Low Level Of Investment Research Articles

STATE POLICY PRIORITIES FOR STIMULATING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOUSING STOCK OF UKRAINE: THE ASPECT OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY

The article substantiates the need to implement the state policy of stimulating the development of the housing stock of Ukraine. Until now, Ukraine has implemented a significant number of measures to create, and then improve, regulatory and legal support for investment activities in the housing market. Obstacles and problems in the field of housing construction that prevent the formation and realization of its investment potential and provision are emphasized. To date, while implementing its state policy of stimulating the development of the housing stock, Ukraine has not been able to create a favorable and sufficiently competitive investment environment. The biggest problem today is the lack of control over the implementation of investment legislation, which would be applied to protect the rights and legitimate interests of Ukrainian enterprises, including in the housing construction sector. One of the most significant problems that emerges from year to year is the low level of investments in the residential construction sector of Ukraine. The priorities of the state policy of stimulating the development of the housing stock of Ukraine, taking into account the aspects of investment activity, include creating a favorable investment environment, increasing the volume of capital investments, improving the structure of investments, ensuring a high level of protection of the interests and rights of investors, increasing the efficiency of the use of investments and the investment process, developing cooperation in the field of investment – innovative activity. In the context of state policy priorities, actual means of achieving them are defined. We consider the main problem of the state policy of stimulating the development of the housing stock to be the impossibility of state authorities to coordinate the theoretical and practical parts of the implementation of all necessary actions and measures. Therefore, in addition to state regulatory bodies, the main implementers of this state policy should include the legislative branch of government and local authorities.

Capital flows to low-income sub-Saharan Africa: an exploratory review

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to examine macroeconomic and institutional factors that influence capital flows to low-income sub-Saharan African (SSAn) countries. It analyzes capital flows in a disaggregated manner: foreign divert investment, portfolio equity and portfolio debt. There is a gap in the empirical literature in examining the factors that are important for various types of capital flows to low-income SSAn countries. Low-income SSAn countries attract very low levels of foreign investment compared to other developing economies in the SSAn region and other developing economies and this paper attempts to make a contribution in this area.Design/methodology/approachThis paper examines data on capital flows and that of various push and pull factors. Trends and dynamics of capital inflows and their macroeconomic and institutional drivers are analyzed for low-income sub-Saharan African countries. Such an analysis has not been fully explored for low-income SSAn countries.FindingsCapital inflows to low-income sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have increased sevenfold since the 1990s, dominated by foreign direct investment (FDI). They overtook official development assistance and aid in the 2010s. Mozambique and Ethiopia attract the largest size of FDI compared to other low-income SSAn economies, with natural resources as key factors in the former. The largest share of FDI to low-income SSAn countries comes from other SSAn countries, mostly South Africa and Mauritius. Among macroeconomic push factors, capital inflows are more closely related to commodity prices, while the volatility index and global liquidity are also important. Among macroeconomic pull factors, trade openness and economic growth appear more closely related to capital inflows. The surge in capital inflows in the 2000s also followed the implementation of several regional trade and investment agreements in the region. The improvement in internal conflict in the 1990s and mid-2000s seems to have helped support the increase in capital inflows during that period. This institutional quality variable appears to more closely track capital inflows compared to other institutional quality indicators. There were also improvements in the investment profile, law and order, and government stability in the 1990s to early 2000s when capital inflows picked up.Research limitations/implicationsThis study focuses on low-income SSAn countries, which are less studied in the empirical literature and that face immense developmental needs that require foreign and domestic capital.Practical implicationsFindings of this paper can shed light to policy makers on the factors that are most important to help the region attract capital inflows and areas where further improvement is needed in the macroeconomic and institutional environment.Originality/valueThere is a gap in the empirical literature in examining the factors that are important for attracting capital flows to low-income SSAn countries. To our knowledge, this study may be the first to explore dynamics of capital flows against institional quality for low-income SSAn countries at a disaggregated level.

Consumer expenditures and problems of savings of economic subjects in the conditions of economic shocks – behavioral aspects

The purpose of the article is to reveal the main reasons for the low level of savings, investments and excessive consumer lending and opportunities for improving financial well-being at the micro level and forming sources for future development. The article reveals the main problems of citizens’ savings and consumption that occurred before the crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic. And which only intensified during it. Some macroeconomic indicators reflecting the state of citizens’ savings and dependence on income were analyzed. Despite the stable growth of the population’s income, the savings rate remains at a low level. On the other hand, the demand for loan funds is ahead of such growth. In this way, the thesis about the negative relationship between wage growth and the rate of savings, put forward by some scientists earlier, was proved. Regardless of the presence of economic factors affecting the level of consumption and savings, the psychological reasons for the low tendency of citizens to save were also analyzed. Among these reasons are the deficit thinking effect, the default effect, confirmation bias, and loss aversion bias. It was also analyzed based on the facts, how much the psychological prejudices of Ukrainians influenced financial behavior. In particular, the fallacy of prejudices regarding the impracticality of investing in deposits of Ukrainian banks, as well as the idea that the Ukrainian banking system underwent catastrophic transformations in the first years after the banking reform, was considered.The research methods are descriptive, analytical, methods of synthesis and comparison. As a result of the analysis, the article proposes a comprehensive approach to men’s behaviour toward savings during the pandemic according to behavioural economics.Consideration of the economic and psychological aspects of the situation with savings led to the provision of conclusions and proposals. The main task for improving the effectiveness of managing one’s own expenses today is to understand the reasons for irrational behavior of people in new circumstances from the point of view of behavioral economics and the application of the theory of “pushing” for the formation of positive socio-economic changes. It is suggested to use this paper for further and deeper practical research of certain aspects of changing people’s behaviour for better investment solutions and financial wellbeing.
 JEL classіfіcatіon: D14, D91, E21

DCFTA for supporting small and medium enterprises in Georgia

In modern conditions, the process of forming small and medium enterprises in Georgia has a complex, resistant nature, due to many reasons: market imperfection, low level of investment and credit attractiveness, pressure from monopolist enterprises, lack of private savings in the population, low professionalism. As a result, small and medium enterprises in Georgia come in only a quarter of gross domestic product. Small and medium business plays a decisive role. Particularly important is the role of small business in the economy as a condition of competition and the development of large business. It increases the value of chain increases in mobile operators of large corporations and is an effective institution in the demand-supply chain for large companies, introduction of new technologies and innovations. In order to use DCFTA capabilities, small and medium enterprises in Georgia are required to enter the global markets not only to improve the small and medium-sized methods but also to improve their management. The main goal of the enterprise is to become a member of the Global Value Network. The enterprises operating in Georgia have great potential for development. However, it is important to prepare them for high standards and effective competition. In the solution of this task, enterprises need support for effective logistics, which involves the necessary infrastructure and institutional environment as well as essential business services. The legislative environment of Georgia must come into conformity with EU's competitive policy.

A governance perspective on East Central Europe’s population predicament: Young exit, grey voice and lopsided loyalty

Much of East Central Europe today faces the double challenge of having a population that is both ageing fast and shrinking steadily. Elderly-oriented political dynamics and myopic governance are part of this predicament, and are also among the reasons why future prospects are not rosy. Having started the post-communist transition with younger populations, successive governments in this region have comprehensively squandered a decades-long window of opportunity to adapt their policies to the predicted ageing ahead (Vanhuysse and Perek-Bialas, 2021). Especially in Hungary, Poland, Czechia, the Slovak Republic, Romania and Bulgaria, this failure is reflected in low active ageing and child well-being index rankings, low levels of social investment and mediocre educational outcomes, and family policies that reinforce traditional motherhood roles or barely support parents at all. Poland, Romania, Croatia, Hungary and, especially, the Baltic states also experienced large-scale emigration (‘young exit’). Slovenia and the Visegrad Four, but not the Baltics, became premature pensioners‘ democracies characterised by unusually high levels of pro-elderly policy bias (‘lopsided loyalty’). While the salience of family policies increased around the time the demographic window closed, this shift was driven by pro-natalist, neo-familialist and gender-regressive political ideologies, rather than by a concerted effort to boost human capabilities or reward social reproduction. But by then, elderly voter power (‘grey voice’) in East Central Europe was among the highest in the world. Politics strongly constrains the likelihood of appropriate human capital-boosting policy responses to the region’s population predicament. Alarm bells thus ring for a generational contract under pressure and for longer-term societal resilience.

Directors' and officers' liability insurance and corporate environmental investment: empirical evidence from the most polluting Chinese listed firms

PurposeThis study empirically investigates the impact of directors' and officers' liability insurance on corporate environmental investment.Design/methodology/approachThis paper takes A-share listed firms in the most polluting industries from 2013 to 2019 as the research sample. The authors perform multiple regression analysis to examine the research question, and other approaches such as PSM and Heckman two-stage model are applied to test the robustness of the main results.FindingsThe authors find that D&O insurance insured firms significantly decrease the level of corporate environmental investment. The results keep consistent after alleviating potential endogenous concerns. Further analysis shows that the negative association between D&O insurance and environmental investment is more pronounced in firms facing greater environmental pressure and stronger market supervision, and firms located in regions with a rich legal environment.Research limitations/implicationsThis research extends the literature on the antecedents of corporate environmental investment and the consequences of D&O insurance.Practical implicationsThe study may deepen people's understanding of D&O insurance and inform them of its negative effects. This research sheds light on the potential factor resulting in a relatively low level of corporate environmental investment in China, which has an important policy implication for government to carry out some regulations to make a difference.Originality/valueAgainst the backdrop that more importance has been attached to environmental protection globally, this paper is the first study to examine the impact of D&O insurance on corporate environmental investment in the context of the transitional and emerging market-China.

THE IMPACT OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM FOR REGISTRATION AND OPERATION OF COMPANIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

The legal system in Bosnia and Herzegovina is very complex, and as such has a negative impact on the development of entrepreneurship..Registration of companies in developed countries takes one day, in Bosnia and Herzegovina it takes up to a month. This is not the only problem, various paraphysical levies make business more difficult, the high rate of contribution to salaries are the reasons why we have a slow process of development of companies. This process is directly related to direct foreign investments, which in comparison to Bosnia and Herzegovina, e.g. with Serbia it is up to ten times less. This work will be based on the research of the theoretical part, which is the procedure for registering the company in question, both for domestic and foreign citizens, as well as the required time period for registration. Also, in addition to the theoretical part, the paper will also have a research part, based on the available data, and what are the parameters that influence the development of entrepreneurship in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The development of entrepreneurship is largely influenced by domestic and foreign investors, as well as the created climate and work environment. These are the variables that will be taken into account when analyzing the impact of certain parameters on the development of entrepreneurship. An unavoidable variable in the analysis is the legal procedure for registering and operating companies. This segment is unavoidable and plays a big role for both domestic and foreign investors. The analysis will show to what extent they influence the development of entrepreneurship. As recommendations from this work, clear guidelines for improving the development of entrepreneurship in Bosnia and Herzegovina will emerge, through clearly set priorities. Regression analysis offered different coefficients of influence of certain variables, which ultimately sets priorities in the realization of certain business barriers. Therefore, the dependent variable is the development of business companies in BiH (RPD), while the independent variables are the complex administration system (SSA), high paraphysical levies (VPN), low level of state investment in entrepreneurship (NSU) and insufficient level of foreign investment (NSI). The aim of this paper is to investigate and determine in a scientifically based way how complex legislation has an impact on the development of entrepreneurship in Bosnia and Herzegovina, taking into account other business barriers, depending on the available secondary data. Therefore, the hypothesis put forward in this paper is that the complex system of registration of companies has a negative impact on the development of entrepreneurship in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The analysis was done using a multiple regression model, the system of complex administration was not the only factor, there were three more, namely a high level of paraphysical levies, state investment in the development of entrepreneurship and a low level of foreign investment. According to the results of the analysis, two variables showed an extremely high degree of influence on the development of business companies in BiH, namely a complex system of administration and a high degree of paraphysical levies. These two variables showed an extremely high degree of influence on the development of entrepreneurship, which means that their improvement in the form of simplification of the administration system and reduction of paraphysical levies greatly influence the improvement of the development of entrepreneurship.

The Influence of Stakeholders on the Environmental Investment of Companies in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation

Introduction. The need to transition towards sustainable development of companies in the Arctic regions of Russia and their low level of investment in environmental protection make it relevant to study the factors determining the volume of environmental investment. The purpose of the study has been to analyze the impact of certain groups of financial stakeholders on the level of environmental investments of the company. Materials and Methods. The methodology of the work is based on the theory of stakeholders. The indicators of investment activity of companies in the north-western Arctic regions of Russia were considered, methods of descriptive statistics were used, hierarchical cluster and discriminant analyses were carried out. Results. The results of the study showed that the companies of the studied territory are characterized by a low volume of environmental investments, but it is higher than the national average. The direction and strength of the influence of individual stakeholders on investing in environmental protection is differentiated by environmental areas. At the same time, all the identified groups of stakeholders have a positive, albeit different, impact on the level of investment in environmental protection in all areas in the aggregate. To the greatest extent, the current volume of environmental investments is because of the interests of corporate creditors and federal authorities, to the least – owners, especially foreign ones. Discussion and Conclusion. Considering the results obtained, recommendations are given to increase the current level of environmental investment activity of companies. The theoretical significance of the work is determined by clarifying the theory of stakeholders and the concept of green finance. The practical significance lies in obtaining possibility to develop targeted measures to support interested investors and increase the orientation of other persons to environmental protection.

Does information communication promote financial development? Empirical evidence from China

Sound information communication is an important guarantee of financial development. In this study, the impact of information communication on financial development is analyzed using panel data on Chinese cities. The instrumental variable method is adopted to deal with endogeneity between information communication and financial development, and a quasi-natural experiment is conducted to further alleviate endogeneity. Finally, we consider the heterogeneity of the impact of information communicated on financial development. The results show that information communication facilities, information communication levels, and information communication penetration rates can promote urban financial development. Financial development improves significantly in the pilot cities under the implementation of “Broadband China” strategy. And the impact of information communicated on financial development is more obvious in cities in the Northeast Economic Circle, the Pan-Pearl River Delta Economic Circle, the Southwest Economic Circle in China, and cities with a low level of foreign investment.

ВЕКТОРИ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ЦИРКУЛЯРНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ В УКРАЇНІ

The purpose of the article is to generalize the theoretical aspects of the circular economy through the definition of its dominant basis as the integration of sustainable development and business development under the conditions that determine the internal and external environment of the transformation of the economy in the context of creating innovative cooperation.
 Results: today, Ukraine faces serious obstacles on the way to the transition to a circular economy, which is necessary in order to reduce the harmful impact on the environment and preserve the reserves of natural resources. The circular economy is emerging as a novel approach to boost sustainable economic development and cope with environmental challenges and has recently attracted increasing consideration in discussions on industrial development Among the reasons for the slowdown in the innovative development of the country, such as the predominance of raw materials in exports, a low level of investment, outdated technologies, corruption, etc. Ways of implementing the circular economy model can be such measures as focusing on the sphere of services, encouraging capital investments, spreading the culture of circularity, training specialists, developing markets for secondary raw materials, adopting and implementing a circular economy indicator system, etc.
 The scientific novelty consists in determining the features, effectiveness of using the principles of the circular economy and its adaptation for further application in Ukraine, which will ensure the development of innovative cooperation.
 The practical value lies in the identification of opportunities and obstacles on the way to the implementation of the principles of the circular economy in Ukraine and the development of recommendations for state environmental and economic policy to promote its development.

Family Exit and Firms' Investment Efficiency Based on Dynamic Changes: Evidence from Chinese Family Firms.

This study provides evidence about the influence of family exit on firms' investment efficiency using a sample of 6,842 firm-year observations of Chinese family (and family-exiting) firms from 2003 to 2019. Based on panel data, we find that family exit has negative effects on firms' investment efficiency. Further analysis also indicates that family exit can decrease firms' investment efficiency under low investment levels and increase their investment efficiency under high investment levels. We test the market reaction when family members are punished by the SEC and find that the market's reaction is significantly negative, which implies that the capital market cares about family managers and controllers.

On the Character and Causes of Inequality in Latin America

On the Character and Causes of Inequality in Latin America

Penerapan Algoritma Iterative Dichotomiser 3 (ID3) Dalam Penentuan Penerima Program Bantuan Dana UMKM Kabupaten Labuhanbatu

Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) play an important role in economic development because of the relatively high level of labor absorption and small capital requirements for investment. The low level of investment and the low growth of new businesses in Indonesia need serious attention in the future in order to develop Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) towards highly competitive businesses. Seeing this, researchers are interested in conducting research by applying the Interative Dichotomiser 3 (ID3) Algorithm method to determine the receipt of MSME funding assistance in an application of this algorithm.

Determinants of foreign direct investments inflows into developing countries

FDI in developing countries remains weak. However, FDI can play an important role in the development of these countries which often have a low level of investment. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the factors that affect FDI inflows into developing countries. We used the Driscoll and Kraay model and Factor Analysis for a panel of 53 developing countries from 1996 to 2019 to achieve this aim. The findings reveal that FDI inflows into developing countries are primarily affected by institutional quality. Political stability and regulatory quality are two institutional elements that have a favourable and large effect on FDI inflows into developing countries, but Voice and Accountability have a negative and significant effect. To attract more FDI, developing countries should invest heavily in infrastructure and ensure political stability with an effective legal system, and enact language policies that allow one or two foreign languages to be officially recognised.

Peranan Penggunaan Fiskal Desa terhadap Kemiskinan Pedesaan di Kabupaten Jombang

Poverty is one of the main problems in both developed and developing countries. Various factors that can cause poverty include low investment levels, slow economic growth, uneven infrastructure development, ineffective government spending on poverty alleviation programs. The government has not been effective in allocating the APBN or APBD in the poverty program so that poverty still cannot be overcome. As we know that poverty is one of the conditions discussed by the community, one of which is in Jombang Regency. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of village fiscal on poverty that occurred in Jombang Regency.
 This type of research is explanatory research with secondary data type in the form of panel data consisting of time series data for 2010-2019 and cross-section data of 8 villages in Jombang Regency. Analysis of the data in this study using Multiple Regression. The test results of this study indicate that the APBDes Infrastructure budget has a negative and significant effect on poverty in Jombang Regency. Poverty subsidy APBDes has a negative and significant effect on poverty in Jombang Regency. While the BUMDES economic APBDes has a positive effect on poverty. The influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable has an effect of 99.99% as well as a measure of the success rate of regression in predicting the value of the independent variable on the dependent.
 Keywords: Poverty, APBDes, Panel Data Regression

Evaluating the Impact of Small Farmer’s Inclusion in Agricultural Value Chain for Sustainable Rural Development in Albania

The rural sector is one of the most important and largest sector in Albania, referring to the contribution to economic growth, gross domestic product, level of employment in the country and increasing the welfare of the population living in rural areas. The average small farm sizes, combined with the excessive land fragmentation, the low level of investments, poor infrastructure, and the loss of agricultural land due to the change of use, have been major structural challenges for the agriculture sector in Albania. The farm structures are dominated by smallholders with many small farms (1.2 ha/farm) and few large farms. Farmers and smallholders are critical for food security, as well as for poverty reduction of rural areas. The smallholder farmers facing a number of challenges such as lack of access to reliable and timely data on market prices as well as markets, inability to access appropriate infrastructure such as storage facilities leading to post-harvest losses or low prices as a result of low-quality produce. One way to counter the above challenges is through the agricultural value chain. If a strong market linkage is created, then it can lead to the development of the value chains, and stimulate an increase in the productive base of the smallholders. An effective market linkage increases opportunities for value addition which can benefit the farmers as well as the smallholders.
 This paper is intended to highlight the importance of farmers and smallholders in the value chain as a key to sustainable development for the rural sector.

Investment traps and resilience to shocks: An experimental study of Central Asian collective water governance

AbstractWe theoretically and empirically investigate the investments of water users in a stylized local irrigation system. We model irrigation self‐management as an interdependent interaction of users in an evolutionary game and study the resilience of the irrigation system. The theoretical model implies multiple stable equilibria at different efficiency levels. Users may be trapped in a low level of collective investment or succeed by being locked in a high collective investment level, implying an irrigation system resilient against external shocks. The study seeks to empirically identify such lock‐ins in experimental interactions among Central Asian farmers. Furthermore, we inquire into whether a pre‐play cheap talk opportunity with peer‐monitoring or sanctioning treatments influence the self‐reinforcing dynamic. Our findings revealed several stable states. Among these states, there are both low and high levels of efficiency, which we measure in the size of public good. Communication among users results in higher collective investment levels. However, this does not guarantee the complete elimination of inferior conventions from best‐response play. Penalties crowded out the intrinsic motivation to cooperate as they reduced collective investment in both low‐ and high‐level equilibria. Our findings imply that institutional settings tailored to each community can improve resilience to climate‐driven perturbations in water resources.

The Tourism Industry and Economic Growth Nexus in Lesotho

Tourism-led economic growth hypothesis has been a widely studied topic yet Africa has been slow to generate information in this area. Almost all economies globally utilise tourism to accelerate economic growth because the industry is linked with foreign exchange income, employment opportunities, and increased foreign investment. Therefore, this study focuses on exploring and demonstrating the economic impact of the tourism industry on Lesotho’s economy by specifically focusing on tourism as a source of income, employment, investment, and export. Secondary research approach was utilised by conducting a comprehensive literature review to generate information for this research. The findings of this study revealed that tourism activities positively influenced Lesotho’s economy from 2014 to 2019. The results support the tourism-led economic growth hypothesis by noting a positive contribution to Lesotho’s economy in terms of the gross domestic product, employment and investment. Furthermore, Lesotho’s tourism development impediments were noted to include infrastructure inadequacy, low levels of tourism collaborations and investment, and improper marketing and management of tourism organisations. Keywords: secondary data, tourism industry, economic development, tourism development drawbacks, Lesotho

Implementation of the Gandoriah-Sunur Beach Tourism Destination Development Program as a Pariaman City Tourism Strategic Area (KSPK), West Sumatra Province, Indonesia

The Tourism and Culture Department has made a program to develop the Gandoriah-Sunur Beach tourism destination as a Pariaman City Tourism Strategic Area (KSPK), West Sumatra Province, Indonesia. However, this program has been hampered by a lack of suitable facilities and infrastructure, tourism resources and funds, and a low level of promotion and investment. Therefore, this study aims to identify and analyze the implementation of the Gandoriah-Sunur Beach tourism destination development program as a Pariaman City Tourism Strategic Area (KSPK) in West Sumatra Province. The descriptive qualitative approach using the inductive method was employed, and the data collection was conducted through interviews, observation, and documentation techniques. Furthermore, purposive and snowball sampling approaches were used to identify the informants. Data collection techniques include condensation, presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results show that implementing the Gandoriah-Sunur Beach tourism destination development program as a Pariaman City Tourism Strategic Area (KSPK), West Sumatra Province, is not ideal, as evidenced by the non-linearity of standards with costs and the inefficient allocation of funds.

Effect of mobile health interventions in increasing utilization of Maternal and Child Health care services in developing countries: A scoping review.

Mobile health (mHealth) technology is being used predominantly in low- and middle-income countries. Developing countries with low level of investment in health infrastructure can augment existing capacity by adopting low-cost affordable technology. The aim of the review was to summarize the available evidence on mHealth interventions that aimed at increasing the utilization of Maternal and Child Health (MCH) care services. Further, this review investigated the barriers which prevent the use of mHealth among both health care workers as well as beneficiaries. A scoping review of literature was undertaken using the five-stage framework developed by Arksey and O'Malley. The articles published between 1990 and 2021 were retrieved from three databases (PubMed, Cochrane Reviews, and Google Scholar) and grey literature for this review. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist was followed to present the findings. A total of 573 studies were identified. After removing duplicates, studies not related to mHealth and MCH and publications of systematic reviews and protocols for studies, a total of 28 studies were selected for review. The study design of the research articles which appeared during the search process were mostly observational, cross-sectional, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We have classified the studies into four categories based on the outcomes for which the mHealth intervention was implemented: MCH care services, child immunization, nutrition services, and perceptions of stakeholders toward using technology for improving MCH outcomes. This brief review concludes that mHealth interventions can improve access to MCH services. However, further studies based on large sample size and strong research design are recommended.