This article comparatively analyzes the conception of interest on loans within the three major Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Islam, and Christianity, from a theological, ethical, and financial perspective. In the Jewish tradition, Halakha strictly prohibits charging interest to other Jews, based on passages in the Torah that promote solidarity and mutual support, although it does permit charging interest to foreigners. Islam, through Sharia, condemns all forms of usury (ribā), considering the generation of risk-free profit immoral, and proposes as an alternative the Islamic financial system based on risk-sharing contracts and social justice. For its part, early Christianity, influenced by biblical and patristic thought, also rejected interest, a position that was maintained for centuries but was reinterpreted with the arrival of capitalism and the Protestant Reformation. The study highlights how each religion offers a unique vision of economic justice and the ethics of lending, influenced by its sacred texts, legal traditions, and historical contexts. The study incorporates qualitative data from interviews and surveys that shed light on how contemporary believers and practitioners interpret and apply these principles in their financial decision-making. The contemporary implications of these approaches for modern banking and ethical financial practices are also reflected upon, opening an interfaith dialogue on the morality of the current financial system. This analysis contributes to an understanding of the role of religion in shaping sustainable and socially responsible financial principles.

This article examines The Autobiography of Ignatius of Loyola, taking as its guiding framework both the historical context in which the work was composed and the author’s intention in producing it. It proceeds from the premise that Loyola’s narrative engages in a profound dialogue with the significant historical circumstances of the early sixteenth century, a period marked by intense transformations in Christian religiosity, including the Protestant and Catholic Reformations, the Council of Trent, and the expansion of Christianity into the New World. The Autobiography was deliberately conceived by its author as a spiritual testament for the members of the Society of Jesus, inviting them to reflect upon and emulate Loyola’s own path, from sinner to saint within the turbulence of the world. In this study, the analysis of the Autobiography discloses the modes of conduct and spiritual practice envisioned by the founder and first Superior General of the Society of Jesus.

In the era of reform in Indonesia, the protection of the rights of religious and ethnic minorities has become the main focus. The legal framework built post-reform aims to prevent and overcome cases of discrimination against this minority group. By examining the constitution, laws, government regulations and judicial practices, a strong legal basis can be found to protect the rights of religious and ethnic minorities. However, challenges remain in implementing and enforcing these laws. The gap between existing laws and practice in the field remains a problem, and there are often obstacles in accessing justice for victims of discrimination. Study This use method juridical normative use studies References. An analysis of legal documents and literature, this research highlights the protection of human rights in the 1945 Constitution as well as related laws and regulations, such as Law no. 39/1999 concerning Human Rights, Law no. 12/2005 concerning Citizenship, and Law no. 40/2008 concerning the Elimination of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination. Research findings show that there is a strong legal basis for fighting discrimination, but challenges in implementing and enforcing the law remain. Efforts to strengthen law enforcement and increase awareness of human rights are the main recommendations to ensure fair protection for all citizens, independent of minorities religion or ethnicity.

Although the study of Christian hagiography still primarily targets ancient and medieval texts, the early modern hagiography has recently been established as a distinctive research topic. Its focus is not only on the transformations of the post-Tridentine hagiography of the Roman Catholic Church, which effectively appropriated the cult of the saints as its important identifier. In this respect, the early modern texts seem to have dissolved the conventional association of hagiography with Catholicism: the analyses of surviving early modern texts demonstrate that the Protestant churches—while still critical towards the cult of saints as they knew it from late medieval devotional practices— did not reject the concept of sanctity or hagiography as such. Martyrology in particular seems to have been very frequent in all early modern Christian denominations, especially in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; indeed, research on Czech early modern hagiography of non-Catholic provenance has concentrated on texts about Jan Hus, or other Czech supporters of religious reforms who died violent deaths. However, literary works such as a series of twelve Czech short texts published anonymously at the early seventeenth century under the title “Hystorye o bratru Janovi Palečkovi” (The histories of Brother Jan Palček) show that the equation of early modern Czech Non-Catholic hagiography with martyrology is unjustified. Indeed, the series employs many textual practices and topoi of (late) medieval Christian hagiography, and although its main character is not called a saint, it still bears distinctive features of the concept of Christian sanctity. The article aims to argue that the series can be interpreted as an example of non-martyrological hagiography of a Protestant Reformation type.

The general objective of this article is to analyze the repercussions of late medieval voluntarism in the beginnings of modernity, examining its influence on both political philosophy and modern culture in general, with a particular focus on the revolutionary spirit, characteristic of this historical era. The relevant antecedents will be addressed, such as the crisis of medieval scholasticism and the Protestant Reformations, that derive from this crisis, with the purpose of understanding the interrelation between late medieval voluntarism and subsequent developments in philosophy, politics, and culture during the modernity.

Objective: This study aims to analyse the dynamics of money politics in Indonesian legislative elections, by comparing the election practices of the New Order and Reformation eras. The research gap lies in the lack of an in-depth comparative analysis between both periods with regard to the interaction between the legal framework and norm enforcement related to money politics. Method: The method used is normative legal analysis, which involves the study of primary legal texts and secondary sources, including historical records and scientific literature. Results: The results show that although the legal framework has evolved, which led to the explicit prohibition of vote-buying practices in the Reformation era, weak law enforcement and a persistent patronage culture have resulted in the persistence of widespread money politics practice. Novelty: The novelty of this research lies in its emphasis that systemic changes in electoral regulation do not automatically improve electoral integrity. It is also novel that the study highlights the need for structural and cultural reforms to address the root causes of the practice of money politics. Contribution: These findings are expected to make a significant contribution to the academic discourse on electoral integrity and strengthen democracy in Indonesia.

The Protestant Reformation, pioneered by Martin Luther in the 16th century, was an important moment in Christian history. This movement emerged as a critique of Catholic Church practices, particularly the sale of indulgences and the abuse of power by clergy, which were considered to deviate from the teachings of the Bible. In response, the Catholic Church convened the Council of Trent. This council not only reaffirmed the teachings of the faith but also tightened spiritual discipline and reformed the internal structure to maintain the unity of the Church. In addition, the Council of Trent also encouraged pastoral renewal supported by religious orders, especially the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), which played a major role in education, missions, and social services. This study analyzes the roots of the Reformation, examines the Council of Trent as the official response of the Catholic Church, and explores the forms of pastoral renewal that emerged afterwards. The results show that although the Protestant Reformation was a major challenge, the Catholic Church's response through the Council of Trent and the pastoral renewal movement succeeded in strengthening Catholic identity and left an important legacy that has influenced the development of the Church to this day.

This study examines the inscriptional culture of the cities of the Pentapolitana in the Early Modern period. The cultural development of these five free royal towns was also reflected in the epigraphic sphere. The strong influence of Humanism, the Renaissance, and the Protestant Reformation is evident from an early stage. One notable example is the depiction of Martin Luther accompanied by text in Levoča Town Hall as early as the mid-sixteenth century. The bourgeois character of inscriptional culture is logically reflected in the urban patriciate’s desire to assert its independence – including through the medium of inscriptions. This is exemplified by the inscriptions on Levoča Town Hall from the early seventeenth century. Throughout the Early Modern period, the dominant form of epigraphic expression was the sepulchral monument, which provides a wealth of prosopographical data. These monuments often include quotations from the Bible which are of particular value for ecclesiastical and theological research. In addition, they serve as sources of valuable literary works, mostly in the form of epicedia.

My study, intended as a comparative conceptual commentary, contrasts the visions of Charles Taylor and Carl Schmitt regarding the 18th-century, especially moral, revolution. I thus situate John Wesley's preaching and the beginning of the Methodist movement within that very social and cultural climate, albeit interpreted and experienced differently: thanks to the comparison between the two authors, I show how the Methodist movement of the eighteenth century does not represent only a sort of counterpoint to the Enlightenment, but rather is complementary to it. In short, Methodism contributes to defining the idea of progress as conceived in that century, while in the following ones the notion of technological-scientific and economic progress will tend to prevail. Furthermore, I focus on what Taylor, in his jargon, calls "common life" (commitment to work and family), initially valued, in particular, by the Protestant Reformation. I then observe, thanks also to two classic works on Methodism, that the very events arising from the Reformation, along with others, ultimately conferred renewed value on citizens' active political engagement, understood as constitutive of existence, not as something extraordinary or exceptional. The Methodist movement, in fact, already in the 18th and 19th centuries, was very attentive to issues of social justice and the living conditions of the last and the penultimate.

Enhancing Historical Literacy and Critical Thinking through Primary Source-Based Inquiry: Evidence from the Jogja Library Center Tour. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the implementation of the inquiry-based learning model “Yogyakarta Library Center Tour” in history learning. It utilizes old daily newspapers to improve historical literacy and its implications for developing critical thinking skills. Methods: This study employed an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, focusing on history learning at SMA Negeri 9 Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The location was chosen not only because of its success in realizing the School Literacy Movement through history learning, but also because of the uniqueness of the teachers' efforts in introducing the potential of the Jogja Library Centre as a repository of primary historical sources. Data collection techniques were comprehensively conducted through tests, interviews, observations, and document analysis. Sampling involved several subjects, including 28 students in quantitative analysis and seven key informants, including the Deputy Head of the Curriculum, history teachers, and student representatives from SMA Negeri 9 Yogyakarta, in qualitative analysis. Findings: The application of the inquiry model in history learning can represent historical literacy pedagogy by utilizing contemporary daily newspapers, such as Kedaulatan Rakyat, Kompas, Suara Karya, Suara Merdeka, Bernas, and Sinar Harapan, which were published during the New Order and Reformation eras as primary sources. Improvements in critical thinking skills were demonstrated through N-Gain analysis in several indicators, namely chronological thinking (0.57), historical understanding (0.52), historical evaluation and interpretation (0.50), and historical research skills (0.48). Conclusion: This study proposes a new approach to history learning by integrating tours to local archives and utilizing old newspapers as authentic primary sources. Its significance lies in its concrete contribution to strengthening source-based history learning and supporting the School Literacy Movement contextually. Keywords: jogja library center, historical literacy, inquiry model, critical thinking skill.

Films often represent masculinities influenced by social constructions produced and legitimised by the state. This research examines how the state shapes multiple forms of masculinity through the film Seperti Dendam Rindu Harus Dibayar Tuntas. The film critiques the hegemonic masculinity constructed by the state, while also illustrating that masculinity is not monolithic. Instead, it consists of diverse and sometimes conflicting contextually negotiated constructions. This study uses multimodal discourse analysis to explore the interrelationship between the state, masculinities, and gender representation within the film. The findings reveal that the state plays a significant role in maintaining hegemonic masculinity through policies and regulations that reinforce patriarchal norms. However, the film also opens up spaces for renegotiation, particularly for heterosexual men who fail to conform to dominant standards, allowing them to reclaim recognition within the masculine hierarchy. Furthermore, the film, produced in the Reformation era, set in the Orde Baru era, reflects a transitional moment where representations of masculinity become more fluid and contested. In a patriarchal system, while masculinity is still maintained through social control mechanisms, its boundaries are increasingly permeable, enabling cultural shifts and new gender negotiations. This research contributes to gender and media studies by showing how films, particularly Seperti Dendam Rindu Harus Dibayar Tuntas, can challenge and disrupt patriarchal constructions of masculinity shaped by the state, thereby opening up new avenues for understanding and redefining masculinity.

This article reviews the presence and progress of the Labour Party (Partai Buruh) in Indonesia in the Reformation Era (1999-2024). Labour and political dynamics in Indonesia have emerged since the Dutch colonial period. In the postcolonial era, the relationship between labour and politics was also dynamic. In the 1950s and 1960s they followed a political trend dominated by political parties. During Soeharto’s New Order political regime since the late 1960s, professional organizations, including labours, were not allowed to participate in politics. The state only approves one labour organization with limited space for movement. Entering the post-1998 Reform Era, labour organizations are no longer single, with the presence of several labour unions. Apart from that, the party experiment with a labour label is back. Even though it has mass numbers spread across many cities, the Labour Party has always failed to win seats in parliament. However, labour union actors continue to engage in politics, including by selling support for certain candidates in presidential elections. In fact, the Labour Party's re-participation in the 2024 General Election also recorded its failure to become a political party that won seats in parliament (DPR/MPR). Why political experiments with party labels always fail in Indonesia in the Reformation Era is a question that will be answered in this research.

Ecclesia semper reformanda est, as the medieval saying goes. This proved particularly true of the medieval church structure in the first half of the 16th century. The various movements of renewal slowly broke up the forms that had developed during the Middle Ages. In order to address the problems that arose, the Church responded to the old practice of reformatio in capite et in membris by convening a universal synod. The Council of Trent was called to renew the Church and to develop the necessary reform programme. Its convening and its work during its various sessions was a matter not only for Rome but for the whole universal Church, and accordingly it was attended by a varying number and in varying compositions of bishops and other leaders of the Western Church. Despite this, the Hungarian bishops were reluctant from the outset to participate in the work of the Council and to travel to Trent. In my study, I seek to answer the following questions: What was the reason for this reluctance? What was the impact of the spread of the Protestant Reformation and the Ottoman wars on the bishops, and was the case for defending against the Ottomans a rhetorical phrase or an actual reason for this? Which Hungarian bishops travelled to Trent, what activities did they carry out, and on the basis of their speeches and letters, what issues were they concerned with in connection of the renewal of the Church?

During the Reformation era, Catholics criticized Protestants for not being faithful to the sola scriptura principle by accepting Sunday as the day of worship instead of the Sabbath. The Council of Trent claimed that the change occurred not because of the Bible, but the authority of the church. This accusation generates an inquiry about the reason why Luther and Calvin chose Sunday over the Sabbath. To understand why Luther and Calvin accepted Sunday instead of the Sabbath, this study aims to explore their ideas regarding the shift from the Sabbath to Sunday. Based on their understanding of the church authority and the relationship between the law and the Sabbath, both theologians concluded that while the meaning of the Sabbath still prevailed, the day of the Sabbath in a week could be compromised. They also assumed that the change of the Sabbath to Sunday was not mandated by God’s command but by church authority.

The evolution of the Indonesian government into authoritarian capitalism since the Reformation era, especially under Joko Widodo’s administration, has triggered significant legal issues in the development of economic policy. This study examines how authoritarian tendencies intersect with legal instruments and economic development, focusing particularly on legislative practices like the Job Creation Omnibus Law, which has drawn public criticism for undermining democratic principles and the supremacy of law. Using a normative juridical approach and the doctrinal legal method as defined by Terry Hutchinson, this research analyzes the principles and norms of economic law in the context of an authoritarian regime. The findings suggest that although laws like the Omnibus Law are claimed to attract foreign direct investment, the way they are drafted and enacted tends to reflect elite interests and lacks adequate public participation. This points to a broader pattern of authoritarian capitalism, where law functions more as a tool of political control than as a safeguard of social justice. Compared to countries like China and Singapore, Indonesia illustrates a weaker institutional capacity to uphold impartial and accountable legal frameworks. The study concludes that without substantive legal reform and stronger democratic oversight, the use of law for political gain will continue to undermine social stability and long-term economic sustainability. For that reason, legal development rooted in justice, participation, and the supremacy of law should be seen as a priority in improving Indonesia’s economic governance.

Background: Since the beginning of Indonesia’s Reformation era, hundreds of localizations have been closed to control prostitution and human trafficking. However, these efforts have not had much impact because sex workers have now become sporadic with transactions through social media, making it harder to monitor and control. Purpose: This study aims to determine the determinants of sexually transmitted diseases in online sex workers. Methods: This study is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design, and it was conducted online. The population in this study was online sex workers; their population is unknown. The sample in this study was selected using the snowball sampling technique. Number of samples used in this study was 593. The data in this study were collected using valid and reliable questionnaires filled out online by respondents. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. Result: This study found that the majority of online sex workers were female (79.8%) and heterosexual (81.1%). However, only 56% of respondents always wear a condom, and 3.2% of respondents never wear one during their service. In addition, the majority of respondents knew their HIV status as HIV negative (92.7%) and had experienced at least one type of sexually transmitted infection (99.3%). Of all variables that were measured on respondents, only sexual orientation (p<0.001) was significantly associated with sexually transmitted diseases in general. Conclusion: STIs remain prevalent among online sex workers in Indonesia. Risky sexual behaviors, particularly inconsistent condom use, continue to play a major role in sustaining infection rates in this population.

ABSTRACT The study examines the inclusive educational practices in Kerala during the Reformation era (nineteenth and twentieth centuries) in order to position intersectionality as a heuristic device to study childhood and education in Kerala. The intersectional approach is an efficient tool to analyse the situatedness of the reformers like Ayyankali, Mariamma and Arya Pallam who led social movements towards the realisation of equitable education in Kerala. The study establishes a connection between intersectionality, reformation, and children, thus, widening the scope of intersectionality as an analytical lens. The paper posits that the educational initiatives of the reformers have uplifted children who are under erasure in the Indian educational discourse.

Abstract This essay aims to address little-known aspects of the confessionalization of natural philosophy in sixteenth-century Italy, with a focus on controversies surrounding the age and nature of the Earth. Sources suggest that – rather than causing a process – reactions to the Protestant Reformation accelerated and shaped developments already underway at the beginning of the sixteenth century when critics of Aristotelian eternalism began to call for a science of nature more in line with Christian beliefs. While a Christianized history of the Earth emerged as an explicit program in late-sixteenth century Italy, I would argue that Counter-Reformation cultural policies favored, but did not enforce, the confessionalization of the field and that largely secular approaches remained vital, legitimate, and influential.

The notion of prosperity has its own religious genealogy: in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Max Weber famously linked the notion of prosperity with the Protestant Reformation. As crucial as Weber’s theory is for different approaches to luxury, this paper focuses, instead, on a different understanding of prosperity in fashion, thus paving the way for a new religious genealogy of the notion. This genealogy imagines an approach to fashion that sees prosperity as happiness. Indeed, from a religious and ethical perspective, prosperity is, first and foremost, the search for happiness in this life. Several monotheistic traditions overlap the notion of prosperity with that of divine grace or blessing, meaning that true prosperity can only be achieved through the exercise of virtues. Thus, only virtues can create a new meaning and new aesthetics of prosperity in fashion. By offering a more theoretical reflection on the notion of prosperity in fashion, this paper intends to determine whether different forms of aesthetics might offer a clue for the understanding of prosperity and wealth in order to herald true prosperity in fashion.

The relationship between Scripture and the Liturgy remains one of the most extensively debated subjects in theological discourse. In the wake of the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, a divided Christendom witnessed the rise of a dichotomy between Scripture and Liturgy, as well as between the Word and the Sacrament. This dichotomy, however, is absent from the patristic thought, which perceives the unity and complementarity between Scripture and Liturgy, owing to their shared belonging to the one life of the Church—broadly defined as Tradition—and to the way they are understood and experienced as interconnected modes through which the singular Mystery of Jesus Christ is communicated to the faithful. The present study aims to demonstrate this unity by drawing on a substantial body of patristic writings, highlighting the fact that the life of the Church is one and is lived both as the rule of faith and the rule of prayer, and that through it, one and the same Christ communicates Himself to the faithful both through the Word and through the Holy Sacraments. For the Church Fathers, the Christian faith is not an abstract doctrine about Christ, but a real and personal encounter and communion with Him in the life of the Church. This patristic approach may offer a starting point for contemporary Christianity in addressing the current liturgical crisis and in rethinking and renewing future ecumenical dialogue. Such renewal presupposes a movement beyond secular formalism and nominalism, which have fostered excessive conceptualization and an antithetical view of Scripture and Liturgy, Word and Sacrament.