This research presents a comparative analysis of the lunar eclipse calculation method proposed by Jean Meeus in his textbook Astronomical Algorithms and the classical method described by W.M. Smart in his textbook Textbook on Spherical Astronomy. Lunar eclipses are celestial phenomena that can be accurately predicted using certain astronomical techniques. This research aims to evaluate the differences between modern and classical approaches in the calculation process. This research employs empirical data collection and comparison of calculation results on several lunar eclipses to evaluate the accuracy of both methods in predicting the time, duration, and phase of the eclipse. The findings are then compared with the results from NASA. This research is of the library research variety. The sources and types of data employed in this study include astronomical algorithm books and textbooks on spherical astronomy, as well as journal articles that align with the research theme. The data analysis employed by the researchers is a content analysis of the two books, then described with descriptive and comparative techniques. The principal findings of this study indicate that the two books exhibit discrepancies ranging from 3'50' to 19'18'. In comparison, the divergence with NASA results is 0'5.2', 0'10', 3'44.8', and 19'48' more rapid.

В работе впервые на основе опубликованных и новых полевых материалов в сравнительно-сопоставительном аспекте рассмотрены отголоски культа солнца и луны, сохранившиеся до настоящего времени в обрядовой культуре, фольклоре, поверьях и запретах тюркских народов Саяно-Алтая, что составляет актуальность и новизну проведенного исследования. В фольклорных жанрах проанализированы мотивы описания Среднего и Нижнего миров, где акцентируется наличие или отсутствие солнца-луны; рассмотрены мифологические представления о восприятии небесных светил как живых существ; охарактеризован окказиональный обряд, проводимый при солнечном и лунном затмениях; показано значение лунного календаря в обрядовой и повседневной жизни. Выявлено, что в свадебных обрядах обращение новобрачных к солнцу и луне связаны с изменением социального статуса человека, прошением покровительства и благодати у небесных светил. В похоронно-поминальной сфере сохранились архаичные представления культа солнца и луны, бытуют воззрения о том, что солнце и луна предназначены только живым людям Среднего мира. Охарактеризованы представления о небесных светилах как обязательных компонентах Среднего мира, об их мужской и женской сущности, о соблюдении временного кода в ритуальной практике. Проанализированы общие черты и особенности культа солнца и луны у тюркского населения Саяно-Алтая, которые свидетельствуют о существовании единой мифологической системы. This article considers echoes of the cult of the sun and the moon in the ritual culture, folklore, beliefs and prohibitions of the Turkic peoples of Sayano-Altai. It is based both on previously published and new field materials. It examines descriptions of the Middle and Lower worlds in works of folklore, in which the presence or absence of the sun-moon is emphasized, and it considers the mythological perception of heavenly bodies as living beings. The article describes the ritual performed during solar and lunar eclipses as well as the significance of the lunar calendar in everyday life and in ritual. For example, in wedding ceremonies, marking a change in the newlyweds’ social status, they appeal to the sun and the moon for help and grace. Archaic ideas of the cult of the sun and the moon are also preserved in funeral and memorial practices. It is believed that the sun and the moon, which represent male and female essences, are obligatory components of the Middle World and intended only for the living. Thus the article presents both the general features and peculiarities of the sun and moon cult in the Turkic population of Sayano-Altai, all of which indicate the existence of a unified mythological system.

SummaryThe empirical evidence for the effects of changing seasons on humans and other species has long been a subject of public and scientific curiosity. However, supporting evidence is predominantly behavioral, warranting further quantitative/mechanistic validation. Three putative mechanisms proposed here include (1) variability in photoperiod and temperature, (2) gravitational effects from varying Earth-celestial body distances, including lunar phases and eclipses, and (3) changes in geomagnetism. This systematic review (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus; until September’24) aims to identify studies on the effects of seasonality, gravity, and geomagnetism on brain function, establishing a baseline for the proposed hypotheses. Distinct search queries were tailored to capture the relevant literature. Behavioral and observational data support the hypotheses, with limited EEG/MRI evidence indicating potential neural correlates, although most research is cross-sectional and preliminary. Future work should employ well-powered, longitudinal, and hypothesis-driven designs to clarify the observed effects, thereby confirming or challenging competing views.

Abstract Apollo seismic data have significantly advanced our understanding of the Moon's internal structure and seismic activity. Beyond these scientific insights, the data also contain numerous glitches caused by the harsh lunar environment. Characterizing these glitches is crucial for improving future lunar seismic observations, which is particularly timely and important given upcoming lunar missions carrying new seismometer payloads. In this study, we combined deep learning and template matching to identify and catalog acceleration‐related glitches in the Apollo seismic data, revealing distinct temporal patterns correlated with lunar diurnal and seasonal cycles. Concentrations of glitches near lunar sunrise and sunset are likely caused by rapid temperature variations. Daytime glitches are associated with shadows cast by nearby objects or lunar eclipses. We also detect elliptically polarized glitches, differing from the linear polarization typical of Martian glitches and warranting further investigation. Our glitch catalogs reveal significantly fewer glitches during lunar nighttime compared to daytime, providing valuable insights for optimizing observation timing. Furthermore, variations in daytime glitch patterns across stations highlight the significant impact of station location and instrument deployment on data quality, demanding careful consideration in future lunar missions. In summary, this study compiles acceleration‐related glitch catalogs from Apollo seismic data, enhancing our understanding of the impacts of the lunar environment on seismic observations and providing valuable references for optimizing seismic observation strategies and instrument deployment in upcoming lunar missions.

Despite recent interpretations by Bricker and Bricker (2011) and Justeson (2017), the methods used by the Maya in constructing the Dresden Codex Eclipse Table continue to elude us. We assume that the Maya could predict solar eclipses in a similar way to lunar eclipses and that the information from the Espenak and Meeus (2009) eclipse catalog remedies the lack of observational data. Following Justeson (2017), who identified the eclipse cycle of 88 synodic months, equal to almost 2600 days, called tzolkinex, in this work, several families of tzolkinex were identified. When comparing these with the dates of lunar eclipses observed from Copán during the Early Classic (300 – 600 AD), it is noted that the codex data were reorganized. Most of these families have a short lifespan and rarely last more than three turns (3 x 2600 = 21.36 years).

The research and development of this 3D motion diorama media is pushed by the low critical thinking ability of grade VI students at SD Negeri 010140 Perkebunan Gunung Melayu. The purpose of this study is to develop teaching materials in the form of 3D motion diorama media about the subject of the solar and lunar eclipse to improve the critical thinking skills of sixth grade students. This research uses the Research and Development (R&D) method with the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) model developed by Robert Maribe Brach. The results of the study show that; first, the dioramic media developed was declared very valid by experts, with a media feasibility percentage of 93% along with material feasibility of 94%, while the feasibility of the question instrument was 93%. Assessment by teachers obtained an average of 97% while student assessment obtained an average of 99%. Second, classroom trials showed a significant improvement in students' critical thinking skills, with an average pretest score of 52.7 and post-test score of 91.7 (a difference of 39 points), and an N-Gain of 0.82, indicating a high category. The implications of the use of 3D motion diorama media are also able to improve critical thinking skills. The use of this media in understanding the concept of celestial eclipses also very clearly shows the active involvement of students. This study recommends the application of similar media in sciences subject learning to support the development of students' critical thinking skills in primary school.

The development of astronomy in the golden age era began with the discovery of astrolabes and predicting lunar and solar eclipses, the movement of stars, prayer times, determining the calendar system, and determining the direction of the Qibla. From these discoveries, knowledge about Qibla direction determination technology developed from time to time. The history of determining the direction of Qibla in Indonesia, especially in Yogyakarta, has its pros and cons in its implementation. The renewal figure was KH Ahmad Dahlan who was the pioneer of the Qibla direction based on astronomical calculations. This research was conducted at Langgar Kidoel KH Ahmad Dahlan Yogyakarta, which was the first Muslim place of worship to apply an astronomical system in determining the direction of the Qibla in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the application of astronomy in the history of Islamic civilization and its relation to architecture. The results of the study show that astronomy is very influential in the field of architecture, namely in determining the direction of the Qibla and the cardinal directions which have an impact on the design of the orientation of the building and the concept of Islamic architecture. In building orientation, the Qibla direction and the cardinal directions are closely related to building physics and building access; while in the concept of Islamic architecture, the direction of the Qiblah and the cardinal directions affect the spatial arrangement in accordance with the Sunnah of the Prophet.

When emblems were created to represent Elisabeth of Valois (daughter of Henry II of France), Elisabeth of Bourbon (daughter of Henry IV) and Marie Louise of Orléans (niece of Louis XIV), the symbol chosen was the moon. As queens of Spain and wives of three Habsburg kings, Elisabeth of Valois, Elisabeth of Bourbon and Marie Louise of Orléans were represented at the royal court in Madrid through lunar imagery in different visual genres of the period: emblems, devices and hieroglyphs. The lunar metaphors invoked for Elisabeth of Valois and Elisabeth of Bourbon are of particular interest, as their respective consorts, Philip II and Philip IV, were being represented as solar monarchs. The origin of this ingenious correspondence of lunar-solar symbolism may be traced back to the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559). It was then that the device depicting Philip II as the sun and Elisabeth as a waxing crescent moon, accompanied by the inscription, Iam feliciter omnia, was created symbolising the peace that had been achieved. In the Spanish Golden Age, the eclipsed moon becomes the perfect metaphor for the early death of Elisabeth of Bourbon. Towards the end of the seventeenth century, as the Spanish royal court languished while its empire declined, the final Spanish queen to come from France, Marie Louise of Orléans, the wife of Charles II — another solar king — was also represented as a setting moon, albeit only after her death.

This short note responds to a recent article on “Occultation Records in the Royal Frankish Annals for A.D. 807: Knowledge Transfer from Arabia to Frankia?” by Ralph Neuhäuser and Dagmar L. Neuhäuser ( JHA 55, no. 3). It shows that, contrary to a key claim made in this article, the presence of rules for predicting solar and lunar eclipses in manuscripts associated with the so-called Seven-Book-Computus of 809 is due to the influence of the Liber Nemroth , a text with roots in the pre-Islamic Near East.

Duration of Totality of a Lunar Eclipse

Shadows, often perceived as mere absences of light, hold significant scientific, cultural, and technological importance. This research paper explores the formation and properties of shadows, examining the interplay of light, object positioning, and observer perspective in their creation. The study investigates the structural components of shadows—umbra, penumbra, and antumbra—and their roles in everyday life and astronomical phenomena, such as solar and lunar eclipses. It further delves into the significance of shadows in human history, highlighting their influence on art, architecture, and literature, as well as their symbolic interpretations in philosophy and psychology, including Carl Jung’s concept of the shadow self. Beyond cultural and historical perspectives, the paper discusses the scientific relevance of shadows in planetary exploration, optical studies, and environmental processes. Concepts like Zero Shadow Day and the possibility of shadows concealing celestial bodies are examined to emphasize their role in space research. Additionally, the study explores modern applications of shadows in technology, including their use in solar energy optimization, 3D imaging, and virtual reality. By integrating insights from physics, astronomy, environmental science, and the humanities, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of shadows and their multifaceted impact. The findings not only enhance our understanding of the nature and behaviour of shadows but also open avenues for further exploration in fields such as astrophysics, cognitive science, and emerging technologies.

The synchronization of severe hydrometeorological events with the maxima-maximora of the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun is checked. The cycles of lunar and solar eclipses ‒ Saros and Exeligmos – are used as indicators of the latter. Flood levels on the Ural, Tobol, Ishim, Vagai, and Oka rivers in 2024 and 1970 are compared. It is shown that the catastrophic flood levels in 2024 were preceded by record flood levels in 1970. Severe droughts in the Volga region in 1921 and 1975 and abnormal frosts in Moscow in 1924 and 1978 are associated with the same Exeligmos cycle.

Abstract Among the medical recipe slips from the Western Han tomb at Hujia caochang 胡家草場, one recipe for weiling 威靈 records newborn rabbit and toad as two items. In the Tianhui medical manuscript Methods of Decoctions with Blended Formulas, an incantatory expulsion recipe to treat acute heart pain has the text of an incantation, which includes the phrase “rabbit and toad eat the heart of the moon.” In the Hujia caochang weiling recipe, the shamanic performer utilizes the items rabbit and toad, waits for the harmful event of lunar eclipse, and then carries out the operation and chants the incantation to achieve the efficacious result of incantatory expulsion. In the Methods of Decoctions with Blended Formulas recipe for acute heart pain, a connection is made between lunar eclipse – eating the moon – and heart pain that exhibits a kind of sympathetic-magic thinking in shamanic arts.

The Qur'an can be used as a cure (Shifa') for various diseases, both physical and non-physical diseases and can be used as a mediator that has magical powers. Talisman in philosophical view, an influence over the human soul. This is done in an unnatural way that can affect a person's body. But the influences that arise, sometimes from the state of the spirit: such as the warmth that arises and the sense of excitement and joy, or sometimes and other psychic perceptions such as those arising from anxiety. The amulet in the process of its reaction seeks help from spiritual properties, the secrets of numbers, special qualities that manifest up to the fusion of the spirit with the substance of the body. Nowadays, the science of Qur'anic amulets is called magical letters. This science is used in the conventional sense which assumes that these amulets, have an inherent character or the secrets of the activities contained in the letters have a measure of calculation taken from the letters that contain the secrets contained in the creatures and nature. Medicine in the Kitab Taj al-Mulk is discussed separately. Some of the diseases and how to treat them are explained clearly and in great detail. Starting from the medicinal ingredients used, the dosage to the process of processing them to how to use the medicine is also explained in great detail. The Book of Tājul Muluk is the work of Sheikh Ismail bin Abdul Muttalib Al-Ashi, which was completed in 1249 in Mecca. The contents of this book include knowing the year and the moon, establishing a country, the conditions for building a house, knowing the good land, the relationship between husband and wife, ta'bir dreams, ta'bir earthquakes, ta'bir lunar eclipses, medicines taken from mujarrabat and so on. This book is not a compulsory book in Dayah or pondok, but it is studied by santri who have studied at a high level or they have become teachers. Kitab taj al-Mulk uses the method of clinical Sufism, which is part of the teaching of Sufism about the symbolism of the letters of the Qur'an used for treatment and divination. In Arabic, amulets are called at- tamā'im, which is an object deliberately made by a shaman, which is believed to contain magic and can reject all kinds of diseases for people who believe in it. Tangkal in Arabic is called ar-raqqī, which is defined as an object made by a shaman that is believed to be able to reject disease, evil spirits, and witchcraft.

Abstract The total lunar eclipse on 2025 March 14 UT occurs nearly exactly 521 yr (one Hypersaros) after a similar eclipse on 1504 March 1 UT that is renowned for its importance to the voyage of Columbus to Jamaica. Eclipses separated by a Hypersaros have similar depths, appear very close to the same location in the sky, and occur at nearly the same time of year. This paper summarizes the results from a search for analogous cycles within the Five Millennium Catalogs of Lunar and Solar Eclipses. Under the two simple constraints of similar eclipse dates relative to the vernal equinox and similar paths of the Moon through the Earth’s shadow, the most common time intervals between lunar eclipses separated by less than 1000 yr are the 521 yr Hypersaros and a 633 yr period of the Icosa-Inex-Triple-Saros. Notable cycles at longer periods occur at 1154, 1284, 1787, 1917, and 2308 yr.

This research aims to critically analyze the representation of the meaning of piety in Subuh prayer memes on the internet. This research is important to carry out because many memes have been found with Islamic themes or Islamic da’wah, which carry various meanings of gender ideology, conservatism, religion, religious liberalism, and other related concepts. The theoretical framework employed in this research is meanings and media, which comprises four distinct concepts: semiotics, structuralism, denotation and connotation, and code (including myth and ideology). This study uses a qualitative content analysis method with semiotic analysis as the primary approach. The data were collected through purposive sampling, focusing on four (4) memes with the theme of Subuh prayers and their relation to social phenomena, namely New Year celebrations, watching football, the lunar eclipse and the soap opera Eclipse, as well as Eid al-Fitr celebrations. This research found that Subuh prayer memes on the internet use various texts which signify the ideological struggle of conservative Islamic groups. Popular culture and local culture for conservative Islamic groups must be rejected because it is the reason why Muslims do not perform the Subuh prayer in congregation at the mosque. The meanings of denotation, connotation, and structuralism are the aspirations to construct a structure based on unadulterated Islamic tenets that are not mixed with popular culture or local culture. In code, Subuh prayer memes on the internet represent the mythical and ideological struggle of conservative Islamic groups who want to build a society based on pure Islamic teachings.

The purpose of this study is to reveal middle school students' model understanding and information sources of incorrect model related to basic astronomy topics included in the Turkish middle school science curriculum. The study is a descriptive study focusing on qualitative data. The sample of the study includes 197 students (aged 12-13) attending eighth grade in seven schools in a city in northeastern Türkiye. Data for the study was collected using the "Astronomy Models and Source Information Form." In this study, descriptive analysis was used as one of the qualitative data analysis methods. Findings indicate that the majority of students possess the incorrect model understanding concerning subjects such as "Solar Eclipse," "Lunar Eclipse," "The Phases of the Moon," "Formation of Seasons," and "Formation of Night and Day," which are part of the middle school science curriculum. The findings also show that teachers and textbooks came to the fore as sources of information in the incorrect model.

This article recovers a theory of poetry articulated by the Indian poet laureate Abul Fayz Fayzi (d. 1595) in “The White Tide of Dawn” (“Tabashir-i subh”), the Persian prose preface to his collected poems. Fayzi's oblique style of thought wanders through shifting metaphors and lyrical prose, and his creative mode of exposition scales up into what this article calls Fayzi's planetary poetics—a way of recognizing, through poetry, how experience, language, and the pursuit of truth are constrained by the earthbound nature of human perspective. Fayzi's theory maintains canny clarity about such limitations, regarding poetry as a form capacious (and honest) enough to accommodate inquiry's ambitions and failures. Reading Fayzi alongside scientific, philosophical, and literary-theoretical texts widely available in early modern India, this article shows how key leitmotifs in Fayzi's essay (the mathematical concept of the Earth's center; the desert as space of discovery and transformation; the lunar eclipse) come together in a powerful compact of hubris, fragility, and creativity. Fayzi's planetary poetics actuates multiple senses of “theory” (as a set of principles; as a way of seeing; as a means to freedom) and offers a compelling, important contribution to ongoing discussions about the ghazal, the lyric, and poetry itself.

This article is about Ashiq Kul Yusuf and his poems. The study is limited to Ashiq Kul Yusuf. The information about Âşık Kul Yusuf was obtained from works utilizing cönk and cönk. In this framework, many personal cönk archives were examined and information about Âşık Kul Yusuf was compiled. Throughout the study, all the minstrels who have poems with the pseudonym Yusuf, Kul Yusuf have been examined and their names are given here. Cönks have an important share in the incarnation of minstrel literature. In terms of content, cönks contain poems of divan poets, especially folk poetry, medicine recipes, information about the future and the evil eye, riddles and solutions, recipes, birth and death dates of people, accounts of receivables and payables, folk tales, Karagöz texts, dream interpretations, sermons, maw’izeler, prayers and salutations, travelogues, fortune-telling, magic spells, talismans and amulets, lunar eclipses, great fires and flood disasters, vefks, letters, records and dates explaining historical events, rhymes. With the unearthing of many unknown poets and poems in the jönks, the deficiency in this field will be eliminated. Most of the poems in the books written in this field are quoted from cönkes and mecmuals. However, the studies are insufficient. Many poets and poems are waiting to be unearthed in hundreds of cönks. In this study, we will include the poems of Kul Yusuf, whose name is known and whose poems cannot be found together. As far as we can determine, there are about 10 poets using the pseudonym Yusuf. In addition, there are 4 poets who use the pseudonym “Kul Yusuf”. In the article, 14 poems with the pseudonym Kul Yusuf were recorded.

Space-based observations of the total lunar eclipse on 21 January 2019 were conducted using the geostationary Earth-orbiting satellite Gaofen-4 (GF-4). This study represents a pioneering effort to address the observational gap in full-disk lunar eclipse photometry from space. With its high resolution and ability to capture the entire lunar disk, GF-4 enabled both quantitative and qualitative analyses of the variations in lunar brightness, as well as spectra and color changes, across two spatial dimensions, from the whole lunar disk to resolved regions. Our results indicate that before the totality phase of the lunar eclipse, the irradiance of the Moon diminishes to below approximately 0.19% of that of the uneclipsed Moon. Additionally, we observed an increase in lunar brightness at the initial entry into the penumbra. This phenomenon is attributed to the opposition effect, providing scientific evidence for this unexpected behavior. To investigate detailed spectral variations, specific calibration sites, including the Chang’E-3 landing site, MS-2 in Mare Serenitatis, and the Apollo 16 highlands, were analyzed. Notably, the red-to-blue ratio dropped below 1 near the umbra, contradicting the common perception that the Moon appears red during lunar eclipses. The red/blue ratio images reveal that as the Moon enters Earth’s umbra, it does not simply turn red; instead, a blue-banded ring appears at the boundary due to ozone absorption and the lunar surface composition. These findings significantly enhance our understanding of atmospheric effects on lunar eclipses and provide crucial reference information for the future modeling of lunar eclipse radiation, promoting the integration of remote sensing science with astronomy.