Lowland Areas Research Articles

GIS-Based flood susceptibility mapping in Wawar Watershed, Purworejo Regency

Purworejo is one of the regency in Central Java which vulnerable to being affected by flood in rainy season. Wawar watershed is one of the watersheds in Purworejo Regency, the land use in Wawar watershed is dominated by agricultural land so the potential for flooding is quite high in the downstream area. This study aims to determine the distribution of flood-prone locations and classify the level of flood susceptibility that occurs in Wawar Watershed. The method used in this study is data processing on GIS (Geographic Information Systems) using scoring method and weighting of each parameter. These parameters include land use, altitude, rainfall, slope, soil type, and river flow buffers. The resulting hazard map has 3 categories, low, moderate, and high vulnerable level. The results also show that highly vulnerable areas in the southern part of Wawar Watershed that dominated by lowlands area, flat slope, settlement and ricefield land use.

Modeling of climate parameters with planting area and pest attacked area on shallots for the development of early warning systems and horticultural cropping schedules

One way to mitigate the decrease in shallot production during the off-season is preparing an early warning system and the management of crops planting. This system needs a mathematical model to assist in decision-making. This paper presents a modeling of the relationship between rainfall and planting area and pest attacked area of shallot. The results of the modeling analysis between rainfall and planted area illustrate that an increase of rainfall up to 137.5 mm/month in the lowland area at Brebes, or up to 247.0 mm/month in rainfed or upland area at Garut, is correlated with an increase in the planting area, however then above that rainfall intensity, an increase of rainfall is correlated with a decrease in the planting area. Regression analysis between the Spodoptera exigua attacked the area of the shallot and climate variables illustrates that the attacked area of the shallot decreases if there is an increase in the minimum temperature up to 25.5 °C. Conversely, an increase in the S. exigua attack area of shallot occurs if there is an increase in the duration of solar irradiation of up to 8 hours/day or an increase in a means air humidity of up to 77%. Regression analysis between the Trotol attack area and climate variables illustrates that the Trotol attack area decreases if there is an increase in the average wind speed of up to 5.7 knots. Conversely, an increase in the attacked area of Trotol occurs if there is an increase in rainfall of up to 205 mm/month or an increase in a means air temperature of up to 29.0 °C. This illustrates that climate conditions that are sunny, cool, dry, and calm can reduce the area of attack by S. exigua and Trotol. The threshold values obtained through the above analysis are then used in decision support in the EWS SIPANTARA, namely the Early Warning System and Planting Schedules Management for Horticulture.

Impacts of climate warming, pollution, and management on the vegetation composition of Central European beech forests

Over the past century, climate warming, nitrogen deposition, acidic rain, widespread disturbance events, adaptive management, and natural stand maturation have substantially altered the composition and structure of forests. However, the absence of historical data on the environment makes it difficult to prove these long-term effects. Ecological indicator values based on plant species characteristics offer a promising approach to detect presumed changes at relevant spatial scales (i.e., site level). In this study, we discerned the shifts in taxa composition of principal Central European beech forests and their associated environmental drivers by integrating three data sources: (1) 254 historical (1937 – 1948) and resurveyed (2019 – 2022) vegetation relevés of beech-dominated forests sites in the Swiss Jura mountains, (2) derived ecological indicator values for vascular plants regarding temperature, soil moisture, micro-climatic conditions, soil nutrients, pH, humus layer, and light availability, and (3) related data on disturbance/management intensity in these forest sites over the past 75 years, categorized as ‘undisturbed’ and ‘disturbed’ sites. We found a significant decrease in alpha diversity (taxa richness per site) on ‘undisturbed’ sites (loss of 7.0 ± 1.48 taxa) but stability on ‘disturbed’ sites (gain of 2.1 ± 5.71 taxa). Both beta (Jaccard dissimilarity) and gamma diversity (overall taxa richness) increased over the study period. The average ecological indicator values per site (EIV‾s) consistently indicated climate warming impacts on all sites ranging from 390 to 1480 m a.s.l., while effects of acidic rain on soil pH and nitrogen deposition on soil fertility were negligible, except in densely populated lowland forest areas. The EIV‾s for light and micro-climatic conditions differed between ‘undisturbed’ and ‘disturbed’ sites, indicating darker and more oceanic, and more open and continental conditions, respectively. The decrease in alpha diversity on ‘undisturbed’ sites corresponded primarily with reduced light availability, suggesting that stand maturation is the main driver of taxa loss while climate warming and pollution mainly affected composition rather than taxa richness. In contrast, the rise in beta and gamma diversity likely stems from changes in forest management and disturbance regimes, which have increased structural diversity with various micro-climatic niches enriching the taxa pool. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the ability to differentiate the profound effects of climate warming and pollution agents on forest composition and underscores the critical role of adaptive management in mitigating these impacts. By fostering structural diversity and biodiversity, adaptive management enhances the resilience of forests, enabling them to better adapt to evolving environmental conditions.

Performance of Convergent Breeding Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Lines in the Lowlands

The development of tropical wheat in Indonesia is currently confined to the availability of wheat’s optimal environments in the highlands. Wheat competes with major highland crops, such as vegetables, which also have high economic values. Despite this, the demand for wheat in Indonesia remains high, whether in the form of wheat flour, wheat meal, or oats. Wheat breeders are actively working to create various crossbreeds so that wheat can adapt and perform effectively in lowland areas. The convergent breeding method is one of the strategies employed to produce genotypes with superior performance. Convergent breeding enhances genetic diversity by incorporating superior traits from all parent plants. The breeding results expedite the emergence of genetic combinations between selected parents. This method involves combining several parent varieties with various traits, with the hope that their offspring will inherit all the characteristics of the crossed parents. Our study with wheat convergent breeding has reached the F6 generation, and in this current study we evaluated the performance of each observed trait in different environments, with the goal of determining the levels of homogeneity and homozygosity. The study utilized a randomized complete block design with three replications, and the crops were planted in various locations. The planting locations selected were those that are >1000 m above sea level (asl), and at a lowland of ± 250 m asl. Wheat performance based on stomatal characteristics showed a reduction in the lowland, which indicates a response to climatic conditions in a particular environment. The higher the environmental temperatures, the smaller the stomatal size, which reduces plant water loss. Noteworthy findings include the tallest plant in CBF-6. CAMN23(265), the highest number of tillers in CBF-6. CAMN233 and CBF-6.CAMN8(4), the largest flag leaf area in CBF-7.CAMN60, and the highest 100-seed weight, as well as overall yield in CBF-7.CAMN119. An analysis of the lowland sensitivity index identified ten moderate genotypes that could potentially adapt well and achieve optimal yields.

Climate change increases threat to plant diversity in tropical forests of Central America and southern Mexico.

Global biodiversity is negatively affected by anthropogenic climate change. As species distributions shift due to increasing temperatures and precipitation fluctuations, many species face the risk of extinction. In this study, we explore the expected trend for plant species distributions in Central America and southern Mexico under two alternative Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) portraying moderate (RCP4.5) and severe (RCP8.5) increases in greenhouse gas emissions, combined with two species dispersal assumptions (limited and unlimited), for the 2061-2080 climate forecast. Using an ensemble approach employing three techniques to generate species distribution models, we classified 1924 plant species from the region's (sub)tropical forests according to IUCN Red List categories. To infer the spatial and taxonomic distribution of species' vulnerability under each scenario, we calculated the proportion of species in a threat category (Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered) at a pixel resolution of 30 arc seconds and by family. Our results show a high proportion (58-67%) of threatened species among the four experimental scenarios, with the highest proportion under RCP8.5 and limited dispersal. Threatened species were concentrated in montane areas and avoided lowland areas where conditions are likely to be increasingly inhospitable. Annual precipitation and diurnal temperature range were the main drivers of species' relative vulnerability. Our approach identifies strategic montane areas and taxa of conservation concern that merit urgent inclusion in management plans to improve climatic resilience in the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot. Such information is necessary to develop policies that prioritize vulnerable elements and mitigate threats to biodiversity under climate change.

Occurrence of Cassava Lace Bug <i>Vatiga illudens</i> (Drake, 1922) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae) in Bali, Indonesia

Cassava Lace Bugs (CLB) are native pest of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae) to the Neotropical Region, mainly in Brazil. On the other hand, East Java was the first region in Indonesia to record the presence of CLB in 2021, however, it has not been reported in other regions in Indonesia. Therefore, the very importance to recognise the occurrence of CLB in other regions in Indonesia. Based on this, the research has been carried out starting with a field survey, observing behaviour of insect in the field and identify morphologically in the laboratory. The survey results show that the infestation of CLB has been found in lowland, medium, and highland areas in Bali. Symptoms of infestation on the upper leaf surface are small yellow spots with brownish variations. Based on the identification key, CLB from Bali Indonesia, shows a characteristic of a head with a pair of frontal spines. Based on this evidence, the CLB insect can be identified as Vatiga illudens (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae). It is the first report of novel distribution areas for V. illudens in Bali, Indonesia. The results of this research are important because V. illudens is one of the main pests of cassava.

Adaptation Strategy And of Topo Da’a Remote Indigenous Communities Survivability to Climate Change in Their Settlement Environment (Case Study: Lekatu Da’a Topo Settlement in Central Sulawesi Province)

Topo Da’a is one of sub-ethnic of Kaili tribe in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This Isolated Traditional Community or Komunitas Adat Terpencil (KAT) originally is nomadic people who live in Kamalisi mountain forest area. Generally, this society live in mountain area either in highland area, mountain slope, or lowland area. Topo Da’a Lekatu settlement is the only settlement of Topo Da’a that located in Palu city administrative region. This settlement is in lowland area that near from central area of Palu city. Aim of this study is to know how adaptation strategy and community survival ability against climate change environment around their living area from inside the mountain forest area with low temperature then live in lowland area the near the center of the city with high temperature. Qualitative method with phenomenological approach applied in this research. Data collection is purposive sampling with snowball sampling technique. Data analysis is inductive with three steps of selection or reduction, which are phenomenological reduction, eidetic reduction, and transcendental reduction. The research results found that the main factors of survival were economic factors and customs. Apart from that, the settlement location is close to schools and markets. Meanwhile, the adaptation strategy is to adjust to different climates, by creating relaxing or gathering space outside their house and sometimes they sleep in the farm that located on the mountain.

Implications of tolerance to iron toxicity on root system architecture changes in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

IntroductionToxicity due to excess soil iron (Fe) is a significant concern for rice cultivation in lowland areas with acidic soils. Toxic levels of Fe adversely affect plant growth by disrupting the absorption of essential macronutrients, and by causing cellular damage. To understand the responses to excess Fe, particularly on seedling root system, this study evaluated rice genotypes under varying Fe levels.MethodsSixteen diverse rice genotypes were hydroponically screened under induced Fe levels, ranging from normal to excess. Morphological and root system characteristics were observed. The onset of leaf bronzing was monitored to identify the toxic response to the excess Fe. Additionally, agronomic and root characteristics were measured to classify genotypes into tolerant and sensitive categories by computing a response stability index.ResultsOur results revealed that 460 ppm of Fe in the nutrient solution served as a critical threshold for screening genotypes during the seedling stage. Fe toxicity significantly affected root system traits, emphasizing the consequential impact on aerial biomass and nutrient deprivation. To classify genotypes into tolerant and sensitive categories, leaf bronzing score was used as a major indicator of Fe stress. However, the response stability index provided a robust basis for classification for the growth performance. Apart from the established tolerant varieties, we could identify a previously unrecognized tolerant variety, ILS 12–5 in this study. Some of the popular mega varieties, including BPT 5204 and Pusa 44, were found to be highly sensitive.DiscussionOur findings suggest that root system damage, particularly in root length, surface area, and root volume, is the key factor contributing to the sensitivity responses under Fe toxicity. Tolerant genotypes were found to retain more healthy roots than the sensitive ones. Fe exclusion, by reducing Fe2+ uptake, may be a major mechanism for tolerance among these genotypes. Further field evaluations are necessary to confirm the behavior of identified tolerant and sensitive lines under natural conditions. Insights from the study provide potential scope for enhancement of tolerance through breeding programs as well as throw light on the role root system in conferring tolerance.

The official presentation to science of a new species of Hechtia (Bromeliaceae: Hechtioideae) from the Pacific Lowlands in Mexico

Background: Hechtia is characterized by its terrestrial, succulent rosettes, dioecy, and unisexual, dimorphic flowers, mainly fragrant. The paucity and fragmentary herbarium material limit the species recognition but living material reveals diagnostic characters to delimitate them.
 Hypothesis: Hechtia species are circumscribed by a combination of vegetative and floral characters of both sexes. If the new taxon does not share morphological characters with other species, it will be described as new.
 Taxon: Hechtia.
 Study site and dates: Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, 1985-2023.
 Methods: Field collected, cultivated as well as herbarium material of the new taxon were analyzed and compared to other species from the Pacific Lowlands and adjacent areas, particularly flowers of both sexes, fruits, and seeds. Conservation status using IUCN criteria is reported for the new species.
 Results: Specimens of Hechtia chamelensis have been misidentified as H. laevis and H. reticulata (both described from fruiting, fragmentary specimens) but the fruit and seed features of both taxa do not match those of the new species. H. chamelensis is known from the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve and it is characterized by strict sympodial growth pattern, green leaves with red hues, shiny and glabrous above, white lepidote below, panicles usually simple to (rarely staminate ones) 2-divided, staminate flowers pinkish to pale white, pistillate with pale green to white petals.
 Conclusions: Vegetative and reproductive features as well as geographical distribution allow the recognition of H. chamelensis as a new species native from Jalisco, Mexico.

Genotype by environment interaction, AMMI, GGE biplot, and mega environment analysis of elite Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench genotypes in humid lowland areas of Ethiopia

This study aimed to evaluate high-yielding, stable sorghum genotypes and determine the ideal (representative and discriminating) testing environments for genotypes in the humid lowlands of Ethiopia. A total of forty-two sorghum genotypes were used for a field trial conducted in six different environments using a randomized complete block design. Yield stability, Additive main effect, multiplicative interaction (AMMI), and genotype and genotype by environment interaction (GGE) were computed. The AMMI analysis explained 62.85% of the G×E variance. The AMMI1 biplot revealed that (G4; Mok079 and (G16; Ba066) genotypes had higher grain yields. AMMI2 biplot suggested that genotypes (G18; Y0470),(G23;100620), (G29; PML981475), and (G11; ETSC300373-4) show higher sensitivity to environmental changes because of their strong genotype-by-environment interactions. The GGE captured 79.46% of the GGE variance, and the GGE biplot identified genotypes (G4; Mok079), (G10; Sl081) and (G16; Ba066) were the most stable genotypes whereas(G39; ETSC120051-3) was the least stable genotypes. The GGE biplot identified Assosa (AS20) as a suitable environment, whereas PW20 and JM20 were the most discriminating and non-representative environments. The GGE biplot was found to identify three main mega-environments for sorghum growing in the humid lowlands of Ethiopia., both the AMMI and GGE biplots revealed (G4; Mok079) had the highest level of adaptability to all tested environments and was approved by the National Variety Release Committee for release in 2022.

Farming systems and soil fertility management practices in smallholdings on the southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

In the northern part of Tanzania, the slopes of Mount (Mt.) Kilimanjaro are the most important areas, both in terms of socio-economic development and ecological succession. The main agricultural systems in the area are banana-based (in the highlands) and maize-based (in the lowlands), with strong interlinkage between them via residual transfer from the lowlands to the mountains. This study assessed the soil fertility status between the two contrasting farming areas of highland and lowland farms in Hai district along the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. To achieve this, smallholder farmers along the slope [from above 1000 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l) banana-based down to maize-based, i.e., less than 1000 m.a.s.l] who practice crop residual transfer from maize-based to banana-based farming systems were selected. Qualitative information regarding the demographics, farming practices, and soil fertility management in the two areas were gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire. Soils from both areas (highland and lowland farms) were collected and analyzed in the laboratory for the key soil properties. The demographic results show that agriculture is mostly done by adults and elders (>40 years old). Manure was most commonly reported to be used in the highlands, while inorganic fertilizers were mainly used in lowland areas. The major challenges for soil fertility management are a shortage of manure and high cost of inorganic fertilizers. The results of soil nutrients revealed that lowland zones (>1000 m.a.s.l) had significantly (p< 0.01) lower levels of nitrogen (0.14%) and organic carbon (OC) (1.22%) compared with highland zones. Extractable phosphorus (P) was significantly lower in both the highland and lowland zones, at 9.3 mg kg-1 and 8.2 mg kg-1, respectively, compared with other nutrients. However, potassium (K+) was significantly (p<0.01) lower [0.34 cmol (+) kg-1] in the highland zone compared to lowland areas. The data show that there is a severe depletion of soil nutrients in the lowland area of Hai district. Notwithstanding the efforts of the small-holder farmers; the study comes to the conclusion that increasing agricultural yield and the sustainability of farming systems require replenishing the nutrients in the soil along the slope of Mount Kilimanjaro.

ADAPTATION STRATEGY AND OF TOPO DA’A REMOTE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES SURVIVABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THEIR SETTLEMENT ENVIRONMENT (CASE STUDY: LEKATU DA’A TOPO SETTLEMENT IN CENTRAL SULAWESI PROVINCE)

Topo Da’a is one of sub-ethnic of Kaili tribe in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This Isolated Traditional Community or Komunitas Adat Terpencil (KAT) originally is nomadic people who live in Kamalisi mountain forest area. Generally, this society live in mountain area either in highland area, mountain slope, or lowland area. Topo Da’a Lekatu settlement is the only settlement of Topo Da’a that located in Palu city administrative region. This settlement is in lowland area that near from central area of Palu city. Aim of this study is to know how adaptation strategy and community survival ability against climate change environment around their living area from inside the mountain forest area with low temperature then live in lowland area the near the center of the city with high temperature. Qualitative method with phenomenological approach applied in this research. Data collection is purposive sampling with snowball sampling technique. Data analysis is inductive with three steps of selection or reduction, which are phenomenological reduction, eidetic reduction, and transcendental reduction. The research results found that the main factors of survival were economic factors and customs. Apart from that, the settlement location is close to schools and markets. Meanwhile, the adaptation strategy is to adjust to different climates, by creating relaxing or gathering space outside their house and sometimes they sleep in the farm that located on the mountain.

Biogeography of vine thickets and open woodland in subtropical eastern Australia: a case study of three camaenid land snail genera

Dry rainforests and open woodlands occur across much of eastern Australia. However, the biogeographic history of these habitats remains poorly known, especially when compared to nearby moist rainforest areas. Land snails are commonly used as model organisms to understand patterns of origins of regional endemism due to their low vagility. Here we present an analysis of patterns of mitochondrial genetic diversity in three camaenid snail lineages with distributions centred on vine-thicket and open woodland habitats of eastern Queensland, specifically Euryladra from open woodlands, Brigaladra from inland semievergreen vine thickets, and Figuladra from coastal vine thickets. Lineages from habitats west of the Great Dividing Range show relatively low genetic divergence between localities, with particularly low structuring in the open woodland taxon Euryladra. Figuladra from vine-thicket habitats closer to the coast shows relatively deeper genetic divergence, with marked divergences between some upland and lowland areas in south-east Queensland, and across the St Lawrence Gap. This structuring suggests that taxa associated with vine thicket habitats have had a more discernible history of isolation than open woodlands. This said, genetic divergence across many vine thickets patches in lowland coastal regions is also shallow, suggesting many apparently disjunct vine thicket habitats and their associated species also have a recent history of connectivity.

Identification, Pathogenicity, Public Health, and Economic Importance of Tapeworms of Poultry

Tapeworms of poultry are a group of cestodes that parasitize the intestinal tract of chickens and other birds. They cause economic losses due to reduced production, growth retardation, weight loss, and mortality. In Ethiopia, several species of tapeworms have been reported in poultry, especially in free-range systems and low land areas. The most common genera are Davainea, Hymenolepis, Amoebotaenia, Choanotaenia, and Raillietina. These tapeworms have complex life cycles that require arthropod or other invertebrate intermediate hosts, such as snails, beetles, ants, and earthworms. The birds become infected by ingesting these intermediate hosts that contain the infective larval stage of the tapeworms. The larvae then attach to the mucosa of the intestine and change themselves to adult tapeworms that produce eggs or proglottids that are passed in the feces. Tapeworm infections can cause various clinical signs and pathological lesions in poultry, depending on the species, number, and location of the worms. Some of the common signs are diarrhea, anorexia, emaciation, weakness, ruffled feathers, slow movement, and rapid breathing. Some tapeworms can also cause intestinal blockage, hemorrhage, nodular growth, and catarrhal enteritis. Tapeworm infections can also predispose the birds to other diseases by impairing their immunity and nutrition. However, other chicken diseases may have similar symptoms and effects like tapeworm infections, so deferential diagnosis should be done at the laboratory level or post-mortem examination. The treatment and control of tapeworm infections in poultry are challenging because of the presence of intermediate hosts that serve as sources of infection. Prevention of birds from contact with intermediate hosts is the most important step that should be taken in the control of tapeworm infection. This can be achieved by improving the hygiene and sanitation of the poultry houses and yards, providing clean water and feed, preventing access to wild birds and rodents that may carry intermediate hosts, and using insecticides or biological agents to reduce intermediate host populations. Tapeworms of poultry are a significant problem in Ethiopia and other tropical countries where free-range systems and low land areas are common. They cause economic losses and affect the health and welfare of poultry. Therefore, more attention should be given to their identification, pathogenicity, public health, and economic importance.

DISTRIBUTION REGULATIONS AND LIFE FORMS OF THE SPECIES OF THE BERBERIDACEAE JUSS. FAMILY WHICH ARE DISTRIBUTED IN THE NAKCHIVAN AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC OVER ALTITUDE ZONES

Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, which is part of Azerbaijan, has unique physical and geographical conditions. The total length of the border lines of the autonomous republic, located in the south west of the Lesser Caucasus, is 398 km. The main plain of the Autonomous Republic, 2/3 of which is mountainous and 1/3 is plain, is Araz-Long Plain, which in turn is divided into Ordubad, Nakhchivan, Sharur, Sadarak and other small Plains. Due to the fact that the territory of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic consists of mountainous and lowland areas, the vegetation cover was formed in accordance with these conditions. The north-eastern territories of the autonomous republic, being part of the high mountain belt, cover heights of more than 2500 meters, and the Alpine and subalpine meadows of the Zangazur and Daralayaz ranges included here cover large areas. Plants belonging to the family Berberidaceae Juss. are distributed mainly in the middle and lower mountain belts, sometimes in the upper mountain belt, Alpine and subalpine belts on dry slopes, clayey, salty soils, Stony-gravel areas, as well as in arable land, field and grounds. In the article berberidaceae juss. The distribution of plants belonging to the family in the height zones, life forms have been studied and it has been determined that the species belonging to this family are most common in the middle and low mountain zones. Keywords: low mountain belt, barberry, height belts, shrub, Berberis vulgaris L., biological spectrum, distribution pattern.

Characterization of OsPIN2 Mutants Reveal Novel Roles for Reactive Oxygen Species in Modulating Not Only Root Gravitropism but Also Hypoxia Tolerance in Rice Seedlings.

Tolerance to submergence-induced hypoxia is an important agronomic trait especially for crops in lowland and flooding-affected areas. Although rice (Oryza sativa) is considered a flood-tolerant crop, only limited cultivars display strong tolerance to prolonged submergence and/or hypoxic stress. Therefore, characterization of hypoxic resistant genes and/or germplasms have important theoretical and practical significance for rice breeding and sustained improvements. Previous investigations have demonstrated that loss-of-function of OsPIN2, a gene encoding an auxin efflux transporter, results in the loss of root gravitropism due to disrupted auxin transport in the root tip. In this study, we revealed a novel connection between OsPIN2 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in modulating root gravitropism and hypoxia tolerance in rice. It is shown that the OsPIN2 mutant had decreased accumulation of ROS in root tip, due to the downregulation of glycolate oxidase encoding gene OsGOX6, one of the main H2O2 sources. The morphological defects of root including waved rooting and agravitropism in OsPIN2 mutant may be rescued partly by exogenous application of H2O2. The OsPIN2 mutant exhibited increased resistance to ROS toxicity in roots due to treatment with H2O2. Furthermore, it is shown that the OsPIN2 mutant had increased tolerance to hypoxic stress accompanied by lower ROS accumulation in roots, because the hypoxia stress led to over production of ROS in the roots of the wild type but not in that of OsPIN2 mutant. Accordingly, the anoxic resistance-related gene SUB1B showed differential expression in the root of the WT and OsPIN2 mutant in response to hypoxic conditions. Notably, compared with the wild type, the OsPIN2 mutant displayed a different pattern of auxin distribution in the root under hypoxia stress. It was shown that hypoxia stress caused a significant increase in auxin distribution in the root tip of the WT but not in that of the war1 mutant. In summary, these results suggested that OsPIN2 may play a role in regulating ROS accumulation probably via mediating auxin transport and distribution in the root tip, affecting root gravitropism and hypoxic tolerance in rice seedlings. These findings may contribute to the genetic improvement and identification of potential hypoxic tolerant lines in rice.

Comparison of Generalized Linear Model between Gamma and Tweedie Compound Response for Rainfall Prediction in Lampung Province

Rainfall plays a pivotal role in influencing agricultural production in Lampung province. The precision of rainfall predictions holds significant importance for enhancing agricultural yields in the region. One effective approach for modeling rainfall is Statistical Downscaling (SD), which employs statistical models to examine the correlation between large-scale (global) climatological data and small-scale (local) data. SD addresses the limitation of global scale data, such as the General Circulation Model (GCM), which lacks the resolution to directly forecast localized climate conditions like rainfall. Rainfall can be broadly categorized into continuous and discrete components. The continuous component delineates the intensity of rainfall, while the discrete component describes the occurrence of rain. Both components are integral to accurate rainfall predictions. The mixed Tweedie distribution, combining Gamma and Poisson distributions, is proficient in handling both continuous and discrete components of rainfall. GCMs commonly encounter multicollinearity issues in SD modeling, which can be mitigated through Principal Component Analysis. This study seeks to compare two regression models: the generalized linear model with a gamma response and the Tweedie compound response. Rainfall data from three distinct regions in Lampung province, representing high, medium, and lowlands, is utilized. The research findings indicate that, for high and lowlands, the Tweedie compound exhibits a smaller Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) compared to gamma. Conversely, in medium lands, gamma-GLM demonstrates a smaller RMSEP value than the Tweedie compound. Thus, the distribution of the Tweedie compound is better suited for use than Gamma-GLM, especially for high and lowland areas.

Honey bee colony population annual dynamics in northern Ethiopia’s semi-arid region, Tigray

Beekeepers around the world have been experiencing seasonal colony losses which differ with the scale of beekeeping operations and countries. This survey provides a glimpse of annual colony dynamics among smallholder beekeepers in three areas of northern Ethiopia. Data were collected using an interview questionnaire regarding annual colony in-(out)flow through swarming, splitting, purchasing, selling and losses. In total, 120 beekeepers were included, managing 266 colonies at the time of the interview. The beekeepers stocked their colonies through artificial splitting, natural swarming and buying, and de-stocked due to selling and losses. The overall percentage of total annual managed colonies lost was 15.7%, and the loss rates significantly differed from 9% to 19.5% between areas. Swarm production positively correlated with the number of colonies managed in fixed-comb hives and the number of colonies sold, which is consistent with traditional beekeepers in this area using swarm production and marketing as an income source. On the other hand, the number of colonies lost was also related to colonies produced through swarming and splitting, which may indicate the production of weak colonies. Although the lowland area showed the highest mean annual loss, the number of colonies lost and colony loss rates per household did not differ significantly between areas. Future studies should identify the causes of colony losses and sustainable management strategies.

Pola Kejadian Malaria Pada Tenaga Kerja Di Area Lowland PT Freeport Indonesia

Malaria is caused by the plasmodium parasite and is transmitted through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax are the most common types of plasmodium in Indonesia. Plasmodium malariae is found in several regions, such as Lampung and Papua, and plasmodium ovale is found in the eastern and northern regions of North Sumatra. The aim of this research is to determine the pattern of malaria incidence among workers in the lowland areas of PT Freeport Indonesia. The research method is descriptive observation, by collecting data through interviews and questionnaires. The results of research in the lowland areas of PTFI found that 160 people (91.1%) had a history of malaria, they were exposed to malaria during PTFI, namely low frequency (1-3 times) 76 people (47.5%) and high frequency (4-7 times) 84 people (53.5%). Infection by plasmodium vivax was 133 people (52.6%), plasmodium falciparum 111 people (43.9%), plasmodium ovale 7 people (2.8%), plasmodium malariae 2 people (0.8%). However, most people with a history of malaria, at PT Freeport Indonesia, had the highest frequency (4-7 times) and the highest number of infections by plasmodium was plasmodium vivax.

Urban Farming Dengan Teknologi Precision Farming Sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat dan Pemanfaatan Lahan Kosong

Urban Farming is proposed as a solution for unused land (empty land), as well as allowing residents to increase productivity by managing unproductive empty land. The community service program (PKM) is implemented by STIE Indonesia Jakarta in partnership with PT Alif Tekno Farm (ATF). PKM was carried out in Kebon Baru, Tebet, South Jakarta, near the Ciliwung river. The priority of this community service is to empower unemployed individuals or communities while utilizing empty land in urban areas. This program uses precision farming technology with a Smart Nutrition Valve (KNP) tool that saves water, fertilizer, energy and labor. The commodity being developed is a short-lived fruit plant (65 days) which is suitable for lowland areas, namely melons. Training and mentoring is carried out by PT ATF from sowing to harvest. Furthermore, training and assistance in financial management and marketing of harvests was carried out by the STIE Indonesia PKM team. At the end of the program, the target community has independence in managing and developing sustainable urban farming.