Low Tolerance Research Articles

Integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome reveals chronic low salinity stress responses in the muscle of Exopalaemon carinicauda

Low salinity environment is one of the key factors threatening the survival of aquatic organisms. Due to the strong adaptability of low salinity, Exopalaemon carinicauda is an ideal model to study the low salinity adaptation mechanism of crustaceans. In this study, E. carinicauda from the same family were divided into two groups, which were reared at salinity of 4 ‰ and 30 ‰, respectively. Integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome was used to uncover the mechanisms of E. carinicauda adaptation to chronic low salinity environment. Under the chronic low salinity stress, a total of 651 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 386 differential metabolites (DMs) were obtained, with the majority showing downregulation. These DEGs mainly involved MAPK signal transduction pathway and structural constituent of cuticle. Besides, chitin binding and chitin metabolism process were inhibited significantly. Among the DMs, lipids and lipid-like molecules, flavor amino acids and nucleotides were detected, which may be related to the adjustment of energy metabolism and flavor of muscle. In addition, ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis pathway and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolic pathway were induced. These results will enrich our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the chronic low salinity tolerance in E. carinicauda, providing an important theoretical basis and practical guidance for the research and breeding, thereby promoting the sustainable development of aquaculture.

Association of Exercise Tolerance with Respiratory Health Outcomes in Mild-to-Moderate COPD.

Rationale: Previous studies have identified exercise intolerance in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The associations of exercise tolerance with lung function decline and acute exacerbation risk in mild-to-moderate COPD is unclear, especially in the community population. Objectives: We evaluated exercise tolerance in mild-to-moderate COPD and analyzed its associations with respiratory health outcomes. Methods: We analyzed data from the Early Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease community-based study of patients with mild-to-moderate COPD (post- bronchodilator FEV1/FVC <0.70 and FEV1 ≥50% predicted). Patients who completed questionnaires, spirometry, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing at baseline were included. Annual exacerbation assessment and spirometry testing were conducted for 2 years consecutively. Exercise tolerance was defined as the percentage of predicted peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak %predicted). We analyzed the association between exercise tolerance, annual lung function decline, and acute exacerbation risk. Measurements and Main Results: Overall, 338 patients were included in the baseline analysis, and 319 completed the 2-year follow-up. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of VO2peak %predicted was 79.8±13.7. Low VO2peak %predicted was associated with more chronic respiratory symptoms, worse lung function, severe emphysema, and air trapping at baseline. During the 2-year follow-up, a decrease of 13.7% (1-SD) in VO2peak %predicted was associated with a decline in pre-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC (difference=0.4%, 95% CI: 0.1%-0.7%, P= 0.003), and higher total exacerbation risk (relative risk [RR]=1.25, 95% CI: 1.08-1.46, P=0.004) after adjustment. Conclusions: Mild-to-moderate COPD patients with exercise intolerance have worse respiratory health outcomes, for which a low exercise tolerance as a prognostic marker.

Intraspecific variation of thermal tolerance along elevational gradients: the case of a widespread diving beetle (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae).

Species distributed across wide elevational gradients are likely to experience local thermal adaptation and exhibit high thermal plasticity, as these gradients are characterised by steep environmental changes over short geographic distances (i.e., strong selection differentials). The prevalence of adaptive intraspecific variation in thermal tolerance with elevation remains unclear, however, particularly in freshwater taxa. We explored variation in upper and lower thermal limits and acclimation capacity among Iberian populations of adults of the widespread water beetle Agabus bipustulatus (Dytiscidae) across a 2000 m elevational gradient, from lowland to alpine areas. Since mean and extreme temperatures decline with elevation, we predicted that populations at higher elevations will show lower heat tolerance and higher cold tolerance than lowland ones. We also explored whether acclimation capacity is positively related with climatic variability across elevations. We found significant variation in thermal limits between populations of A. bipustulatus, but no evidence of local adaptation to different thermal conditions across the altitudinal gradient, as relationships between thermal limits and elevation or climatic variables were largely nonsignificant. Furthermore, plasticities of both upper and lower thermal limits were consistently low in all populations. These results suggest thermal niche conservatism in this species, likely due to gene flow counteracting the effects of divergent selection, or adaptations in other traits that buffer exposure to climate extremes. The limited adaptive potential and plasticity of thermal tolerance observed in A. bipustulatus suggest that even generalist species, distributed across wide environmental gradients, may have limited resilience to global warming.

Development and Trait-Based Molecular Characterization of Thermosensitive Genic Male-Sterile Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Lines at Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Research

This study aimed to develop and genetically characterize thermosensitive genic male-sterility (TGMS) lines for use in hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding. Male-sterile F2 to F4 generation lines were screened during the high-temperature summer season, and ratoon crops of selected male-sterile rows were harvested for pure seed. Sixty-six F5 TGMS lines were genotyped using DNA markers controlling 16 traits from the LSU80 QA/QC Rice PlexSeq SNP Panel. Ten TGMS lines with desirable traits that included semidwarf, glabrous, non-aromatic, long-grain, narrow brown leaf spot resistance, and blast resistance genes were selected for further genotypic characterization using markers for low chalkiness (chalk5), wide compatibility (S5-n), cold tolerance (qSCT-11 and qCST-12), and anaerobic germination (AG1 and AG2). TGMS lines TIL21051S and TIL21052S possess favorable alleles for each of the genes evaluated in this study and are desirable parents for two-line hybrid breeding in the southeast United States. TIL21044S, TIL21095S, TIL21060S, and TIL21066S each contain three blast resistance genes and have potential as parental lines. TIL21014S-2, TIL21015S, and TIL21016S-1 include the fgr allele for aroma and can also be used as parental lines for aromatic two-line hybrids.

Internalizing symptoms and affective vulnerability among heterosexual and sexual minority young adults.

Sexual minority young adults report higher rates of anxiety and depression, and affective vulnerability factors (i.e. anxiety sensitivity, distress tolerance, emotion dysregulation) may help explain these mental health disparities. The current cross-sectional study examined differences between sexual minority and heterosexual college students (n = 465; Mage = 19.84, SD = 3.51; 76.3% female) in anxiety, depression and affective vulnerability and whether affective vulnerability served as an explanatory mechanism in these associations. Participants completed self-report measures for course credit. Sexual minority young adults reported greater anxiety, depression, anxiety sensitivity, emotion regulation difficulties and lower distress tolerance. There were also significant indirect effects for all three affective vulnerability variables for anxiety symptoms and for emotion regulation difficulties for depression symptoms. Affective vulnerability, particularly emotion regulation difficulties, appears to serve as a mechanism through which sexual minority status is associated with anxiety and depression. Improving emotion regulation skills may help to reduce mental health disparities in this population.

In Situ Fabricated Perovskite Quantum Dots: From Materials to Applications

AbstractDue to the low formation enthalpy and high defect tolerance, in situ fabricated perovskite quantum dots offer advantages such as easy fabrication and superior optical properties. This paper reviews the methodologies, functional materials of in situ fabricated perovskite quantum dots, including polymer nanocomposites, quantum dots doped glasses, mesoporous nanocomposites, quantum dots‐embedded single crystals, and electroluminescent films. This study further highlights the industrial breakthroughs of in situ fabricated perovskite quantum dots, especially the scale‐up fabrication and stability enhancement. Finally, the fundamental challenges in developing perovskite quantum dots for industrial applications are discussed, with a focus on photoinduced degradation under high‐intensity light irradiation, ion migration under electrical bias and thermal quenching at high temperature.

Evaluation of Five Asian Lily Cultivars in Chongqing Province China and Effects of Exogenous Substances on the Heat Resistance

Lily is one of the world’s important ornamental flowers. Potted Asiatic lily is a further selected dwarf cultivar suitable for indoor or garden planting. However, there is a lack of relevant research on the cultivation adaptability of potted Asiatic lilies cultivars in the Chongqing region which in the southwest of China. This study selected five potted Asiatic lily cultivars, and the phenological period, stem and leaf characteristics, and flowering traits were assessed through statistical observation. The Asiatic lily ‘Tiny Ghost’ and ‘Tiny Double You’ are well-suited for both spring and autumn planting in Chongqing, while ‘Sugar Love’ and ‘Curitiba’ are best planted in the spring. The ‘Tiny Diamond’ is more appropriate for autumn planting due to its low tolerance to high temperature. The application of exogenous substances, including calcium chloride (CaCl2), potassium fulvic acid (PFA) and melatonin (MT), can mitigate the detrimental effects of high-temperature stress on ‘Tiny Diamond’ by regulating photosynthesis, antioxidant systems, and osmotic substance content. A comprehensive evaluation using the membership function showed that the effect of exogenous CaCl2 treatment is the best, followed by exogenous PFA treatment. CaCl2 acts as a positive regulator of heat stress tolerance in Asian lilies, with potential applications in Asian lily cultivation. This study provides reference for cultivation and application of Asian lily varieties in Chongqing region, and also laid the foundation for further research on the mechanism of exogenous substances alleviating heat stress in lilies.

Organic Nonvolatile 2T Memory Cell Employing a NOT-Gate-Like Architecture Toward Binary Output Level With Enhanced Noise Tolerance.

Organic nonvolatile memory has been considered a low-cost memory technology for flexible electronics and Internet-of-things (IoT). However, a major concern is the nonuniformity of memory units, which is primarily caused by random grain boundaries, interface defects, and charge traps, making it difficult to develop high-density reliable memory arrays. This nonuniformity problem would induce read error, which is directly caused by the narrow distribution margin of memory states and low noise tolerance in conventional organic memory cells. To break this limitation, a novel 2T memory cell employing a NOT-gate-like architecture achieving self-enhancing noise tolerance is presented. This unique cell consists of a pair of commonly-gated memory transistors with contradictory "write-and-erase" features. It functions as a voltage divider, producing a well-distinguished binary voltage output capability. The concept and design model of this brand-new 2T memory cell is thoroughly discussed. It is originally characterized by noise-tolerant memory cells irrespective of device nonuniformity. The noise tolerance range of this 2T memory cell is also investigated. The binary voltage-readable memory state with a large noise tolerance range is obtained. Moreover, the conceptual design of the 1T2T FeRAM cell is further developed for low-cost voltage-readable memory technology in wearable electronic applications.

Identification of Potential Inhibitors of Histone Deacetylase 6 Through Virtual Screening and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Approach: Implications in Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) plays a crucial role in neurological, inflammatory, and other diseases; thus, it has emerged as an important target for therapeutic intervention. To date, there are no FDA-approved HDAC6-targeting drugs, and most pipeline candidates suffer from poor target engagement, inadequate brain penetration, and low tolerability. There are a few HDAC6 clinical candidates for the treatment of mostly non-CNS cancers as their pharmacokinetic liabilities exclude them from targeting HDAC6-implicated neurological diseases, urging development to address these challenges. They also demonstrate off-target toxicity due to limited selectivity, leading to adverse effects in patients. Selective inhibitors have thus been the focus of development over the past decade, though no selective and potent HDAC6 inhibitor has yet been approved. This study involved an integrated virtual screening against HDAC6 using the DrugBank database to identify repurposed drugs capable of inhibiting HDAC6 activity. The primary assessment involved the determination of the ability of molecules to bind with HDAC6. Subsequently, interaction analyses and 500 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations followed by essential dynamics were carried out to study the conformational flexibility and stability of HDAC6 in the presence of the screened molecules, i.e., penfluridol and pimozide. The virtual screening results pinpointed penfluridol and pimozide as potential repurposed drugs against HDAC6 based on their binding efficiency and appropriate drug profiles. The docking results indicate that penfluridol and pimozide share the same binding site as the reference inhibitor with HDAC6. The MD simulation results showed that stable protein-ligand complexes of penfluridol and pimozide with HDAC6 were formed. Additionally, MMPBSA analysis revealed favorable binding free energies for all HDAC6-ligand complexes, confirming the stability of their interactions. The study implies that both penfluridol and pimozide have strong and favorable binding with HDAC6, which supports the idea of repositioning these drugs for the management of neurodegenerative disorders. However, further in-depth studies are needed to explore their efficacy and safety in biological systems.

Using Brain Waves and Computer Interface Technology as a Communication System

ABSTRACT Introduction The existing methods for individual emergency alert systems often rely on physical or voice-based human intervention, which may not be practical or safe in certain emergency situations or for people with certain rare medical conditions or disabilities. Popular voice command programs such as Siri and Alexa can be loud, drawing unwanted attention. Additionally, existing devices are limited to indoor usage, lack portability, involve multiple wires, have low noise tolerance, and offer limited customization options. This study introduces a novel method for emergency alert using brain waves. Method An electroencephalography (EEG) headset device was used to capture the user’s brain waves. After calibration, the device identifies peak brain signals and stores them for future use. When a command is triggered, the device’s Bluetooth functionality communicates with a dedicated application installed on any digital device. The user can use their thoughts to select a predefined command within the application, which is then transmitted to any local WiFi network or internet connection. Results Overall, this pilot study achieved a success rate of 96–98% for receiving the brain-computer interface (BCI) commands and sending the appropriate SMS text messages. Conclusion By leveraging these technologies, disabled individuals may access and use new technologies, starting with the ability to text message using their mind.

Near-maximally swimming schoolmaster snapper (Lutjanus apodus) have a greater metabolic capacity, and slightly lower thermal tolerance, than when tested at rest.

To assess the relationship among various measures of thermal tolerance and performance suggested for use in fish, we determined the critical thermal maximum (CTmax), critical swimming speed (Ucrit), maximum thermal tolerance while swimming [CTSmax] and realistic aerobic scope (ASR) of juvenile schoolmaster snapper (Lutjanus apodus). Their CTSmax (37.5±0.1°C) was only slightly lower than their CTmax (38.9±0.1°C) and this is probably because their maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and ASR during the former test were ∼42 and 65% higher, respectively. Furthermore, we did not observe a transition to unsteady (i.e. anaerobically fueled) swimming in the CTSmax test as we did in the Ucrit protocol. These data strongly suggest that thermal tolerance tests on fishes whose lifestyle involves schooling or sustained activity should be performed at ecologically relevant swimming speeds. Our results do not support the hypothesis that failure during a CTSmax test is due to a fish's inability to meet its tissue oxygen demands.

Chest pain and coronary artery disease in cardiac amyloidosis: Prevalence, mechanisms, and clinical implications.

Amyloidosis is a systemic disease affecting multiple organs, and often presents with cardiac involvement, with two primary underlying pathologies: amyloid light chain- and transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis. Chest pain can occur in both types with variable clinical presentations. This narrative review describes the relationship between CA and chest pain. A PubMed search (June 03. 2024) identified 393 articles related to chest pain in CA. Twenty-eight studies, in English and with full text, were selected. Articles included were case reports, reviews, perfusion- and autopsy studies. In CA patients 10-20% report chest pain as the initial symptom preceding the diagnosis, and the overall prevalence of chest pain is 38% of patients with CA and it is related to an increased risk of heart failure hospitalization. The mechanisms leading to chest pain in CA patients include increased left ventricular diastolic pressure, infiltration of amyloid fibrils inside and around coronary arteries, and amyloid compression of the microvasculature. The mechanisms commonly lead to elevations of plasma troponin levels, which are higher in amyloid patients with chest pain compared to amyloid patients without chest pain. Symptomatic treatment of chest pain can be challenging due to the low tolerability of medical therapy and poor outcomes of coronary interventions in alleviating the pain and with a higher rate of complications. Our review underscores the importance of recognizing chest pain as a CA symptom, particularly in the elderly. Persistent troponin elevation without coronary artery disease could indicate CA. Screening-based and longitudinal studies are crucial for understanding the relationship between chest pain and CA. Acknowledging the significance of chest pain in CA may facilitate early intervention and improve patient outcomes.

Nuclear abnormalities and DNA damage indicate different genotoxic stress responses of marsh frogs (Pelophylax ridibundus, Pallas 1771) to industrial and agricultural water pollution in South Bulgaria.

Amphibians are continuously exposed to pollutants and anthropogenic stressors in their natural habitats, representing a significant challenge to their survival. This study aimed to quantify the extent of DNA damage caused by chronic industrial and agrochemical surface water pollution in wild populations of the marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus). The observed genotoxic effects on the marsh frog DNA, manifesting as abnormalities in erythrocyte nuclei, micronuclei, and DNA strand breaks, demonstrate a clear cause-and-effect relationship with surface water parameters, heavy metals, metalloids, and pesticides. The most prevalent nuclear abnormalities observed were notched and blebbed nuclei and nuclear buds, indicative of chromosomal instability. The significant correlation between cadmium, lead, and copper contamination and the increased frequency of DNA breakage in the marsh frogs from the industrial site indicates that heavy metal contamination has a higher genotoxic potential than pesticide contamination. These findings underscore the vulnerability of amphibians inhabiting heavy metal-contaminated wetlands to genotoxic stress due to their lower tolerance to environmental genotoxins. Therefore, using in situ assays to detect erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities and DNA damage in P. ridibundus could serve as a reliable indicator of environmental quality and provide early detection of anthropogenic pollution.

Unveiling Biodiesel Production: Exploring Reaction Protocols, Catalysts, and Influential Factors

AbstractAn environmentally responsible and sustainable replacement for finite fossil fuels is biodiesel. Because of its amazing qualities, biodiesel is becoming more and more popular as a renewable fuel around the globe. The many approaches, feedstocks, catalysts, comparison standards, reaction kinetics, final product analysis, and final product characterization of biodiesel are covered in this review article. Researchers have used a variety of techniques to produce biodiesel throughout history, with transesterification emerging as the most effective approach in more recent times. Numerous studies on biodiesel feedstock and catalysts to produce high biodiesel yields have been published; nevertheless, it should be highlighted that the type of feedstock must be considered while choosing a catalyst. The review paper highlights the significance of several parameters that are crucial to the manufacture of biodiesel, without which achieving a high yield would be challenging. The literature has also discussed the limitations and advantages of different catalysts, and scientists are currently working to identify the ideal catalyst within certain optimal parameters for the manufacture of biodiesel. Homogeneous reaction‐based biodiesel synthesis has a number of drawbacks, though, such as water content, a laborious purification procedure, and a low tolerance for free fatty acids. To address these issues, scientists have started investigating heterogeneous reactions involving solid catalysts. A large pore network, a moderate‐to‐high density of strong acid sites, a hydrophobic surface, and the ability to control surface hydrophobicity to avoid deactivation are all desirable characteristics of an ideal solid catalyst. Ion exchange resins, sulfated oxides, heterogeneous base catalysts, boron group‐based heterogeneous catalysts, alkaline earth metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, alkali metal oxides, heterogeneous catalysts derived from waste materials, and different approaches to biodiesel synthesis that employ enzymes, carbon‐based heterogeneous catalysts, and ionic liquids as catalysts are among the categories of catalysts that can be used in the production of biodiesel. The finest benchmarks to compare the quality of biodiesel with European and American Society for Testing Material standards. For detailed characterization of the finished product, gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance are the most effective methods.

Construction Method of a Digital-Twin Simulation System for SCARA Robots Based on Modular Communication.

Due to the high cost of robots, the algorithm testing cost for physical robots is high, and the construction of motion control programs is complex, with low operation fault tolerance. To address this issue, this paper proposes a low-cost, cross-platform SCARA robot digital-twin simulation system based on the concept of digital twins. This method establishes a 5D architecture based on the characteristics of different platforms, classifies data and integrates functions, and designs a data-processing layer for motion trajectory calculation and data storage for a virtual-reality robot. To address the complexity of data interaction under different cross-platform communication forms, an editable, modular, cross-platform communication system is constructed, and various control commands are encapsulated into simple programming statements for easy invocation. Experimental results showed that, based on modular communication control, users can accurately control data communication and synchronous motion between virtual and physical models using simple command statements, reducing the development cost of control algorithms. Meanwhile, the virtual-robot simulation system, as a data mapping of the real experimental platform, accurately simulated the physical robot's operating state and spatial environment. The robot algorithms tested using the virtual simulation system can be successfully applied to real robot platforms, accurately reproducing the operating results of the virtual system.

Versatility of the Pedicled Buccal Fat Flap.

The pedicled buccal fat flap (PBFF) is a versatile and robust regional flap used for a variety of maxillofacial reconstructions. However, recent literature has questioned the popularity of this flap. The goal of this single-instruction, retrospective study is to review the outcomes and complications of the PBFF. Our study included 27 patients and 28 PBFFs with 13 males, 14 females, and an average age of 68. The most common primary pathologies included squamous cell carcinoma and a fistula (oroantral or oronasal). Persistent postoperative complications were experienced in 31.3% of the cohort. The most common subsite was the retromolar trigone, and the higher complication rates per subsite were noted in the hard and soft palate groups (66.7% each). Higher total complication rates were seen in cases of SCC and fistula (33.3% each). Our study demonstrates the low morbidity and high tolerance of the procedure despite a patient having older age, significant comorbidities (67.9%), smoking history (60.7%), preoperative radiation (17.9%), and postoperative radiation (28.6%). The authors conclude the PBFF remains a durable and reliable reconstructive option in a variety of patient cases.

Association Between Asian Flush and Satisfaction of Sleep via Alcohol Consumption Status in a Sample of Japanese Participants.

The reddening of the face and neck following alcohol consumption is known as Asian flush. Although genetic factors related to Asian flush have been reported to be inversely associated with duration of sleep, no study has reported an association between Asian flush and sleep satisfaction. A cross-sectional study of 3823 Japanese people, aged 20 to 64 years was conducted. The target population comprised general public resident monitors of Osaka Prefecture who were registered with an internet research company. A significant inverse association was observed between Asian flush and satisfaction of sleep. The potential confounder-adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of satisfied sleep was 0.81 (0.69-0.96). The alcohol consumption status-specific analysis revealed essentially the same associations between consumers and non-consumers of alcohol. The adjusted ORs (95% CIs) were 0.81 (0.65-0.997) for non-consumers and 0.80 (0.61-1.05) for consumers of alcohol. The genetic characteristics of physical reactions to alcohol exposure may influence sleep quality. One's alcohol consumption status may not influence the effects of having a lower tolerance to alcohol on sleep quality.

Coastal Real Estate Vibes: An Analysis of the Association Between Coastal Residential Ownership and the Resident Occupant’s Risk Tolerance

This study examines the association between the location, relative to the coast, of an individual’s primary residence and the homeowners’ risk tolerance. Utilizing data from the 2021 National Financial Capability Study and employing a probit model, we analyzed how varying risk tolerance levels affect the likelihood of owning a home in a coastal ZIP code. The respondent’s risk tolerance was classified as high, medium, or low according to their self-reported willingness to take financial risks. Our results suggest that individuals with lower risk tolerances are less likely to own a home within a coastal ZIP code. Specifically, homeowners with medium-risk tolerance are 2.91% less likely, and those with low-risk tolerance are 3.17% less likely to own a primary residence in a coastal ZIP code when compared to those with high-risk tolerance. These results are statistically and economically similar when using a logit model. These findings are both statistically significant and align with economic theory. The analysis also included various demographic and socioeconomic factors, finding that age, income, and certain employment statuses influence coastal homeownership. This research contributes to the understanding of home ownership location choices and risk tolerance. Our results provide policymakers with insights into the risk characteristics of individuals who prefer coastal areas as their primary residences. This information can inform future policy decisions by highlighting the societal and economic implications of regulations related to residential coastal development.

Youth’s tolerance of corruption: exploring the influence of sensitivity to monetary inequity and sociodemographic factors

This study explores the relationship between tolerance of corruption, in-group/out-group sensitivity to differences in random monetary distributions, and sociodemographic variables in young students in Colombia. The results offer evidence of a relationship between aversion to monetary inequity and a reduced tolerance for corrupt acts among young people. The design included two experiments: a corruption task (CT) and a sensitivity to difference in monetary rewards (MR) task. MR had two conditions, one implying social bias as a variable. Participation involved a sample of 220 students, ranging in age from fifteen to twenty-three, representing both public and private universities in Colombia. Participants with preferences for fair distributions had a lower tolerance of corruption. In this study, cognitive and sociodemographic factors influencing corruption tolerance among Colombian youth are identified. Likewise, the methodology used to investigate corruption tolerance is outlined and the mediating role of sensitivity to monetary differences in said acceptance is examined.

Identification of salt tolerance of different Chinese kale cultivars under NaCl stress at seedling stage

In order to understand the salt tolerance of different Chinese kale varieties at seedling stage and screen out the varieties with strong salt tolerance at seedling stage, the seeds of 26 Chinese kale varieties were used as materials. The growth indexes, physiological indexes, seedling rate and salt damage index of different Chinese kale varieties were compared and cluster analyzed by means of tissue culture. The results showed that: (1) under 160 mmol∙L−1 NaCl stress, the different Chinese kale varieties at growth indexes, physiological indexes, seedling rate and salt damage index were significantly different, the relative seedling rate of R4, R14 and R32 reached 100.00%, and the salt damage index was the lowest, which was 20.00%; The correlation analysis showed that the relative seedling rate, the relative content of soluble protein, the relative content of soluble sugar and the relative value of Leaf SPAD were all negatively correlated with the salt damage index, and the relative conductivity and the relative content of malondialdehyde were all positively correlated with the salt damage index. (2) The average value of 14 salt tolerance indexes was used to cluster analyze the salt tolerance of 26 Chinese kale varieties. The tested materials were divided into four categories: high salt tolerance, moderate salt tolerance, low salt tolerance and salt sensitivity. R14, R25, R30 and R32 were highly salt tolerant varieties and R24 was salt sensitive varieties, which laid a foundation for further breeding and genetic research of salt tolerant varieties.