of minerals in six edible mushroom species: Laccaria laccata, L. proxima, L. amethystina, Lepista nuda, Lycoperdon perlatum, and Calvatia excipuliformis, collected on 20 plots covered by stands of different tree species composition and varying in the understory cover. We estimated the concentration of eight elements (Zn, Se, Mg, Mn, Cu, Co, Cr, Mo) using the ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry) technique and compared their concentration between the plots, using ordination and linear regression methods. Our research revealed that mushroom species identity, including its ecological role and phylogenetic affinity, had the greatest effect on the mineral composition of mushrooms. The effect of environmental factors depended also on the micronutrient identity. Some elements were not affected at all (Co, Cr), some only by soil reaction or C/N ratio (Mn, Mg, Cu), while others were influenced by both tree stand characteristics and soil properties (Se, Zn, Mo). This knowledge enables us to maximize the content of minerals in harvested mushrooms by collecting them in specific areas. For example, mushrooms, which are sources of Se and Zn, can be gathered in coniferous forests characterized by acid soils, low canopy cover, and minimal understory cover. This targeted collection approach can effectively increase the mineral content in harvested mushrooms, thereby enhancing their health benefits.

Investigation and Mathematical Modelling of Anaerobic Biofermentation of Dairy Cattle Manure: Influence of Addition of Citrus Peel Waste and Lycoperdon Perlatum Spores

Investigation and Mathematical Modelling of Anaerobic Biofermentation of Dairy Cattle Manure: Influence of Addition of Citrus Peel Waste and Lycoperdon Perlatum Spores

Antiviral Activity of Some Compounds of Gasteroid Mushrooms from Western Siberia.

The antiviral activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts from the fruiting bodies of gasteroid Basidiomy-cetes of Western Siberia: Lycoperdon pyriforme, Lycoperdon perlatum, and Phallus impudicus, as well as an aqueous extract from cultivated mycelium of P. impudicus and total polysaccharides from it, on MDCK cell culture against influenza A virus, was studied. Aqueous and ethanol extracts from the fruiting bodies of all studied gasteroid fungi showed antiviral activity against human influenza virus A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) and bird A/chicken/Kurgan/05/2005 virus (H5N1). At the same time, extracts from P. impudicus and L. pyriforme showed more pronouncing antiviral activity compared to the activity of the reference drug Tamiflu against the A/H5N1 avian influenza virus. A high antiviral efficacy of an aqueous extract from cultivated mycelium of the P. impudicus and a sample of total polysaccharides from this extract against the A/H5N1 avian influenza virus was revealed.

STUDY OF THE QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHANGES IN CHITIN AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF RIPENING OF MUSHROOM FRUITING BODIES

We investigated the extraction of chitin with various solvents and changes in the amount of chitin and its molecular mass at different stages of maturity in the fruiting bodies of the fungi Laetiporus sulphureus, Tyromyces chioneus, Oudemansiella mucida, Lycoperdon perlatum, and Fomitopsis betulina. We extracted chitin from crushed mushroom fruiting bodies with 25% hydrochloric acid at 0°C. We characterised the molecular weight of reprecipitated purified chitin with a viscosimeter and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The mass of extracted chitin in all studied mushrooms initially increased from youth to maturity, and then decreased after ripening. At the same time, the molecular weight of chitin tended to increase.

Influence of the urban environment on four mushroom species in the light of their elemental composition

The mushrooms are living organisms with excellent capability to adapt to the multiple challenges of their environment. Several species are well represented in urban green areas (parks, green spots, and recreation grounds). We investigated the influence of the urban environment over two saprotrophic (Bovista plumbea, Lycoperdon perlatum) and two mycorrhizal (Amanita rubescens, Suillus granulatus) species commonly present in urban parks of Cluj-Napoca, a major city of Romania. Three control sites close to the city were chosen. We determined 19 elements (Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, S, Si, Sr, Ti, and Zn) in the fruiting bodies of mushrooms and in soils by ICP OES technique. S. granulatus was the most sensible species to the urban pollution; this species accumulated 130 and 4.40 mg kg−1 (dry weight) median concentrations of Al and Ni, respectively. The highest concentration of Ag, Cu and Fe was determined in B. plumbea (3.18, 83.7 and 141 mg kg−1, respectively) and L. perlatum (4.68, 91.0 and 125 kg−1, respectively) collected from the city. The saprotrophic species contained appreciably higher concentrations of Ag, Cu, Fe, Mg, P, and S than the mycorrhizal ones. Common feature of all four species was the higher Ag and Sr concentrations in the fruiting bodies of urban origin. Our results suggest that the unique defence mechanisms of the species might have higher impact over the elemental profile of the mushrooms than the soil properties. We propose L. perlatum and S. granulatus as suitable indicator species of the urban pollution with regard to inorganic pollutants.

Diversity and ethnomycological importance of mushrooms from Western Himalayas, Kashmir

BackgroundWild edible mushrooms (WEM) are economically significant and used in traditional medicines worldwide. The region of Jammu and Kashmir (Western Himalayas) is enriched with the diversity of edible mushrooms, collected by the rural people for food and income generation. This is the first detailed study on diversity and ethno-medicinal uses of mushrooms from the State of Jammu and Kashmir.MethodsConsecutive surveys were conducted to record ethnomycological diversity and socio-economic importance of wild edible mushrooms value chain in rural areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir during 2015–2019. Ethnomycological data were collected with a semi-structured questionnaire having a set of questions on indigenous mycological knowledge and collection and retailing of wild edible mushrooms. A total of 923 informants from the study area provided the results identifying the gender, type of mushroom species, medicinal uses, and marketing of mushrooms. Diversity of mushrooms was studied by using quadrat and transect methods. Principal component analysis (PCA) and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) were also applied to the dataset to analyse the relationship between species distribution, the underlying environmental factors, and habitat types. PCA identified the major species-specific to the sites and put them close to the sites of distribution.ResultsA total of 131 mushroom species were collected and identified during 2015–2019 from the study area. Ninety-seven species of mushrooms were reported new to the State of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The dominant mushroom family was Russulaceae with 23 species followed by Agaricaceae, 16 species. Major mushroom species identified and grouped by the PCA were Coprinus comatus, Lactarius sanguifluus, Amanita fulva, Armillaria gallica, Lycoperdon perlatum, Lycoperdon pyriforme, and Russula creminicolor. Sparassis crispa, Pleurotus sp, and Laetiporus sulphureus were recorded most edible and medicinally significant fungi. Morels were also expensive and medicinally important among all harvested macro-fungal species. These were reported to use against common ailments and various health problems.ConclusionsCollection and retailing of WEM contribute to improving the socio-economic status, providing alternative employment and food security to rural people of the area. These mushrooms are used as a source of food and traditional medicines among the rural informants and could be used as a potential source of antibacterial and anticancer drugs in the future.

A Research on Quality Evaluation of Eight Wild Edible Macrofungi Collected from East Mediterranean Region of Turkey.

Eight edible macrofungal species (Suillus collinitus, Rhizopogon roseolus, Lactarius sanguifluus, Lycoperdon molle, Ganoderma adspersum, Pleurotus cornucopiae, Lycoperdon perlatum, Macrolepiota procera) grown in Osmaniye were studied. Besides the evaluation of fresh forms, the mushrooms were dried at 40 °C, and the color, texture, protein and mineral contents, and bioactivities (total phenolic content, (TPC) and antioxidant activities by DPPH, FRAP and ABTS techniques) were determined. The protein, macro and micro mineral contents of dried samples were in range of 11.31-55.31 %, 132.75-50844.80 and 0.30-812.05 mg/kg, respectively. TPC of fresh samples were 10227.13-42216.89 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/kg dry matter (DM) in methanolic solution, 3625.31-28809.99 mg GAE/kg DM in ethanolic solution, and decreased by drying process. ABTS method yielded higher results in fresh specimens, however, DPPH method in ethanol and FRAP method in methanol were the superior in dried forms.

Evaluating mercury concentrations in edible plant and fungi species in the Canadian Arctic environment.

Levels of environmental mercury (Hg) within the Canadian Arctic are a current area of concern. Although efforts have been made to reduce Hg released into the environment, levels remain elevated in flora and fauna. This study examined the concentrations of Hg in soil and naturally occurring edible plant and fungi species, identified by local Inuit residents, from eight locations in Iqaluit, Nunavut, and the surrounding area during the summers of 2018 and 2019. Total Hg concentrations were obtained in 24 soil samples, 112 flora samples from 23 plant and five lichen species, and 157 fungal samples from eight species. Median Hg concentrations in plant species ranged from 0.005μg g-1 Hg dry weight (dw) in Saxifraga cernua to 0.19μg g-1 Hg dw in Oxytropis maydelliana. Median concentrations in edible fungi species ranged from 0.084μg g-1 Hg dw in the Cortinarius croceus (non-puffball species) to 1.6μg g-1 Hg dw in Lycoperdon perlatum (a puffball mushroom). Additionally, median Hg concentration in puffball species (1.4μg g-1 ) were higher than non-puffball species (0.12μg g-1 ). Three puffball species were assessed for methylmercury (MeHg), with mean concentrations ranging from 0.013 to 0.085μg g-1 MeHg dw. Limited research has been conducted on Hg uptake in naturally occurring edible plant and fungi species of the Canadian Arctic. This study contributes important information on Hg accumulation and processes in edible plant and fungi Arctic species, is the first to focus on plants used by the local Indigenous community, and demonstrates a need for further studies to assess Hg in Arctic environments.

Ethnomicology of Basidiomycota fungus species in Central Kalimantan open forests

The role of fungus Basidiomycota can be used as an indicator of wisdom and the level of maturity forest ecosystems, both as decomposers, symbionts, and pathogens. The existence of several species of edible mushrooms is also used by local communities as food and medicine. This study aims to identify the diversity of fungus species in Central Kalimantan’s open forests, as part of ethnomicological information. The method used was the purposive sampling technique. The results showed 3,715 fruiting bodies of mushroom from 120 species and 41 genera were found at the study site with moderate levels of biodiversity (R ‘= 3.51; H’ = 2.14; D ’=0.68). Based on the study of ethnomicology information obtained 5 species of edible mushrooms that are commonly consumed by local communities, such as, cloud ear fungus (Auricularia polytricha), Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), Hygrocybeal calc, Cantharellos, and Common Puffball (Lycoperdon pertatum). For the type of fungus that is used as an ingredient for disease treatment, 2 types are found, namely polyporus cinnabarius, and ganoderma. The research findings found that Central Kalimantan’s open forest biodiversity is still quite good, with a moderate level of diversity. Besides, ethnomicology can be developed as local wisdom in Central Kalimantan.

Synthesis of both enantiomers of lycoperdic acid, an unusual mushroom-derived amino acid

An efficient synthesis of both enantiomers of lycoperdic acid, a 4-hydroxyglutamic acid derivative from edible mushroom Lycoperdon perlatum, was achieved from a chiral aminoalcohol. The key steps were a stereoselective introduction of a C3 unit into a bicyclic ketone and oxidative cleavage of a cyclic vicinal diol into a dicarboxylic acid. This report provides the first synthesis of (-)-lycoperdic acid.

Mushrooms as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of cancer: Evaluation of anti-glioma effects of Coprinus comatus, Cantharellus cibarius, Lycoperdon perlatum and Lactarius deliciosus extracts

Cancer incidence rates are on the increase worldwide. The most common brain cancer in adults is glioblastoma. Currently available treatment modalities are limited and natural products such as mushrooms could enhance them. Apart from nutritional value, mushrooms are an excellent source of bioactive compounds and therefore could be used to treat various disorders. The aim of the study was to assess the anti-glioma potential of selected mushrooms on U87MG, LN-18 glioblastoma and SVGp12 normal human astroglial cell lines. The materials were Cantharellus cibarius, Coprinus comatus, Lycoperdon perlatum and Lactarius delicious. Aqueous, 70 % ethanol or 95 % ethanol extracts from mushrooms were used for analysis including assessment of antioxidant activity by DPPH assay, cell viability by MTT assay, DNA biosynthesis by thymidine incorporation assay, activity of metalloproteinase by gelatin zymography and cell cycle assay by flow cytometry. Mushroom extracts influenced the viability and DNA biosynthesis of cancer cells. Activity of ethanol mushroom extracts was stronger than that of aqueous extracts. Anti-glioma mechanism consisted in inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis associated with arrest of cells in subG1 or G2/M phase of cell cycle, and inhibition of metalloproteinases activity. Among investigated mushrooms, L. deliciosus and C. comatus showed the greatest anti-glioma potential.

Edible, medicinal wild mushrooms: A study in Estado de México

Objective: To identify edible mushroom species with medicinal uses in Estado de México.Design/Methodology/Approach: Based on the bibliographic review of local ethnomycological inventories, weeklymarket visits, semi-structured interviews with vendors, and the collection and taxonomic identification of mushrooms, information was gained regarding medicinal mushroom nomenclature, local knowledge and cultural importance.Results: A list of 36 edible mushroom species was compiled, which can be divided into 11 categories of use, mainly in treating digestive and circulatory illnesses.Study Limitations/Implications: This is a descriptive and exploratory study of edible mushrooms with medicinal uses, and therefore it is necessary to include more empirical and scientific evidence from other similar cases.Findings/Conclusions: There is limited knowledge on medicinal fungi species, implying that they are underexploited asa resource among local inhabitants. Lycoperdon perlatum and Lactarius indigo were cited as having the highest quantityof medicinal uses.

EVALUATION OF TOXIC ELEMENT CONTENT AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF EDIBLE WILD MUSHROOMS

Mushrooms are used as a source of food and as medicine, but unfortunately, they may accumulate substances that adversely affect human health. The paper presents the content of toxic elements such as Hg, Pb, Cd and As determined in wild mushrooms (n = 48) divided into caps and stipes such as Armillaria mellea, Cantharellus cibarius, Coprinus comatus, Lycoperdon perlatum, Tricholoma portentosum, Suillus luteus, Xerocomus badius. Atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry techniques were used. The average Hg, Pb, Cd and As content in mushrooms were 0.350 ± 0.524, 0.762 ± 2.268, 0.478 ± 0.358 and 0.332 ± 0.471 mg kg-1 in dried caps and 0.208 ± 0.360, 0.559 ± 1.772, 0.280 ± 0.246 and 0.176 ± 0.263 mg kg-1 in dried stipe, respectively. The highest levels of toxic elements were found in L. perlatum – in the dried cap they reached the values of 1.575 ± 0.765, 6.657 ± 4.328, 0.807 ± 0.505, 1.349 ± 0.932 mg kg-1 and in the dried stipe 1.242 ± 0.410, 5.395 ± 3.860, 0.640 ± 0.326, 0.936 ± 0.340 mg kg-1 of Hg, Pb, Cd, and As, respectively. Estimation of the target hazard quotient showed that L. perlatum might pose a threat to human health associated with Hg (2.026 in cap and 1.596 in stipe) and As (1.735 in cap and 1.203 in stipe) intoxication. The hazard index value pointed out that L. perlatum and T. portentosum cap may be dangerous to health.

Ethnomycological Knowledge of Three Ethnic Groups in Ethiopia

Ethnomycological information was gathered by conducting semi-structured interviews with members of the Amhara, Agew, and Sidama ethnic groups in Ethiopia. A total of 300 individuals were involved in this study. Forest excursions were also undertaken to investigate the habitat and to identify useful wild mushroom species present in the study areas. A total of 24 useful wild mushroom species were identified. Among the three ethnic groups, the Sidama have the most extensive ethnomycological knowledge and over seven vernacular names for useful fungal species were recorded for this group. Collecting mushrooms is common practice among the Sidama and usually carried out by women and children during the main rainy season from June to September. Useful mushrooms are collected in natural forests, plantation forests, grazing areas, home gardens, and swampy areas. In terms of medicinal uses, Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. and Calvatia rubroflava (Cragin) Lloyd. are well-known treatments for wounds and skin disease. Harvest storage of wild mushroom species is unknown. Respondents in the Amhara and Agew ethnic groups were similar in terms of their use and knowledge of mushrooms. Both ethnic groups reported that although wild mushroom species were consumed by their grandparents, they do not eat mushrooms themselves, which could eventually represent a loss of mycological knowledge in these two ethnic groups. Such inconsistency between ethnic groups in terms of their knowledge may also be linked to the social valuation of mushroom resources, which could easily be mitigated by raising awareness. Thus, the baseline information obtained in this study could be useful for further investigations and documentation, and to promote ethnomycological benefits to different ethnic groups in countries with similar settings.

Mycobiota in Cemeterial Areas of Volgograd City

Cemeterial areas are an integral part of any urban ecosystem. The flora of cemeteries is diverse due to the large number of introduced species. This fact also implies species diversity in the macromycete biota, which is of interest for further study. Until now, special studies of mycobiota in cemeteries in Volgograd have not been conducted. We have examined three cemeteries in different districts of Volgograd City. Mushroom collection has been carried out by the route method from September to November 2019. To identify the samples we have applied standard light microscopy methods in the laboratory of Experimental biology of Volgograd State University using the guides of wellknown mycologists. Nikon D3500 SLR camera was used for shooting mushrooms. The collected species are stored in the Mycological herbarium of Volgograd State University. As a result we present an annotated list of cemeteria fungi, including 17 species, such as Agaricus arvensis Schaeff., A. xanthodermus Genev., Auricularia mesenterica (Dicks.) Pers., Coprinellus micaceus (Bull.) Vilgalys, Hopple et Jacq. Johnson, Crucibulum laeve (Huds.) Kambly, Hydroporus marginellus (Pers.) Singer, Lepista personata (Fr.) Cooke, Lycoperdon perlatum Pers., Mycena ssp., Myriostoma coliforme (Dicks.) Corda, Phellinus pomaceus (Pers.) Maire, Pilatotrama ljubarskyi (Pilát) Zmitrovich, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm., Psathyrella conopilea (Fr.) A. Pearson et Dennis, Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis (Bull.) Singer, Stropharia melanosperma (Bull.) Gillet, Tulostoma brumale Pers. Each annotation includes the date of collection, data on habitats and substrates inhabited by the species, as well as the occurrence of the species. The last index states ‘rare’ if we have no more than 5 finds, ‘often’ – 6–20 finds, ‘frequent’ – 21–50 finds, and ‘very often’ – more than 50 finds. The trophic analysis of the macromycete composition has revealed that all the found species belong to the saprotrophic group. Among them, the largest number of species was recorded on dry and dead wood (10 species). The further research of the diversity of fungi in these areas is necessary.

Elemental composition of selected species of mushrooms based on a chemometric evaluation

The aim of the study was to determine 16 elements by FAAS and ICP-AES in ca. 1500 samples of 22 species of mushrooms collected from different regions of Poland and the area around Umeå in Sweden. Chemometric techniques were applied to differentiate samples with respect to their geographical origin and interspecies differentiation. Samples of Cantharellus cibarius (Fr.), Boletus edulis (Bull.) and Leccinum scabrum (Bull.) Gray from Morąg, Augustów, the Zaborski Landscape Park, Tarnobrzeg and Umeå were discriminated by factor 1 and factor 2. Some species, i.e. Cantharellus cibarius, Boletus edulis, Boletus pinophilus (Pilát & Dermek), Leccinum aurantiacum (Bull.) Gray, Leccinum scabrum and Leccinum versipelle (Fr. & Hök) Snell from one region of Poland (Augustów or Morąg) were discriminated by K, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and Cd. The results enabled an assessment of the hypothetical percentage realisation of the recommended dietary intake (RDA) for the bio-elements in question and of provisional tolerable weekly intakes (PTWI) of toxic metals from the consumption of 100 g of mushrooms. The most abundant element in all the mushroom samples was K, especially in Gomphidius glutinosus (Schaeff. ex Fr.) (Umeå - Sweden) and Cantharellus cibarius (Poland - Morąg). Lycoperdon perlatum (Pers.) from Poland and Sweden tended to accumulate the highest levels of Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu. The highest percentage of RDA was obtained for K, Mg and Cu. Based on the estimated PTWI, it can be concluded that no health hazard is associated with the consumption of these mushrooms.

NEW DATA ON APHYLLO-PHOROID FUNGI AND SOME OTHER GROUPS OF MACROMYCETES OF THE SOLOVETSKY ARCHIPALAGO

This paper provides additions to the biota of aphyllophoroid fungi of the Solovetsky Archipelago. To date, the list includes 307 species of aphyllophoroid fungi, 22 of them are found only in the territory in question. A previously published list was supplemented with 31 species of aphyllophoroid fungi, including 9 species new for the Arkhangelsk Region (Craterellus tubaeformis, Hypochnicium erikssonii, Phellodon melaleucus, Pterula gracilis, Sistotrema alboluteum, Trechispora invisitata, T. kavinioides, T. stevensonii, Tubulicrinis accedens). In addition, new data on 13 species of ascomycetes, including 6 new for the Arkhangelsk Region (Gyromitra infula, Humaria hemisphaerica, Hypoxylon fragiforme, Peziza badia, Trichoderma pulvinatum, T. viride), 3 species of dacrymyce-tes and 39 species of agaricomycetes, including 19 new for the region (Amanita fulva, A. muscaria, Boletus edulis, B. paluster, Clitocybe gibba, Coprinus comatus, Cortinarius armillatus, C. caperatus, C. sanguineus, C. traganus, Laccaria laccata, Lachnella albo-violascens, Lycoperdon perlatum, L. utriforme, Mycena haematopus, Pholiota squar-rosa, Pleurotus ostreatus, Russula aeruginea, Sebacina grisea) are provided. The state of knowledge about aphyllophoroid fungi on different substrates was analyzed. The correlation between the number of species and the habitat was discussed. The number of species increased especially notably along with stand density. Quite high substrate specificity was demonstrated. Almost every fifth of the species that we found only on the main forest-forming tree species was encountered sporadically. The Turing coefficient for the Solovetsky Archipelago is 67.3 %. The territory has been found to harbor 17 species listed in Red Data Books of adjacent areas and 33 indicator species, including 24 indicators of old-growth and 9 of very old spruce and pine forests. The forests of the archipelago can therefore be considered particularly valuable. The group of aphyllophoroid fungi has been studied quite thoroughly, while data on other groups of macromycetes are still scarce.

Archaea are prominent members of the prokaryotic communities colonizing common forest mushrooms.

In this study, the abundance and composition of prokaryotic communities associated with the inner tissue of fruiting bodies of Suillus bovinus, Boletus pinophilus, Cantharellus cibarius, Agaricus arvensis, Lycoperdon perlatum, and Piptoporus betulinus were analyzed using culture-independent methods. Our findings indicate that archaea and bacteria colonize the internal tissues of all investigated specimens and that archaea are prominent members of the prokaryotic community. The ratio of archaeal 16S rRNA gene copy numbers to those of bacteria was >1 in the fruiting bodies of four out of six fungal species included in the study. The largest proportion of archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences belonged to thaumarchaeotal classes Terrestrial group, Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group (MCG), and Thermoplasmata. Bacterial communities showed characteristic compositions in each fungal species. Bacterial classes Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacilli, and Clostridia were prominent among communities in fruiting body tissues. Bacterial populations in each fungal species had different characteristics. The results of this study imply that fruiting body tissues are an important habitat for abundant and diverse populations of archaea and bacteria.

Edible mushrooms of Mizoram

Twenty-seven (27) species of edible mushrooms growing in both soil and wood have been described here from Mizoram, India. All the species were identified based on their morphological, both macro- and microscopic characteristics. The study was carried out during July 2013 to October 2016. Wood inhabiting fungi viz. Schizophyllum commune (pasi), Lentinula lateritia (pa pal), Auricularia auricular-judae (Pu Vana beng), Lentinus tigrinus (pa hnahkhar), L. polychrous (pa chang/pa puanveng) and soil growing fungi viz., Lactifluus corrugis (pa uithin), Lactarius piperatus (pa lengvar), Macrolepiota dolichaula (pa se-ek), Russula subfragiliformis (pa lengsen), Termotomyces heimii (pa sawntlung), Volvariella taylorii (changel pa) are the edible species known to the local community. Other edible species yet unknown to the local community in Mizoram are also recorded viz., Cantharellus cibarius, Craterellus cornucopioides, Lycoperdon perlatum, Macrolepiota procera, Ramariopsis kunzei, Russula aurora, R. compacta, R. cyanoxantha, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus sajor-caju, Pleurotus ostreatus, P. djamor, Tremella fuciformis, T. mesenterica, Laetiporus suphureus and Fistulina hepatica.

Crecimiento miceliar de especies silvestres de hongos comestibles de los bosques andinopatagónicos: primeros pasos para su domesticación

Los bosques de Nothofagus spp. de la Patagonia Argentina albergan hongos con características organolépticas y nutricionales que las tornan atractivas para su consumo y plausibles de ser cultivadas sobre diferentes sustratos orgánicos. Se evaluaron los parámetros óptimos de crecimiento vegetativo de 7 especies de hongos silvestres comestibles potencialmente cultivables que pueden ser encontrados en estos bosques (Aleurodiscus vitellinus, Fistulina antarctica, F. endoxantha, Grifola gargal, Lepista nuda, Lycoperdon perlatum y Macrolepiota afín procera). Se obtuvieron 5 cepas de cada especie y se realizaron tres ensayos: 1) determinación de la temperatura óptima de crecimiento, 2) evaluación del crecimiento en diferentes medios de cultivo y caracterización miceliar de las cepas, y 3) evaluación del crecimiento de los micelios en granos. La temperatura óptima de crecimiento fue en general de 25 °C, aunque con rangos variables. El medio de cultivo más rápidamente colonizado fue el agar con papa y dextrosa. Lepista nuda y A. vitellinus mostraron las mayores tasas de crecimiento miceliar promedio tanto en medios como en granos. Las cepas de A. vitellinus, F. endoxantha y L. perlatum mostraron mayor heterogeneidad en la tasa de crecimiento en placas, mientras que las cepas de F. antarctica, G. gargal y M. afín procera mostraron comportamientos homogéneos.