Low Emission Research Articles

Low-carbon and economic optimization of a source-load-storage system based on Stackelberg game and chance constraints

As energy demand grows and environmental pollution increases, low-carbon development has become a key focus in energy systems. To address the conflicting interests of the source-load-storage system, while also considering environmental benefits, this paper proposes an optimization model for the low-carbon economy of the source-load-storage system based on Stackelberg game theory and opportunity constraints. First, to ensure low carbon emissions and environmental protection, the carbon emissions of each entity in the source-load-storage system are constrained by a reward-penalty laddering carbon trading mechanism. Additionally, a demand response strategy is introduced on the user side, which accounts for both price and carbon compensation incentives. Next, recognizing the autonomy of the entities in the source-load-storage system, a decision-making model is developed based on the Stackelberg game, with the Power Management Operator as the leader, and the Power Generation Operator, Energy Storage Operator, and User as the followers. This model also outlines the low-carbon interaction mechanisms among the various entities of the source-load-storage system. Finally, the model is solved by combining an improved particle swarm algorithm with the Gurobi optimization tool. Simulation results effectively validate the proposed model and method, showing that the source-load-storage system can rationally adjust its strategy within the low-carbon framework while balancing both economic and environmental considerations.

The influence of rice husk ash and spent catalyst RCC 15 on the unconfined compressive strength of soft clay

Soil stabilization is a critical method for enhancing the mechanical and physical characteristics of weak soils to support construction requirements. This study explores the effectiveness of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Spent Catalyst RCC 15 (RCC) as environmentally friendly stabilizing agents. RHA, known for its high silica content and pozzolanic activity, and RCC 15, an industrial byproduct rich in silica, alumina, and iron, demonstrate considerable potential to improve soil strength and performance. Laboratory tests revealed that the best stabilization results were achieved with a mixture of 6% RHA and 11% RCC. This combination led to notable improvements, including an increase in maximum dry density (MDD), a reduction in optimum moisture content (OMC), and enhanced Atterberg limits. The Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) reached 2309 kg/cm², reflecting a 460,9% increase compared to the untreated soft clay, which had an initial UCS of 0,412 kg/cm². This substantial improvement highlights the effective pozzolanic reactions that occur between RHA and RCC, resulting in a denser and stronger soil matrix. By utilizing waste materials from agriculture and industry, the application of RHA and RCC 15 supports more sustainable construction practices, reduces reliance on conventional resources, and helps lower carbon emissions. These results affirm that the combination of RHA and RCC 15 is an innovative and sustainable solution for improving soft clay soils, contributing to the development of greener and more resilient infrastructure.

Research Progress on Energy-Saving Technologies and Methods for Steel Metallurgy Process Systems—A Review

Against the backdrop of global energy crises and climate change, the iron and steel industry, as a typical high energy consumption and high-emission sector, faces rigid constraints for energy conservation and emission reduction. This paper systematically reviews the research progress and application effects of energy-saving technologies across the entire steel production chain, including coking, sintering, ironmaking, steelmaking, continuous casting, and rolling processes. Studies reveal that technologies such as coal moisture control (CMC) and coke dry quenching (CDQ) significantly improve energy utilization efficiency in the coking process. In sintering, thick-layer sintering and flue gas recirculation (FGR) technologies reduce fuel consumption while enhancing sintered ore performance. In ironmaking, high-efficiency pulverized coal injection (PCI) and hydrogen-based fuel injection effectively lower coke ratios and carbon emissions. Integrated and intelligent innovations in continuous casting and rolling processes (e.g., endless strip production, ESP) substantially reduce energy consumption. Furthermore, the system energy conservation theory, through energy cascade utilization and full-process optimization, drives dual reductions in comprehensive energy consumption and carbon emission intensity. The study emphasizes that future advancements must integrate hydrogen metallurgy, digitalization, and multi-energy synergy to steer the industry toward green, high-efficiency, and low-carbon transformation, providing technical support for China’s “Dual Carbon” goals.

Evaluating Gas Fuels A DEMATEL-Based Analysis of Emission, Energy, and Economic Factors

The evaluation of gas fuels is a critical process that involves assessing the properties, performance, and environmental impact of different gas fuel sources. Petrol fuels like liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas (LPG), are widely used for various applications, including heating, cooking, and power generation. The evaluation process typically includes analyzing the composition and calorific value of the gas fuels to determine their energy content and efficiency. Additionally, factors such as combustion characteristics, emissions profiles, and safety considerations are taken into account. Evaluating gas fuels also involves assessing their availability, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness. This includes considering factors like production methods, infrastructure requirements, and transportation logistics. Moreover, the environmental impact of gas fuels is a significant aspect of the evaluation process. Evaluators examine the greenhouse gas emissions, air pollutants, and overall sustainability of gas fuels, comparing them to alternative energy sources. This analysis helps inform decision-making regarding the adoption and optimization of gas fuels for a cleaner and more sustainable energy future. The evaluation of gas fuels holds significant research significance due to several key reasons. Firstly, as the world seeks to transition to cleaner and more sustainable energy sources, understanding the properties and environmental impact of gas fuels becomes crucial. This research can inform policymakers, industry professionals, and energy consumers in making informed decisions about energy choices. Secondly, evaluating gas fuels enables the optimization of energy production and consumption processes. By understanding the efficiency and combustion characteristics of different gas fuels, researchers can develop technologies and strategies to enhance energy conversion and reduce emissions. Furthermore, the evaluation of gas fuels plays a vital role in energy security and resource management. Assessing the availability, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness of gas fuels helps identify potential energy reserves, infrastructure requirements, and diversification strategies. Overall, research in evaluating gas fuels contributes to sustainable energy development, climate change mitigation, and the switch to an energy system that is more effective and environmentally benign. “One method employed is the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method to analyze complex systems and relationships among various factors”. It involves constructing a cause-and-effect network, quantifying the relationships between factors, and assessing their impact on decision-making. DEMATEL helps identify influential factors and prioritize actions for effective decision-making. Evaluation Parameters taken as “Low emission (LE), high energy content (HEC), high quality gas (HQG), easy procurement (EP), affordable unit price (AUP Low emission (LE) has got the first rank followed by high energy content (HEC) at the second rank whereas high quality gas (HQG) had got the last rank preceded by easy procurement (EP) at fourth rank. Affordable unit price (AUP) had got third rank. In conclusion, the evaluation of gas fuels plays a crucial role in shaping energy policies, promoting sustainable development, and mitigating environmental impact. By conducting thorough assessments of gas fuel properties, performance, and environmental implications, researchers and decision-makers can make informed choices regarding energy sources. The significance of gas fuel evaluation extends beyond immediate environmental concerns. It also impacts economic factors, such as infrastructure planning, transportation logistics, and energy pricing. By considering the overall sustainability and long-term viability of gas fuels, stakeholders can establish a balanced and resilient energy framework.

Optimizing Material Selection for Automotive Piston Components Using a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach

Piston component material choices for automobiles plays a crucial role in ensuring engine performance, durability, and efficiency. Several factors are considered when choosing these materials. Firstly, high strength and wear resistance are essential to withstand the demanding conditions within the engine cylinder. Aluminium alloys with outstanding strength-to-weight ratios and thermal conductivity, including Al-Si, Al-Si-Cu, and other combinations of aluminium, silicon, and copper are frequently used in construction. Secondly, thermal stability is vital to withstand high operating temperatures. Materials like cast iron and steel alloys are favored for their superior heat resistance. Thirdly, low friction and good lubrication properties are necessary for efficient engine operation. For this purpose, materials with surface treatments such as thermal spray coatings or friction-reducing coatings are employed. Lastly, considerations for cost, manufacturability, and environmental impact also influence material selection. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of mechanical properties, thermal stability, friction characteristics, and overall cost-effectiveness guides the selection process for automotive piston components. The research significance of Material selection for Automotive piston components lies in its direct impact on engine performance, efficiency, and durability. Optimizing the choice of materials can lead to enhanced fuel economy, reduced emissions, and increased engine longevity. By conducting research in this field, several key advancements can be achieved. Firstly, exploring new materials or alloy compositions can result in improved mechanical properties, allowing for higher engine power outputs without compromising reliability. This can lead to the development of more efficient and high-performance engines. Secondly, investigating surface treatments and coatings can reduce friction and wear, resulting in reduced energy losses and increased engine efficiency. Furthermore, it can contribute to the development of environmentally friendly engines with lower emissions. Lastly, considering the cost-effectiveness of materials and their manufacturing processes can lead to more affordable and accessible automotive technologies, benefiting both manufacturers and consumers. Overall, research in Material selection for Automotive piston components holds significant potential for advancing engine technology, improving environmental sustainability, and enhancing the overall driving experience. This uses the multi-criteria decision-making approach known as Weighed Aggregated Sum Product Assessment. It entails giving several criteria weights and evaluating options in accordance with those criteria. Each alternative is given a score based on its weights, and the alternative with the greatest score is deemed to be the most favourable. It helps in decision-making processes where multiple criteria need to be considered simultaneously. Alternative Parameters taken as “Porcelain, LM-26 alloy +0 wt.%, and LM-26 alloy +2 wt.% Porcelain, +4 wt% LM-26 alloy Porcelain with LM-26 alloy added to it by either 6% or 8% Porcelain” Evaluation Parameters taken as “Hardness (Hv), Density (g/cc), Tensile strength (MPa), Compressive strength (MPa), and Flexural strength (MPa) With a load of 45 N, a speed of 3.768 m/s, and a friction coefficient of (), the specific wear rate (in mm3/N-m) is calculated. 3.768 m/s is the speed.” This demonstrates the rank of the data set LM-Alloy (+6 wt.% Porcelain, is on 1st rank, +4 wt.% Porcelain, is on 2nd rank, +8 wt.% Porcelain, is on 3rd rank, +2 wt.% Porcelain, is on 4th rank, +0 wt.% Porcelain, is on 5th rank). The choice of material for automotive piston components is crucial in influencing the effectiveness and performance of an engine as a whole. Several factors are considered when choosing the appropriate materials. Strength is crucial to withstand the high pressures and temperatures inside the combustion chamber. Heat resistance is necessary to prevent thermal expansion and maintain dimensional stability. Durability is essential to withstand the repetitive loading cycles and resist wear and tear. Additionally, weight is a significant consideration for improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions. In conclusion, the careful selection of materials for automotive piston components is crucial in achieving optimal engine performance, durability, and fuel efficiency.

Experimental Investigation of Heat Pump Modules Limited to 150 g of Refrigerant R290 and a Dedicated Test Rig

Heat pumps are widely regarded as a key technology for sustainable heating, offering a pathway to significantly reduce fossil fuel dependency and combat the climate crisis. However, replacing individual gas boilers with heat pumps in multi-unit residential buildings remains a substantial challenge despite its immense potential to lower urban greenhouse gas emissions. To address this, the following paper describes the development of a compact, modular heat pump system designed to replace conventional gas boilers, focusing on the building and testing of a prototype for such a modular heat pump system. The prototype supports multiple functionalities, including space heating, cooling, and domestic hot water production. The performance advantages of two different compressor technologies were exploited to optimize the efficiency of the complete system and the pressure lifts associated with applications for heating and domestic hot water production. Thus, measurements were conducted across a range of operating points, comparing different heat pump module types. In the case of the piston compressor module, the Carnot efficiency was in the range of 47.2% to 50.4%. The total isentropic efficiency for floor heating and domestic hot water production was above 0.45 for both piston and rotary compressors.

Influence of methyl and ethyl esters-based biodiesel synthesized from safflower oil on the performance, combustion, and exhaust emissions

Abstract Methanol production relies mainly on fossil resources, while ethanol is largely produced from renewable feedstocks. This distinction supports transitioning biodiesel production from fossil-based methanol to bio-based ethanol. While safflower methyl ester has undergone extensive investigation as an alternative fuel source, research exploring safflower ethyl ester remains limited. This experimental study aims to reveal the effects of safflower oil-derived ethyl ester blends on diesel engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics. The research compared pure ethyl and methyl esters, ester blended fuels, and ultra-low sulfur diesel under various engine loads at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. All fuels exhibited similar cylinder pressure curves, with pressure increasing proportionally to engine load. Ethyl ester fuels showed the earliest combustion start, while pure methyl ester and diesel had retarded ignition timing. Ester blends generally showed lower brake thermal efficiency up to an average of 8.49%. However, this was followed by ethyl ester–diesel blends with a slight decrease up to 1.8%. Ethyl ester fuels had lower mass fuel consumption at low loads. The blends of ethyl esters with 20% diesel showed the second lowest brake-specific fuel consumption but it showed an average reduction of 8.2%, while diesel had the lowest value throughout experiments. Ester fuels generally produced lower carbon monoxide emissions up to an average value of 13.4% compared to diesel. Methyl ester with 20% diesel blend showed lower carbon dioxide emissions by 2% compared to other fuels. Pure biodiesels showed significantly increased hydrocarbons emissions up to 50.8% on average. Ester fuels produced lower nitrogen oxides emissions up to an average of 17.8% relative to diesel fuel. The study concludes that safflower-based biodiesel, particularly with ethyl and methyl esters, is a viable alternative fuel. Graphical abstract

Low-Carbon Optimization Scheduling for Systems Considering Carbon Responsibility Allocation and Electric Vehicle Demand Response

To achieve low carbon emissions in the power system and contribute to economic growth, a low-carbon optimization scheduling strategy for a power system, considering carbon responsibility sharing and electric vehicle demand response, is proposed based on the establishment of a flexible-load model guided by carbon potential. Firstly, utilizing the principle of proportional sharing to track carbon emission flow and establish a carbon emission flow model. Secondly, based on the Shapley value carbon responsibility allocation method, the reasonable range of carbon responsibility on each load side is calculated, and a hierarchical carbon price is established. A load aggregator demand response carbon emission model is established using the node carbon potential, and a dual-layer optimization scheduling model for the power system based on the node carbon potential demand response is constructed. The upper layer of the model is the optimal economic dispatch of the power grid operator, and the lower layer is the demand response economic dispatch of the load aggregator. Through numerical verification, the carbon trading model takes into account the system’s carbon emissions and overall operating costs while balancing the system’s low-carbon and economic aspects.

Low greenhouse gas emissions of land-based mariculture still warrant mitigation.

Low greenhouse gas emissions of land-based mariculture still warrant mitigation.

Cost–benefit analysis of recycled materials in road asphalt layer: a case study in Egypt

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating recycled construction and demolition waste (CDW) materials, specifically Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), into asphalt layers for road construction in Egypt. It aims to compare the economic and environmental impacts of using raw materials versus partially replacing them with recycled materials.Design/methodology/approachThe study follows Egyptian code requirements to assess the viability of using recycled CDW in asphalt road construction. It compares two scenarios: exclusive use of raw materials versus partial replacement with recycled RAP. A new decision-support tool, Cost Impact of using Recycled Materials in Roads (CIRMR), was developed using visual basic application and validated through a real-road case study in Egypt, which involved replacing 50% of raw materials with RAP.FindingsThe case study demonstrated a 70.1% economic cost reduction, primarily from the value gained by reducing landfill area usage. Environmental impact improved by 230.3%, mainly due to lower carbon emissions. The partial use of RAP and recycled bitumen met quality standards, highlighting the feasibility of sustainable materials in road construction.Originality/valueThis research addresses a gap in the application of recycled materials in road construction in Egypt. The CIRMR tool offers an innovative decision-making approach, validated through practical case studies, and promotes sustainable construction practices. The findings provide a framework applicable to similar contexts globally.

Organic phosphorescence in Pt(II)-complexes linked to organic chromophores for blue-emitting organic light-emitting diodes

Recently, organic persistent room-temperature phosphorescence (OPRTP), entailing triplet-state emission from purely organic units instead of luminescent heavy metal complexes, has emerged as a promising alternative for the development of emitting materials in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). For OPRTP-based devices to achieve acceptable performances, the low emission efficiency caused by weak spin-orbit coupling and high sensitivity to external environmental factors, such as temperature, moisture, and oxygen must be overcome. Herein, four-coordinate N-heterocyclic carbene Pt(II) complexes bearing carbazole (Cz) or naphthalene (Np) groups were assembled and found to exhibit exothermic triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTET) from the high triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) state (T1 = 2.97 eV) of the Pt core to the lower triplet states (T1 = 2.58–2.87 eV) of the tethered organic Cz and Np moieties. The presented design strategy enables the persistent organic phosphorescence of organic molecules under ambient conditions and triplet electroluminescence of the organic group via TTET in OLED applications.

Accelerating land use carbon emissions in shrinking counties: a systematic analysis of land use dynamics in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, 2000–2020

Urban shrinkage, characterized by population loss and economic decline, poses unique challenges to carbon neutrality goals. While existing studies focus on energy-related emissions in shrinking cities, the role of land use dynamics remains underexplored. This study systematically investigates land use carbon emissions (LUCE) in shrinking counties to address this gap. Focusing on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region (2000–2020), we integrated population indices, land use data, energy statistics, and nightlight imagery to classify counties into non-shrinking, continuous, temporary, and potential shrinkage types. Direct and indirect carbon emissions were estimated using emission coefficients and energy consumption models. Key findings include: (1) Non-shrinking counties, concentrated in urban cores, exhibit higher LUCE but slower growth rates, whereas shrinking peripheral counties show lower emissions but faster LUCE growth. (2) Continuous shrinkage counties experience the highest LUCE growth due to inefficient built-up area expansion, despite having significant carbon sinks. (3) Severe shrinkage counties demonstrate the fastest total carbon emissions (TCE) growth, with per capita emissions (PCE) positively correlated to shrinkage intensity. These findings highlight the need for differentiated policies: prioritizing land-use efficiency in shrinking counties, integrating regional equity into emission governance, and leveraging carbon sinks in ecologically rich areas.

Experimental Evaluation of Direct and Port Fuel Injection Strategies on a Heavy-Duty Liquefied Petroleum Gas Engine

<div>Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a popular alternative fuel in the transportation sector as a result of its favorable physical and chemical properties, availability, and relatively lower emissions compared to conventional fuels. However, much of its use is currently in light-duty applications, usually in manifold or port-injected configurations primarily due to their simplicity and ease of conversion. However, there are shortfalls in heavy-duty applications where decarbonization efforts are direly needed. The key reasons for this shortfall in alternative fuel adoption in the heavy-duty sector are the deficit in engine performance when compared to conventional heavy-duty diesel engines and the lack of specialized hardware to bridge this performance gap, for example, direct injectors optimized for LPG fuel operation on large-bore engines. To address this, this study evaluated the performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of a heavy-duty single-cylinder research engine, the Cummins ISX15L, in direct injection (DI) mode with an injector designed for liquid LPG and in a baseline port fuel injection (PFI) mode using an off-the-shelf injector currently in use on commercially available LPG engines. The engine had a compression ratio of 9.3 and a fuel delivery system designed to supply LPG at 1.6 MPa and 17.2 MPa in PFI and DI modes, respectively. The influence of both injection strategies at different start of injection (SOI) timings, equivalence ratios, combustion phasings, and engine load conditions were then investigated. The DI strategy was responsible for the highest brake thermal efficiency (BTE) recorded on the engine, 36.9%, 7% higher than the BTE in PFI mode at the same lean engine condition. The DI configuration achieved a 39% reduction in bsNOx but increased bsCO emissions by 22% compared to PFI at stoichiometric conditions. The PFI strategy demonstrated an insensitivity to the SOI timing unlike the DI strategy, which was highly unstable at retarded SOI timings.</div>

Recultivation Strategies for Peat Extraction Fields: a Case Study in Latvia

Peat bogs are serving as habitats for diverse species and essential components of the natural environment. Currently, peat extraction is actively carried out in various regions to meet the demands of industries such as horticulture and in some cases even energy production. To mitigate land degradation caused by peat mining, the European Commission, through the Nature Restoration Law (Regulation (EU) 2024/1991), has established a goal to restore habitats. This includes repurposing peat mining fields into areas designated for various restoration measures. When defining a repurposing strategy for a specific peat extraction field, an important aspect is to assess the environmental impact of the different scenarios. This study is made in cooperation with the Latvian peat extraction company with the goal of achieving climate neutrality by the year 2050. The company is a significant producer of peat substrate with a capacity of 115 thousand tonnes per year. Ten recultivation scenarios were identified for the company’s peat extraction field: afforestation, blueberry cultivation, cranberry cultivation, paludiculture, waterbodies, croplands, grasslands, renaturalisation, solar parks and wind parks. These scenarios were compared with the baseline scenario, i.e. the situation if peat extraction were to continue in this field. The required data for the recultivation scenarios were collected and normalized to the functional unit of 1 ha. The obtained life cycle assessment results for each recultivation scenario were assigned to the respective planned area for each scenario foreseen by the company’s climate neutrality plan. All scenario emissions have been attributed to 50 years of land use, starting from implementation of the scenarios in 2025. Three main emission reference points were identified for the 50-year greenhouse gas emissions assessment: short-term 2030 (when peat extraction for energy in Latvia must cease), medium-term 2050 when climate neutrality must be achieved and long-term - emissions after 50 years (2075), when the vegetative life of berry plants has reached its end and when forest stands have reached the optimum age for tree harvesting. The results show that the highest emissions per 1 ha over 50year period are from the installation and reconstruction of solar panels. For each scenario, the emissions per respective planned area were calculated. It was determined that each scenario individually results in lower emissions compared to the baseline. However, when the emissions from all scenarios are added together, the sum is greater than the baseline. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the recultivation scenarios further and optimise the land areas to optimise the recultivation scenario area and impact from them.

The field emission current formula for metallic nanotips at temperatures above absolute zero

With proper consideration of curvature effects, for a metallic field emitter tip having apex radius Ra≥5 nm operating in low thermal-field emission regime (corresponds to field electron emission at low–moderate temperatures), an analytical expression to precisely predict the emitted current is obtained. The methodology lies within the framework of the free electron model, where the surface integration of low thermal-field current density has been carried out using the cosine law of electrostatic field variation provided the field emitter tip has a parabolic end-cap. It renders an easy-to-use current formula in the form of an algebraic equation that can predict the current emitted from a metallic nanotip with mere knowledge of its apex radius (Ra), apex electrostatic field (Ea), and temperature (T). The current formula is found to perform well for nanotips having apex radius Ra≥5 nm at apex electrostatic fields Ea∈[3,8]V/nm and temperatures T<2000 K for tungsten field emitter tips. Additionally, studies on the variation of the notional emission area of the field emitter tip in low thermal-field emission regime show that it is, in fact, strongly dependent on the apex electrostatic field, but rather shows a weak temperature dependence, particularly at low apex fields.

A Comprehensive Comparison of Insulation Materials for Timber Building Systems

The key objectives of both European Union and Portuguese policies are energy efficiency and carbon neutrality in the building sector. Timber construction offers unique advantages in achieving these goals, such as increased productivity through faster and more efficient building processes, using renewable resources with lower carbon emissions during production and throughout the lifecycle, and contributions to forest conservation. However, in many countries, timber construction remains underutilised due to concerns about its thermal and acoustic performance, fire safety, and limited availability of raw materials. This study addresses these challenges by evaluating the potential of various insulation materials, including polystyrenes, mineral wools, natural fibres, composites, and acoustic mats, for incorporation into prefabricated timber components. Key performance criteria included thermal insulation, sound absorption, fire reaction, environmental impact, and local availability. Among the materials analysed, glass wool, rock wool, and cork emerged as the most favourable options, offering excellent thermal and acoustic performance and presenting strong results in other key parameters. These findings underscore the potential of incorporating these materials into timber construction systems, contributing to developing sustainable and high-performance building solutions.

Factors and prediction of carbon emissions based on PSO-BP neural network model under the development of digital economy.

The Yellow River Economic Belt, where the degree of digital economy development is uneven, is the first research object used in this study. It then suggests a way to measure the degree of digital economy development and carbon emissions in order to address the problem of effectively controlling carbon emissions in the rapidly developing digital economy. Finally, a genetic method is presented to further enhance the backpropagation neural network model's update process, which was improved utilizing the particle swarm optimization technique. According to the findings, this research identified three primary elements: digital industrialization, digital finance, and digital ecological environment. According to the findings, this research identified three primary elements: digital industrialization, digital finance, and digital ecological environment. With the use of digital technology, the digital ecological environment fosters a peaceful coexistence between people and the natural world. In addition to encouraging the advancement of digital technology, it may also help to integrate digital transformation and green development. The use of digital technology in ecological environment governance can assist accomplish sustainable development goals, improve resource allocation, and encourage intelligent and green production and life. In order to change conventional financial service models, the financial sector known as "digital finance" makes use of digital technologies and data components. It has the potential to be very important in encouraging industrial upgrading and propelling the growth of new industries. Additionally, the whole credit structure of the industrial chain may be improved by digital credit and risk management, which will support the economic structure's optimization. The use of digital technology to a variety of sectors, encouraging their digital transformation and modernization, is known as digital industrialization. It is a key component of a contemporary industrial system that may drive new industries and formats, support the intelligent and information-based transformation of established industries, and improve the economic structure. At the same time, the associated carbon emissions dropped by 0.0439 units for every unit rise in the study area's digital economy's degree of growth. The region's overall population, energy consumption, sophisticated industrial structure, and industrial structure rationalization all positively promote carbon emissions, whilst other variables have the opposite impact. The final study approach had the highest predictive performance, with a high goodness of fit of 0.9936 and an average absolute error of 16.971. The aforementioned study results demonstrate that the methodology can effectively evaluate the level of carbon emissions and the development of the digital economy across different regions and provide targeted solutions to lower carbon emissions in line with local conditions, thus fostering the vibrancy of the digital economy.

Improved Solvatochromism and Quantum Yields in Acridine through Polarity-Enhanced π-Conjugation.

Fluorophores exhibiting strong solvatochromism are strongly desired for applications in cellular imaging, photodevices, and fluorescence sensing. However, achieving high quantum yields in increasingly polar environments remains a significant challenge due to the complex balance required between a high transition dipole moment and a low emission energy. In this study, we present an acridine derivative of pyrene, Ad-Py, which features a donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) scaffold. Notably, this fluorophore demonstrated a strong solvatochromic property, exhibiting a red-shift of 113 nm, along with high quantum yields (Φf = 83.5-90.6%) from the less polar solvent n-hexane to the highly polar solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The incorporation of the pyrene moiety effectively extended the π-conjugation of Ad-Py in polar solvents and finely tuned the proportion of the charge transfer (CT) state, leading to enhanced quantum yields. Moreover, due to its sensitivity to microenvironmental changes, Ad-Py facilitated the visual measurement of SO2, achieving a detection limit of <10 ppb.

Physics-based Analytical Models for p-GaN/AlGaN/GaN HEMTs Considering Gate Charge Emission

Abstract In this article, physics-based analytical models of channel charge density (2DEG: Two-Dimensional Electron Gas), gate capacitance and drain current have been proposed for normally-OFF p-GaN/AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs). The models incorporate key physical phenomena, such as charge emission from the gate terminal via thermionic field emission (TFE) and thermionic emission (TE), as observed in prior studies on these devices. Notably, for the first time, the channel charge density is expressed explicitly as a function of gate voltage for p-GaN gated HEMTs, accounting for gate charge emission effects. This channel charge expression is subsequently employed to model gate capacitance and drain current for p-GaN gated HEMTs. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed models is rigorously validated using experimental and/or TCAD data for multiple p-GaN/AlGaN/GaN HEMT structures having diverse device parameters and for the reported range of gate and drain voltages. The robustness of the drain current model is further assessed under elevated temperature conditions. Moreover, the applicability of the proposed models is demonstrated for p-GaN gated HEMTs exhibiting low gate charge emission characteristics.

Influence of Temperature and Equivalence Ratio on Zhundong Carbon Residue Formation Characteristics Under Fuel-Rich Condition

ABSTRACT Existing ultra-low NO x emission technologies generally create fuel-rich conditions in the furnace to strengthen the reducing atmosphere, thus promoting the reduction of NO x . However, due to insufficient oxygen content, the incomplete combustion heat loss increases, the char content rises, and the boiler combustion efficiency decreases. To further predict and regulate the coal combustion process under fuel-rich conditions, and improve the carbon conversion efficiency while achieving low pollutant emissions, this paper conducts an experimental study on the formation process of char and its physical and chemical properties during the fuel-rich combustion of Zhundong coal. The research results show that as the temperature increases, the ash on the char surface melts and precipitates, the degree of lattice structure ordering intensifies, and the reaction activity decreases. When the equivalent air coefficient increases, a large number of defective structures appear on the char surface, the ash scatters on the surface, the degree of lattice structure ordering increases, and the ignition performance weakens. Compared with the temperature, the equivalent air coefficient has a greater impact on the ordering process of the char lattice structure.