Low-viscosity Oil Research Articles

Multifunctional hydrophobic bio-based foam toward highly efficient photothermal cleanup of high-viscosity crude oil spills, oil-water separation and aqueous organic pollutant elimination

The environmentally friendly and efficient remediation of crude oil spills is a global challenge due to its high viscosity and low fluidity at room temperature. Herein, we reported a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) modified biomass carbon fibers foam immobilized with Ag2O@Ag nanoparticles via the self-assembly, freeze-drying, carbonization, and hydrophobic modification processes (denoted as PAAC). The resulting PAAC foam exhibited excellent hydrophobicity (water contact angle: 147.8◦), high solar absorption capacity and excellent photothermal conversion property, which enable it to decrease the viscosity of heavy oil and achieve high adsorption capacity of heavy crude oil (60.5 g/g) and great reusable performances under 0.3 sun energy drive. In addition, the PAAC foam showed excellent adsorption capacity to organic solvents and low viscosity oils (11.3–26.4 g/g). Under visible-light irradiation, PAAC foam exhibited remarkable photocatalytic efficiency for removing crystal violet and demonstrated high stability and photocatalytic activity after five consecutive cycles. The proposed design of a solar heated sorbent presents a new potential to explore multifunctional biomass materials to solve environmental pollution problems on a large scale.

Superslippery Long‐Chain Entangled Polydimethylsiloxane Gel with Sustainable Self‐Replenishment

A superslippery gel coating with sustainable self-replenishment is developed by Sang Joon Lee and co-workers using a simple fabrication method, in article number 2201530. Thanks to the low-viscosity oil layer formed on the surface, the developed coating is not contaminated by bacteria and biofoulants, and exhibits stable slippery properties even when exposed to harsh environments.

Base lubricants for green stamping: The effects of their structure and viscosity on tribological performance

The requirements for green and sustainable manufacturing mean that stamping lubricants must be continuously re-evaluated and re-designed. In this investigation, the tribological performance of four base oils with different chemical structures (paraffinic and naphthenic) and viscosities (2 and 20 cSt), as well as water, was evaluated for the stamping of steel sheets and compared with a non-lubricated contact. Most lubricants reduce the coefficient of friction and maintain a similar wear coefficient for steel sheets as in dry contacts. Low-viscosity (LV) naphthenic oil performs very like both high-viscosity (HV) oils. A surprising exception is the LV paraffinic oil, with several-times-higher friction and wear compared to dry contact. This is due to the excellent wetting-spreading and very low cohesion forces that enable oil to escape from extremely thin-film contacts because the viscosity is so low, leading to lubricant starvation. In contrast, HV oils provide a sufficiently thick lubricating film, while strong cohesive forces help in the film’s strength, lessening wear, and reducing friction. In thin-film lubrication with LV oils, such as when stamping, it is thus extremely important that the lubricant’s wetting behaviour and viscosity are sufficient to provide enough film in the contact and prevent starvation, thus ensuring lower friction, less wear, and a longer lifetime of the contact.

Stability and Tribological Performance of Nanostructured 2D Turbostratic Graphite and Functionalised Graphene as Low-Viscosity Oil Additives

The dispersion stability of carbon-based solid lubricants/lubricating oils remains a challenge to overcome. Recently, novel processing routes were developed to obtain 2D turbostratic graphite particles via solid-state reactions between B4C and Cr3C2 (GBC) and between SiC and Fe (GSF) that present outstanding tribological properties in a dry scenario, as well as functionalized graphene (GNH). This work investigated the suspension stability of GBC and GSF particles (0.05 wt.%) dispersed in a low-viscosity polyol ester lubricating oil and their tribological performance. Ammonia-functionalized graphene (GNH) particles were also used as a reference. In order to evaluate the dispersion stability, in addition to the classical digital image technique, a much more assertive, reliable, quantitative and rarely reported in the literature technique was used, i.e., the STEPTM (Space and Time-resolved Extinction Profiles) technology. Reciprocating sphere-on-flat tribological tests were carried out, in which before contact, 0.2 μL of pure oil and suspension (POE + 0.05 wt.% of solid lubricant) was applied on a flat surface. The results showed that the GBC particles remained remarkably stable and reduced the sphere wear rate by 61.8%. From the tribosystem point of view, the presence of GBC and GSF reduced the wear rate by 18.4% and 2.2%, respectively, with respect to the pure oil, while the GNH particles increased the wear rate by 4.2%. Furthermore, the wear rate was improved due to the highly disordered carbon tribolayer formation identified on both surfaces.

Key parameters and dominant EOR mechanism of CO2 miscible flooding applied in low-permeability oil reservoirs

CO2 miscible flooding is a prospective production method to enhance oil recovery (EOR), especially in low-permeability reservoirs. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic understanding of the key parameters and dominant EOR mechanism of CO2 miscible flooding. In this work, the sensitivity of key parameters, such as oil viscosity, permeability, permeability ratio, and pressure, is analyzed by CO2 flooding physical simulation experiments. The adjuvants for CO2 miscible flooding of the Changqing crude oils are evaluated and optimized. The production performance of overpressure CO2 miscible flooding is studied by CO2 core flood test, and the oil micro-distribution before and after CO2 miscible flooding is characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the micro EOR mechanism of CO2 miscible flooding is revealed. The results show that CO2 immiscible flooding is suitable for the development of low-viscosity crude oil (<50 mPa s), especially for oil viscosity of less than 10 mPa s. CO2 miscible flooding is advisable for low-permeability and medium and high-permeability reservoirs, especially for reservoir permeability of higher than 10 mD. Above the MMP, the oil recovery factor is over 85% and the increase rate slows down with pressure, CO2 miscible flooding is preferred for the high-pressure reservoir. CO2 miscible flooding is applicable for reservoirs with a permeability ratio of less than 2.5, especially for a permeability ratio of less than 2. Compared with 0.8 times MMP pure CO2 flooding, the time of gas channeling, and oil recovery for CO2 miscible flooding is delayed from 0.69 PV to 0.76 PV, and enhanced to 93.04% from 72.61%, respectively, with the help of adjuvants for CO2 miscible flooding, NP-9. The adjuvants for CO2 miscible flooding could effectively promote the realization of miscible flooding for CO2 and crude oils with an injection pressure of less than the MMP. CO2 has excellent oil displacement ability in low-permeability reservoirs, especially for miscible flooding, and the core oil saturation is obviously reduced. Overpressure CO2 miscible flooding could expand the swept volume and more efficiently displace oil in low-permeability reservoirs compared to an injection pressure of 1.0 times MMP. After overpressure CO2 miscible flooding, the residual oil in the low-permeability cores is distributed more evenly.

A novel design for a selective fluid inflow control device

In oil field development projects, reservoir heterogeneity can easily to produce water ridge problems, resulting in premature water discovery in wells. Selective inflow control devices can effectively slow water ridging. However, there are relatively few studies on inflow control devices for medium and low viscosity crude oil with viscosity below 50 mPa s. In this study, a new type of selective inflow control device was designed for wells with low oil viscosities, and its performance was analyzed using experimental and numerical simulation software. The effects of the structural (inner inlet) and fluid parameters (viscosity, flow rate and water cut) on the performance of the selective inflow control device were simulated. The experimental results show that the flow pressure loss is still low when the oil viscosity is 32 mPa s, and it can achieve a more considerable flow difference between oil and water at a larger flow rate. The simulation results show that the best suitable viscosity of the device is 50 mPa s. The internal structure of the tool has considerable influence on the pressure loss and flow-field distribution under low-viscosity conditions. Under high viscosity conditions, the pressure loss gradually exhibited a linear trend, and the influence of the internal structure decreased. When the flow rate is greater than 2 m³/d, the internal flow field distribution is more affected by the viscosity than the flow rate.

A feasible and promising approach for diesel engine fuelled with a blend of biodiesel and low-viscosity Cinnamon oil: A comprehensive analysis of performance, combustion, and exergy

Low viscous biofuel is one of the alternative sources in the recent past. The focus of this exploration is to assess the engine attributes with low viscous biofuel and to provide a feasible partial substitute with affordable power and reduced emissions. Indeed, Cinnamon oil was extracted from the bark of the Cinnamon tree using the steam distillation technique, and its physicochemical properties were probed as per the ASTM standards. The functional groups and fatty acid composition for the raw and extracted fuel samples were studied using FT-IR and GC-MS analysis. Later, low viscous Cinnamon oil was blended with high viscous Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) in the ranges of 70%, 80%, and 90% to form J30C70, J20C80 & J10C90 blends. Without any manual changes, the experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine fuelled with J100 (100% JOME) and Cinnamon-blended JOME samples, and the outputs were compared with those of diesel fuel. As a result, the brake thermal efficiency of J10C90 was increased by 3.11% in comparison with J100. The emission such as CO, HC, and smoke were reduced by 26.02%, 28.16%, and 18.04% respectively compared with diesel fuel. From exergy analysis, the highest BTE of 28.91%, frictional loss of 6.47%, and mixing loss of 4.31% have been obtained for the J10C90 sample fuel. Finally, J10C90 is considered an optimum blended binary fuel for the upcoming future without the need for any substantial engine modifications.

Improve Oil Recovery Mechanism of Multi-Layer Cyclic Alternate Injection and Production for Mature Oilfield at Extra-High Water Cut Stage Using Visual Physical Simulation Experiment

In order to achieve sustainable development of mature oilfield, a series of adjustment measures should be implemented to improve production performance at the extra-high water cut stage. South Kumkol reservoir is a typical multi-layer low viscosity oil reservoir, which has the characteristics of small sandstone body, high shale volume, and strong heterogeneity. At present, the water cut of the South Kumkol reservoir is about 90%, which is on the verge of being abandoned. Multi-layer cyclic alternate injection and production (MCA-IP) is an ideal adjustment measure for multi-layer oil reservoir to improve oil recovery (IOR) at the extra-high water cut stage. In this paper, we designed the double-plate visual physical device and the MCA-IP experimental program and then calculated the sweep coefficient using image recognition method. Furthermore, the sweep coefficient was quantitatively calculated by image recognition method. The results show that the sweep area extends to both sides of the main streamline and the sweep efficiency is gradually improved after the completion of MCA-IP. In addition, the IOR mechanism of MCA-IP mainly includes reperforation, well-pattern encryption, and asynchronous injection-production. The reperforation and well-pattern encryption increased the sweep coefficient by about 19.52%, while asynchronous injection-production increased the sweep coefficient by about 1.2%, and the overall sweep coefficient increased by about 20.7%. According to the experimental data statistics, the MCA-IP method can increase oil recovery by about 11% and reduce water cut by about 6%.

Badania eksperymentalne wpływu wrażliwych magnetycznie elastomerów na wydobycie ze złóż rop naftowych o wysokiej lepkości

In world practice, low-viscosity oil accounts for the main share of production. As the development progresses, the share of high-viscosity oil in the total balance increases year on year. The growing unused reserves of high-viscosity oil oblige researchers to solve the issue of developing these reserves, which is an important task for the oil industry. Studies have been carried out to increase oil recovery during the development of oil reservoirs containing high-viscosity oil by pumping a solution of magnetically active polymer, namely silicone oligomer, the matrix of which contains 5–25% Fe+3 ions, treated with a constant transverse magnetic field with a strength of H = 51740 A/m. A mixture of 90% by weight of quartz sand and 10% by weight of bentonite clay, with a permeability of k = 1.4 D, was used as a reservoir model. The high-viscosity oil model consisted of St-45 aviation oil. A silicone oligomer of 159–360 brand was used as a matrix with an operating temperature range of 60°C to +300°C, into which particles of gamma-Fe2O3 Nano powder with a size of 0.5 nm are introduced, with a degree of filling of the matrix of 5–25% by volume of Fe. Magnetization saturation is 80 emu/g, residual magnetization is 460 emu/g, and coercive force is 670 Oh. Validation of the proposed method was carried out by physical modeling of the process of displacement of high-viscosity oil with a magnetic elastomer on a laboratory installation. The oil recovery coefficient was calculated according to a well-known method. The use of magnetically sensitive polymer can be an effective method of developing heavy oil fields. For each heavy oil field, taking into account its specifics (reservoir properties of the rock, physicochemical properties of oil, etc.), an appropriate magnet active polymer is selected. As the experimental results show, the best indicator of the oil recovery coefficient is achieved at 65%, compared with 48% of recovery in the absence of magnetic field exposure.

Study on Demulsification Technology of Heavy Oil Blended in Xinjiang Oilfield

HYW (Hong Yi Wu line) heavy oil emulsion in Xinjiang Oilfield (Karamay, China) is a kind of heavy oil with high viscosity and high emulsification. Its viscosity reaches 120,000 mPa·s at 40 °C. The emulsion has no demulsification. Even if the demulsification temperature reaches 90 degrees, the concentration of demulsifier reaches 260 mg/L. In this paper, a new process of thermochemical demulsification of heavy oil after blending is studied. First, SE low-viscosity oil with viscosity of 640 mPa·s and water cut of 90% was selected as blended oil. Study the viscosity of SE line and HYW line at different temperatures after fully blended. The results show that the heavy oil blended model conforms to Bingham model. When the temperature is 40 °C and the content of SE line is 30%, the viscosity is less than 10,000 mPa·s. With the increase of temperature, the viscosity continues to decline. When the temperature exceeds 80 °C, the viscosity is less than 1000 mPa·s. The final design SE line content is 30%, the demulsification temperature is 70 °C, and the demulsifier concentration is 160 mg/L as the best demulsification parameter. The field results show that the demulsification rate of heavy oil in this process reaches more than 90%. This experiment lays a foundation for demulsification of high emulsified crude oil developed by heavy oil in Xinjiang oilfield.

The P-µ-T Cubic Equation of Viscosity for Reservoir Oils

Summary Oil recovery simulation sensitivity increases with heavier oils for the existing viscosity models, driving into higher levels of difficulty when fitting viscosity data for rising oil heaviness, particularly below the saturation pressure. Keeping in view the similarity of trends of viscosity and density with isothermal pressures for reservoir oils, the P-μ-T cubic viscosity model, which was developed for pure hydrocarbon components, was extended to reservoir oils. Two parameters in the P-μ-T cubic viscosity model for mixtures with pure and pseudocomponents are identified for adjusting the viscosity data fitting: Kc for controlling the viscosity gradient with pressure and the “ε” shifting trends for increasing viscosity direction. These two parameters are treated as the adjustable parameters required for fitting the viscosity data. A total of 129 reservoir oils from different sources are used to validate the reliability of the P-μ-T viscosity model. The default model (where ε and Kc are 1 and 45, respectively), extended to 71 light oils, resulted in 31% of average absolute relative deviation (AARD) in viscosity prediction. However, separate adjusted parameters are obtained per oil for more accurate viscosity data fitting. Application of the model in this work results in (post-fitting) AARD% of 2.86% average for 36 low-viscosity oil data, 5.68% for 9 high-viscosity oil data, 9% for five oil blends, and 4.11% for bitumen blends. The model gives an AARD of 3.06% in the undersaturated region and 3.79% in the saturated region for the oil considered. The model predicts better the viscosity above saturation pressure for low-viscosity oils and below saturation pressure for high-viscosity oils. A comparative analysis of the P-μ-T cubic viscosity model vs. other models demonstrates its ability to successfully capture viscosity trends of oil and blends in all viscosity ranges. For simplicity, the P-μ-T cubic viscosity model is proposed with only two optimizing parameters even though using a third parameter improves the matching in heavy oils.

Analysis of the degree of influence of geological and technological factors on the initial flow rates of wells commissioned after their downtime

The results of statistical processing of data from 97 wells put into re-operation, after their long downtime due to flooding, are presented. In which, depending on the geological and physical conditions and the state of development of oil deposits, different results are obtained. With an average initial oil flow rate of 1.12 tons/day in reservoir-vaulted deposits with low-viscosity oil in the Fergana oil and gas region - 0.5 tons/day, in reservoir-arch deposits with high-viscosity oil in the Surkhandarya oil and gas region - 0.97 tons/day, in sub-gas deposits of the Bukhara-Khiva region - 2.5 tons/day. By assessing the informativeness of geological, physical and technological factors using the Kulbak method, the degree of their influence on the initial oil flow rate of wells after their re-commissioning was established. Taking into account the degree of influence of the factors considered, it is recommended to put into re-operation wells located in the arched part of the reservoir, having the highest effective oil-saturated thicknesses, in areas with a low oil recovery factor and a lower degree of reduction in initial reservoir pressure, as well as watered in a short period of operation.

Разработка состава и технологии получения синтетического компонента основы гидравлических масел для специальной техники

The rapid development of technology, the creation of promising products with characteristics corresponding to or exceeding the characteristics of the best world analogues, dictate the need to create a new level of quality oils – synthetic. The advantages of synthetic-based oils are excellent viscosity-temperature characteristics, good low-temperature fluidity, high anticorrosive properties, as well as increased thermal-oxidative stability, compatibility with materials. Since synthetic oils are chemically stable, they retain their original characteristics longer under adverse operating conditions. Other advantages of synthetic oils include increased resistance to shear deformations (due to the uniformity of the structure), high dispersing ability, fire resistance, chemical inertia and non-toxicity. It is also important that the synthetic base requires the introduction of a minimum amount of thickening additives. In addition, their resource significantly exceeds the resource of petroleum oils of a similar purpose. Among the numerous lubricants, a special place is given to low-viscosity hydraulic oils used in autonomous hydraulic drives of special equipment. The use of a basic synthetic base makes it possible to increase the guarantees of the shelf life and operation of hydraulic oil in products and ensure a quality preservation resource for 20 years or more.

エンジン要素の熱的な摩擦特性に関する研究 - ピストンリング・シリンダライナの混合・境界潤滑

Similar to vehicle engines, marine engines are required to realize zero emissions of poisonous gas like SOx and GHG like CO2. Therefore, fuels used for future engines will be needed to reduce the content of sulfur and carbon. Under such requirements, the lubricated sliding interface of a piston ring and a cylinder liner often suffers damage, such as excessive wear and scuffing failure, caused by changes in lubrication condition due to in-cylinder combustion and/or fuel-derived substances mixed in the lubricating oil. Given this, appropriate measures are eagerly required to prevent such damage. The thermal friction characteristics of the ring / liner interface under the mixed / boundary lubrication regime during engine break-in procedure are thought to be almost the same as those of cam / tappet under the boundary lubrication regime when using low-viscosity lubricating oil with additives, which was the key subject the authors investigated in their previous study. By analyzing changes in frictional shear stress and the surface temperature and examining a correlation between them, just like the Arrhenius’ equation, it has been clarified that the temperature of the interface displays lubrication functions that can reduce friction, wear and scuffing. Concerning the viscosity and additives of the lubricating oil, the surface roughness of the interface, the ring profile, the contact pressure and the sliding velocity the authors have also investigated how the surface temperature contributed to reducing friction. To this aim, they analyzed the ring / liner data measured with a rotary disk type reciprocating friction test apparatus, which makes it possible to detect the friction force and the ring temperature under the same contact pressure and sliding velocity as those during engine break-in procedure.

Combined Biological Method for Simultaneous Removal of Hydrogen Sulphide and Volatile Methylsiloxanes from Biogas

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs) are key pollutants from the point of view of the operators of biogas plants. H2S poses corrosive hazards, while VMSs transform into difficult-to-remove deposits, reducing the availability and yield of biogas combustion equipment. This study provides a critical overview and evaluation (so-called SWOT analysis) of implemented and promising methods to reduce the content of the above pollutants in biogas, with particular emphasis on biological techniques. The aim of the analyses was to develop an innovative concept for a hybrid biological method for the combined removal of H2S and VMSs using the same device, i.e., a two-phase biotrickling filter (BTF), in which the organic phase that intensifies the mass transfer of VMSs is in the form of a low-viscosity methyl silicone oil. The finally developed technological schematic diagram includes the basic devices and media streams. The concept is characterized by closed media circuits and comprehensively solves the problem of purifying biogas from sewage sludge. In conclusion, key issues requiring further research are identified.

Microemulsification from single laser-induced cavitation bubbles

We study the interaction between a laser-induced cavitation bubble and a submillimetre-sized water droplet submerged in silicone oil. High-speed imaging reveals the pathways through which droplet fragmentation occurs and three distinct regimes of bubble–droplet interaction are identified: deformation, external emulsification and internal emulsification. We have observed that during the bubble collapse, the droplet elongates towards the bubble, which acts as a flow sink pulling on the droplet. For silicone oils with higher viscosity, the droplet jets into the cavitation bubble and forms a satellite water droplet in the continuous oil phase. In contrast, for lower-viscosity oils, the droplet encapsulates the collapsing bubble as it jets inside and undergoes multiple cycles of expansion and collapse. These internal bubble collapses create tiny oil droplets inside the parent water droplet. The kinematic viscosity of the silicone oil, maximum bubble diameter and centre-to-centre distance between the bubble and the droplet are varied. The regimes are separated in a parameter space set up by the non-dimensional distance and a cavitation Reynolds number.

Increase in ironing limit of stainless steel cups with lubricants containing ceramic particles

The seizure resistance in the ironing process of stainless steel cups was improved with lubricants containing Al2O3 particles, and the ironing limit of the cups was increased. The effects of suspending different concentrations of Al2O3 particles in paraffin based oils on increasing the ironing limit of SUS430 cylindrical cups before seizure were investigated using a lapped tungsten carbide die. By containing c = 2vol% of Al2O3 particles having nominal diameter d between 0.02 to 4 micrometres in an oil with a kinematic viscosity of 500 mm2/s, the ironing limit of the cup was 8% under a punch speed of 100 mm2/s. The limit was similar to the limit using a commercial low-viscosity oil with chlorine additive. The kinematic viscosity of the base oil was reduced. In d = 0.2 μm and c = 0.5vol%, the limit of the oil more than kinematic viscosity of 180 mm2/s was similar to the limit by the commercial oil. In d = 4 μm and c = 1vol%, the limit of the oil having more than kinematic viscosity of 100 mm2/s was effective. It was found that the seizure resistance in the ironing process was improved by the proper ironing conditions with lubricants containing particles.

Facile approach to fabricate a high-performance superhydrophobic PS/OTS modified SS mesh for oil-water separation

Special wetting materials have been used for the oil and water separation due to their different interfacial attraction of oil and water. Herein, we successfully fabricated superhydrophobic coatings on stainless steel (SS) mesh by depositing successive layers of polystyrene (PS) and octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) through the dip-coating method. The as-prepared coating showed a water contact angle (WCA) of 157.5 ± 2°, a rolling angle of 6 ± 2° and an oil contact angle (OCA) of around 0°. The surface microstructure analysis of the coating revealed a regular pattern of microscale bumps with nanoscale folds on it, both of which improve the overall superhydrophobicity of the surface. The capacity of coatings to separate oil and water was examined by employing a variety of mixtures of oil and water, including petrol, diesel, kerosene, vegetable oil, and coconut oil. In case of low viscosity oil, the coated mesh demonstrated separation effectiveness of more than 97% and on the other hand, high viscosity oil demonstrated just 89% efficiency. Low viscosity oils showed a greater permeation flux through the mesh than extremely viscous oil. The mechanical strength of the coating was examined using bending, twisting, adhesive tape testing, sandpaper abrasion tests, and the findings indicated that coated mesh had exceptional mechanical resilience. In addition, the developed superhydrophobic mesh demonstrated excellent thermal stability and self-cleaning properties. Therefore, this superhydrophobic/superoleophilic mesh has a significant deal of application potential in practical.

A double-blind controlled clinical trial to evaluate the effects of nasal therapy with Vrihatajivakadya oil on different viscosities in patients with migraine

BackgroundMigraine, characterized by pain of a specific type in one half of the head has a close resemblance with Ardhavabhedaka described in Ayurveda. Nasya karma (nasal therapy) with Vrihatajivakadya oil is indicated in Ardhavabhedaka. Low viscosity oil (LVO) and medium viscosity oil (MVO) prepared by Snehapaka (a specific Ayurveda method for preparation of oil) are advocated in different classical Ayurveda texts for N.karma. The objectivesThis study was done to assess the effects of Vrihatajivakadhya oil on different viscosities in N.karma for the better Ayurveda management of migraine. Material and methodsIn this double-blind randomized controlled trial a total of 90 patients were randomly divided into two groups for N.karma with oil of different viscosities. In the group treated with LVO, 44 patients completed their treatment and one patient was lost in follow-up. In another group treated with MVO, 45 patients were enrolled and completed the intervention. N.karma was done with this oil in the dose of 6 drops per nostril for the duration of 14 days for each participant. The follow-up was done on the 15th day and 45th days. The assessment was done by the Migraine Disability Assessment Score (MIDAS) and Migraine Specific Quality of Life Assessment scale. ResultDuring the trial, significant improvement in both the groups on both parameters was observed. No adverse event was noticed during the study. ConclusionN.karma with MVO had better improvement. No adverse event was noticed during the study. N.karma with these oils is effective and safe for migraine.

Synthesis of elastic hydrophobic biomass sponge for rapid solar-driven viscous crude-oil cleanup absorption, oil-water separation and organic pollutants treating

Oil spills pose a global challenge for environmental remediation and the high viscosity of crude oil makes conventional sorbents ineffective for complete remediation. Inspired by the solar energy-motivated viscosity-break, a photothermal three-dimensional (3D) polydimethylsiloxane modified CuS-loaded biomass-derived carbon fibers/reduced graphene sponge (PDMS/CuS/CFs/RGO) was synthesized using self-assembly, carbonization, freeze-drying, and hydrophobic modification methods that utilize natural renewable resources in an efficient manner. By using infrared thermal imaging, oil droplet permeability behavior, and oil absorption-recovery, we studied the photothermal effect of adsorbents on oil absorption. Based on the results, the PDMS/CuS/CFs/RGO sponge demonstrated excellent photothermal conversion ability and stability with almost full solar absorption. Under 0.3-sun simulated irradiation (0.3 kW/m2) at room temperature, the surface temperature spontaneously increased to 75.9 °C, which reduced the in-situ viscosity of crude oil and significantly increased its diffusion coefficient and adsorption rate. Consequently, the PDMS/CuS/CFs/RGO sponge exhibited excellent oil cleaning absorption rates up to 66.8 times their weight and outstanding recyclability. Additionally, the sponge showed excellent adsorption capabilities for organic solvents and low viscosity oils (13.8–26.1 g/g). Notably, the PDMS/CuS/CFs/RGO sponge was able to achieve dye degradation due to its photocatalytic property. Combined with comprehensive functions including rapid solar-driven viscous crude-oil cleanup absorption, oil/water separation, and photocatalytic property, the bio-based PDMS/CuS/CFs/RGO sponge has great application prospects in water remediation, especially in the treatment of contaminated water with complex components.