Low Hydration Heat Research Articles

Early hydration and mechanical performance of composited cementitious system prepared from high temperature calcined molybdenum tailings

To improve the recycling of solid waste and achieve the secondary utilization of waste resources, this study investigates the preparation of molybdenum tailings composited binders by high temperature calcination using molybdenum tailings, limestone, bauxite, and iron concentrate powder. Besides, to explore the mechanical properties of the new molybdenum tailings composited binders, a molybdenum tailings composited mortar was prepared. The mechanical properties, micro performance and hydration mechanism of the new molybdenum tailings composited binders were studied. Finally, the carbon dioxide emission of green molybdenum tailings composited binders/molybdenum tailings composited mortar was evaluated by the life cycle assessment method. The results show that the compressive strength of molybdenum tailings composited binders gradually increases with the increase of calcination temperature. When the calcination temperature is 1350 °C, the compressive strength and flexural strength at 28 days are 44.17 MPa and 7.56 MPa, respectively, which are 3.65 % and 4.63 % higher than control group made by P·O 42.5 cement. The early strength of molybdenum tailings composited binders increases slowly, and the later strength increases rapidly. In addition, there is more C2S in the matrix, resulting in a slow hydration heat rate and low cumulative hydration heat. Compared with other groups, the hydration kinetic parameters and hydration rate of molybdenum tailings composited binders under 1350 °C were the lowest. The main hydration prodcuts of molybdenum tailings composited binders are C-S-H, calcium hydroxide, and Aft gels. Compared with P·O 42.5 cement paste and mortar, the carbon dioxide emission of molybdenum tailings composited binders/molybdenum tailings composited mortar is reduced by 42.82 % and 29.08 %, respectively, which can indicate that the new binders can produce less carbon dioxide. Overall, this study can provide new ways for the development of the new binder mixed with plenty of molybdenum tailings, and offer a novel way for recycling the molybdenum tailings, and also present some valuable experimental results for the application of molybdenum tailings in infrastructures.

Study of Semi-Adiabatic Temperature Rise Test of Mineral Admixture Concrete

The concrete used in the main structures of subway stations has a high degree of constraint. Consequently, temperature changes and shrinkage during construction frequently lead to significant constraint stress, which can result in structural cracking. Therefore, cement with low hydration heat is commonly used in engineering to reduce the temperature of concrete during its age. Aiming at the problem of hydration and heat release caused by concrete construction, based on the principles of concrete hydration heat release and a numerical analysis method, an optimized semi-adiabatic temperature rise test method has been introduced to investigate concrete temperature rise characteristics with different mineral admixtures. The following conclusions were obtained: The effect of reducing the heat of hydration is related to the content and material properties of different mineral admixtures, but not the type of mineral admixture to be incorporated. The temperature rise performance of four common mineral admixtures is as follows: ① total cooling capacity: limestone powder > slag, fly ash > metakaolin; ② early heat generation rate: metakaolin > slag > fly ash > limestone powder; ③ heat reduction rate in the middle and late periods: metakaolin > limestone powder > fly ash > slag.

Insights into the role of slag fineness on the hydration of slag-sulfoaluminate cement

Slag-sulphoaluminate cement (G·SAC), an effective alternative to Portland cement, has garnered significant attention for its low hydration heat, good mechanical properties and durability. However, the role of slag fineness on the hydration of G·SAC remains unclear. To address this, the study employed three levels of slag fineness to evaluate its effects on G·SAC in terms of hydration heat, hydrates, mechanical properties and pore structure. Results indicate that increasing slag fineness from 400 m²/kg to 800 m²/kg shortens the induction period by 2 hours but does not significantly alter the hydration heat ∼ 110 J/g or 3-day strength (around 30 MPa). In contrast, slag with a specific surface area of 1300 m²/kg significantly enhances the hydration of G·SAC, evidenced by an increased hydration heat of 180 J/g and a higher degree of slag hydration from 24 % to 79 %. This leads to greater formation of hydrates and a higher polymerization degree of C-S-H, which in turn improves pore structure density and early strength, reaching 38.8 MPa at 3 days. To sum up, a slag fineness ∼ 400 m²/kg is optimal for engineering applications, offering a balance between performance and economic considerations.

Modelling In Situ Concrete Temperature Development: The Impact of Ambient Temperature and GGBS Replacement

The rise in early-age temperature concrete structures, driven by the exothermic reactions during cement hydration, significantly increases the risk of thermal cracking. To address this issue, the construction industry employs several strategies, including the partial substitution of cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) due to its lower heat of hydration. Accurately predicting the hydration temperature of concrete is critical for preventing thermal cracking. This task becomes more complex, with fluctuating ambient temperatures influencing hydration kinetics and heat dissipation. Previous studies often assume adiabatic or isothermal conditions, thus overlooking the impact of ambient temperature variations. This paper presents an innovative finite element modelling (FEM) approach to simulate the hydration temperature progression in in situ concrete slabs, incorporating the effects of ambient temperature fluctuations. Isothermal calorimetry curves were adjusted using the Arrhenius-based approach to express the cement hydration rate as a function of ambient temperature. The FEM outcomes, validated with semi-adiabatic calorimetry tests, demonstrate the model’s capability to forecast temperature development in in situ concrete under varying ambient conditions. Additionally, the study examines the influence of partial cement replacement with GGBS on thermal behaviour, revealing that while GGBS effectively reduces thermal reactions at higher contents, its efficacy diminishes with rising ambient temperatures.

Produce low-CO2 silica fume hybrid high-strength concrete using dry ice (solid CO2) as a CO2-utilized admixture

Concerns about high-strength concrete (HSC) have increasingly grown in tandem with the building industry's rapid development. However, the high CO2 emissions, high hydration heat, and high autogenous shrinkage of HSCs considered key issues that limit their wide application. In this study, various proportions of dry ice (solid CO2) were added to concrete to optimize HSC. The test results indicated that adding solid CO2 decreased the hydration heat and autogenous shrinkage and increased the mechanical properties and surface electrical resistivity of HSC. This is primarily attributed to the physical and chemical effects of solid CO2 in HSC curing. At 28 d of curing, the sample containing 3 wt% solid CO2 exhibited the most significant optimization effect. This is attributed to the fact that, at lower solid CO2 content (3%), the production of carbonation products compensates for the loss of strength caused by the reduction of hydration products. In addition, the addition of solid CO2 caused a decrease in the initial temperature, which delayed the hydration reaction and reduced the autogenous shrinkage. Adding solid CO2 led to an increase in acidity and promoted the formation of AFt, further reducing the autogenous shrinkage. And the more solid CO2 added, the greater the reduction in CO2 emissions for the mixture. Therefore, adding solid CO2 can play a role in optimizing the performance and promoting the sustainability of HSC and can contribute to the objectives of low CO2 emissions, low hydration heat, and low autogenous shrinkage of HSC.

A cement hydration kinetics model and its application in designing cement formulation for natural gas hydrate well

To guide the research and development of cement slurries with low hydration heat release for natural gas hydrates (NGHs), the effects of fly ash (FA) and phase-change material (PCM) on the early performance of cement at low temperatures were investigated using isothermal calorimetry (IC), semi-adiabatic temperature (ST), and mechanical strength tests. A specialized in-house device was designed to simulate NGHs well conditions and examine the impact of cement slurries on the formation temperature field. A novel model for cementing temperature prediction based on hydration kinetics was developed, and a new methodology for NGHs well cement slurry design was proposed. The experimental and modeling results indicated that the prediction error of the temperature model was within 6.5 %. By adding approximately 14 wt% of PCM the temperature rise could be controlled below the hydrate decomposition temperature, while achieving a 72 h compressive strength of greater than 2.5 MPa.

Examining the early-stage performance and mechanical performance of limestone powder-silica fume binary cement-based materials

To reduce carbon emissions associated with substantial concrete usage in construction and achieve the objectives of green and low-carbon construction, this study innovatively develops a low-carbon binary material by adding limestone powder (LP) and silica fume (SF) into the conventional cement-based material, enhancing the comprehensive utility value of LP. The experimental results show that the addition of 15% LP and 5% SF increases the yield stress of the mortar yet substantially reduces the plastic viscosity to 2.84 Nmm·min, representing a 44.5% decrease compared to pure cement slurry. This reduction is conducive to long-distance pumping of the cement-based material. Moreover, the addition of 5% SF compensates for the 18.8% (mid-stage, 28-d) and 15.8% (late-stage, 90-d) strength loss in mortar caused by LP while simultaneously improving the strength of the co-mixed system by 10.4% (mid-stage) and 10.8% (late-stage). In the early-stage measurements of the LP-SF binary cement-based materials, it is observed that while SF slightly increases the hydration heat release, LP suppresses the early hydration heat release. Therefore, the total heat release observed in the 15% LP and 5% SF group after 72 h is only 254 J/g, demonstrating favorable temperature control and crack prevention effects. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric/differential thermogravimetric (TG/DTG) phase analysis reveal a notable increase of 53.56% in CH consumption. Besides, the weight loss on ignition of C-S-H crystals increases, indicating that the secondary hydration of LP and the pozzolanic reaction of SF promote the production of C-S-H in the system. Combined with the late-stage strength and water absorption characteristics, it is concluded that the system exhibits good mechanical properties and compactness. This study presents a use of mixed proportion that enables excellent mechanical properties, good pumping performance, and low hydration heat. Moreover, the analysis indicates that the carbon emission of each cubic meter of the as-developed mortar is reduced by approximately 16.7–23.9%, promoting the efficient and clean utilization of LP and SF.

STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF GGBS CEMENT WITH COCONUT FIBER

The infrastructure needs our country is increasing day by day & with Concrete is a main constituent of construction material in a significant portion of this infra-structural system, it is necessary to enhance its characteristics by means of strength & durability. When the cement is replaced with the GGBS, this GGBS provides the features like low heat of hydration, resistance to chemical attack, high compressive strength, better durability, and good workability and is also cost effective. This study shows the behaviour of GGBS based Concrete at the different molarity of NaOH like 4, 8, 10, 12, 14 etc and at different ratio of Na2SiO3/NaOH 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 respectively. This project work mainly focuses on advantages of GGBS as compared to the usage of cement and justification of certain properties like sustainability and durability. Study shows the hardened and gaining strength in Concrete in ambient temperature. To bring into focus the use of coconut fibers in Concrete and experimental program me was planned to study the material characteristics. The primary objective of this investigation is to study experimentally the properties of fibers. The properties of Concrete namely, compressive strength, were studied

Autogenous shrinkage and tensile creep of supersulfated cement concrete at early age

Supersulfated cement (SSC) is an environmentally friendly cementitious material known for its low hydration heat, high flexural strength, as well as resistance to sulfate attack. While existing research on SSC concrete mainly focuses on mechanical properties and hydration mechanisms, there exists a gap concerning the optimization of SSC concrete and the exploration of its early-age behavior. Early-age tensile creep of concrete has the potential to alleviate tensile stresses induced by restrained shrinkage. The current research aimed to fill this research gap by investigating the autogenous shrinkage and tensile creep of SSC concrete under different granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) substitution rates (0%, 15%, 30%, and 50%) utilizing the Temperature Stress Test Machine. Experimental findings demonstrated that with a higher GBFS substitution rate, the mechanical properties and autogenous shrinkage decreased, while the tensile creep behavior of SSC concrete increased at early age. Additionally, models for predicting the autogenous shrinkage and tensile creep compliance of SSC concrete were proposed considering the GBFS substitution rate at early age.

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Sustainable Low-Heat High-Performance Concrete

One of the main drawbacks of utilizing mass concrete is the high amount of heat produced during the hydration of cementitious materials. Low-heat high-performance concrete (LHHPC) is a special type of concrete with low Portland cement content and low heat of hydration. The main aim of this research is to experimentally explore the potential use of blast furnace cement (CEM III) and fly ash (FA) in LHHPC. CEM III is a type of cement with low heat of hydration. FA was used at various dosages, namely 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, as a partial replacement of CEM III for producing more sustainable LHHPC. The mechanical and micro-structural characteristics of the LHHPC mixes were investigated. In addition, the concrete thermal conductivity and heat of hydration were predicted and compared using ANSYS finite element software. The experimental results showed that 40% FA as a CEM III partial replacement decreased the heat of hydration in LHHPC by 38.7%. In addition, the produced LHHPC showed low thermal conductivity, which indicates a decrease in early-age cracks. The produced LHHPC showed a constant compressive strength of 90 days compared with the corresponding 28-day compressive strength. The experimental results were supported by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis and the numerical analysis for the LHHPC. The 3D finite element model provided accurate predictions for temperature distribution. The results of this research indicated that FA and CEM III can successfully produce LHHPC with adequate strength and low heat of hydration.

In-situ dispersion of nano-TiO2 to highly reinforce cement paste

Regardless of how good pre-dispersion of nano-TiO2 in aqueous solutions, re-aggregation rapidly occurs once it is mixed into fresh cement mixtures, limiting the nano-reinforcing efficiency for cement-based materials. In this study, an in-situ release strategy by pre-encapsulating nano-TiO2 in microscaled ice and post-dispersing into fresh cement matrix during ice-melting process was developed to highly reinforce the microstructure and properties of cement paste. Compared with the conventional dispersion strategy, a much better dispersion of nano-TiO2 (0.6 wt% by cement) was achieved using the in-situ release strategy, which not only improved the 7- and 28-day compressive strength of cement paste by 9.2% and 10.1%, respectively, but also reduced the cement hydration heat and water adsorption by 36.1% and 4.6%, respectively. In addition to this, the NO degradation efficiency of cement paste was also improved by 20% due to the larger exposed surface area of nano-TiO2 with better dispersion. These research outcomes demonstrate that the in-situ release strategy facilitates the dispersion of nano-TiO2 in cement matrix and contributes to highly reinforcing cement paste with lower hydration heat and water adsorption, strong mechanical strength and higher photocatalytic properties.

Enhanced cement formation for well completion in gas hydrates reservoirs

Natural gas hydrates (NGHs) have abundant reserves and are greener energy source compared to petroleum resources. Intense heat release of cement slurry impacts the stability of NGHs during oil well cementing operations. Conventional low hydration-heat cement slurries significantly reduce the early-stage strength. In this paper, a novel strategy to optimize the exothermic and mechanical properties of cement slurry is proposed with the synergistic effects of various mineral admixtures and additives. The hydration heat and microstructure of cement with different admixtures were studied through isothermal calorimetry (IC), semi-adiabatic temperature test (ST), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and mechanical strength tests. The results indicate that the addition of nanosilica (NS) and C–S–H seeds lead to high early-stage strength for cement slurry substituted with high-volume fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), which meets the engineering performance for NGHs cementing. Compared with neat cement, blended cement designed with the new strategy has a 40.46% lower cumulative heat and a 56% higher compressive strength after 24 h. However, ST showed that the separated hydration heat rate peaks recombine together at higher temperature. The thermal storage performance of solid-solid phase change material (SSP) can effectively control the temperature rise due to cement hydration and maintain the separation of hydration heat rate peaks. This study provides novel ideas for the construction of low hydration heat and high early-stage strength cement slurry, and also provides key theoretical and methodological support for the performance control of cement slurry for NGHs cementing.

Mass GGBFS Concrete Mixed with Recycled Aggregates as Alkali-Active Substances: Workability, Temperature History and Strength.

This study provides the results of an experiment on the possibility of using high-volume ground granulated blast furnace slag (HVGGBFS)-based concrete as mass concrete. In addition to the control concrete, the total weight of the binder was 75% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and 25% ordinary Portland cement (OPC). For the aggregates, both natural and recycled aggregates were used. Three specimens with dimensions of 800 mm × 800 mm × 800 mm were prepared to simulate mass concrete. The workability, temperature aging and strength of the mass concrete were tested. The test results showed that utilizing HVGGBFS concrete as mass concrete can significantly reduce the heat of hydration due to the low heat of hydration of GGBFS, while the heat of hydration of GGBFS and recycled aggregate combination is 11.2% higher than normal concrete, with a slump that is 31.3% lower than that of plain concrete. The results also showed that the use of recycled aggregates in HVGGBFS concrete can significantly reduce workability. However, the compressive strength is higher than when natural aggregates are used due to the alkali activation effect caused by the recycled aggregates. The compressive strength at 7 and 28 days increased by 33.7% and 16.3%, respectively.

Hydration and Fractal Analysis on Low-Heat Portland Cement Pastes Using Thermodynamics-Based Methods

Low-heat Portland (LHP) cement is a kind of high-belite cement, which has the characteristic of low hydration heat. Currently, it is extensively used in the temperature control of mass concrete. Based on the thermodynamic database of OPC-based materials, the thermodynamic software GEM-Selektor (noted as GEMS) is used for simulating the hydration products of the LHP cement paste. Then, according to the GEMS thermodynamic simulation results, MATLAB is used to visualize the initial and ultimate stages of LHP cement pastes; the effects of curing temperature and water to cement (w/c) ratio on hydration products are addressed; and the porosity, fractal dimension, and tortuosity of different pastes are calculated. It is found that an appropriately high curing temperature is important for reducing porosity, especially in the early hydration stage. Hydration time also has a significant impact on the hydration of LHP cement paste; long hydration time may reduce the impact of temperature on hydration products. The w/c ratio is another important consideration regarding the hydration degree and porosity of LHP paste, and under different curing temperatures, hydration times, and w/c ratios, the porosity varies from 5.91–32.91%. The fractal dimension of this work agrees with the previous findings. From tortuosity analysis, it can be concluded that the high curing temperature may cause significant tortuosity, further affecting the effective diffusivity of LHP cement paste. For cement pastes with low w/c ratio, this high curing temperature effect is mainly reflected in the early hydration stage, for ones with high w/c ratio, it is in turn evident under long-term curing.

Molecular design and evaluation of hydrate dissociation inhibitors used in cementing slurry based on molecular dynamic simulations

For offshore oil and gas drilling and completion operations, the dissociation of hydrate caused by the heat release of cement slurry is an urgent problem in the field of hydrate formation cementing. To address this problem, various low hydration heat cements have been developed, but they might still cause hydrate dissociation. This study provides a new approach to address this challenge: designing a chemical that can be added to cement slurry to inhibit the dissociation of hydrate. We designed a new hydrate dissociation inhibitor with a simple structure, and its synthesis is straightforward. We evaluated the effectiveness of the dissociation inhibitor in delaying hydrate dissociation from multiple perspectives through molecular simulation. By adding hydrate dissociation inhibitors to low heat cement slurry, the problem of hydrate formation cementing is expected to be solved.

Microencapsulated phase change material-cement composites for cementing the natural gas hydrate layer

To cement natural gas hydrate (NGH) layers in the deep and ultra-deep water environment, cement slurries must display both low heat of hydration (HOH) and high early strength. Herein, chemical precipitation was used to prepare a microencapsulated phase change material (MPCM) comprising a core of phase change materials and a shell of silica. The MPCM could effectively control the temperature increase during cement hydration and improve the early strength of cement pastes by accelerating hardening. Comprehensive physical and chemical analyses were carried out to identify a suitable ratio of MPCM and its underlying mechanisms. A laboratory device was further used to test the effect of MPCM-cement composite slurries on the thermal stability of NGHs. The properties of this new cement slurry system meet the requirements for cementing NGH layers in deep and ultra-deep water areas. This cement composite has broad application potential in the oil and natural gas industry.

Photocurable resin as rapid in-situ protective coating for slag concrete against dry shrinkage

Slag concrete has the advantages of low hydration heat evolution and a low carbon footprint, but the impact of drying shrinkage will increase the risk of cracking concrete components. To achieve low-cracking performance, dry shrinkage was prevented against water evaporation by an in-situ coating of the concrete with a photocurable resin. In this study, polyurethane-acrylic resin was applied as an in-situ coating on the surface of slag concrete by UV polymerization for the first time. The purpose of the experiment is to explore the feasibility of using photocurable resin as a surface protective coating for general construction. The experimental results show that the drying shrinkage percentage of slag concrete samples after 28 days is reduced by 40%, the compressive strength of the test block increases by 1.67 times, and the tensile strength increases by 1.8 times. The photocurable resin in-situ protective coating can adhere tightly to the surface of the substrate, inhibiting water evaporation in the sample, and providing a moist internal curing environment that effectively alleviates shrinkage. Crack propagation on the concrete surface was also greatly prevented, resulting in a more deviated crack propagation behavior; therefore, the ductility of slag concrete is improved.

Analysis of the development of autogenous shrinkage of CEM I 42.5R and CEM III/A 42.5N cement pastes with different water to cement ratios

In concrete technology, cements with a high content of Portland clinker are increasingly being replaced by blended binders with a lower carbon footprint. Such binders include blastfurnace cements, which are successfully used in concretes designed for large-scale elements, self-compacting concretes, as well as for the precast concrete industry. Blast furnace cements exhibit lower strength gain relative to Portland cements and a lower heat of hydration. Composites that incorporate them are significantly more resistant to the occurrence of thermal stresses at the early stages of curing of concrete. This paper provides a comparative study of the development of autogenous shrinkage of cement pastes made from CEM I 42.5R and CEM III/A 42.5N with a variable w/c ratio using the dilatometric method on a proprietary instrument covered by the patent PL241667. Furthermore, tests on consistency, setting times and compressive strength were performed after 2, 7 and 28 days of curing. From the analyses carried out, it was found that cement pastes containing blast furnace cement show greater autogenous shrinkage over a period of 28 days compared to pastes containing Portland cement. The pozzolanic reaction of granulated blast furnace slag contributes to the increase in recorded autogenous shrinkage. An increase in the water-cement ratio has an impact on the decreased strength gain, and the value of autogenous shrinkage. The research results indicate the need to take autogenous shrinkage into account when designing high-performance concretes containing blast furnace cement due to the increased susceptibility to shrinkage microcracks and for the durability of the material.

Effect of belite-rich cement replacement on the properties enhancement of eco-friendly ultra-high performance concrete containing limestone powder and slag

Cement-slag-limestone (CSL) powder concrete is a new type of ternary concrete. Thus far, CSL powder application in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) remains relatively limited. Furthermore, the effects of different types of cements, including belite-rich Portland cement (BRC), on CSL concrete have not been investigated. Therefore, in this study, a new CSL-UHPC was designed, where the sustainability of CSL-UHPC was systematically improved by using BRC to replace the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in CLS cementitious materials and realize a UHPC with a low heat of hydration, low autogenous shrinkage, low CO2 emissions, and high strength. According to the experimental data, the heat released by the hydration reaction during the early stages of BRC concrete was less than that released in the early stages of OPC concrete. The cumulative heat release from hydration and the maximum heat release rate were minimal, approximately 171.8 J/g and 1.41 mW/g of the binder, respectively, for 100% BRC replacement. Moreover, the autogenous shrinkage generation in the early stages was effectively reduced; notably, the reductions autogenous shrinkage were particularly pronounced (approximately 39.5–36.7%) for 66% and 100% BRC replacement. After 56 days of curing, the compressive strength of the BRC-infused concrete was similar to or higher than that of OPC concrete. In addition, the CO2 emissions and the CO2 emissions per unit strength decreased by 2.6–7.8% and 7.0%, respectively, as the percentage of BRC replacement increased. Thus, CSL-UHPC combined with BRC is more effective than OPC in terms of promoting a sustainable concrete industry.

Constructing a greener future: A comprehensive review on the sustainable use of fly ash in the construction industry and beyond

An industrial by-product known as fly ash has several possible uses, especially in the building sector and others. Fly ash is used as a cement substitute in blended cement or concrete and is valued for its potential advantages, including greater structural strength, cost efficiency, and environmental sustainability. The distinctive particle size properties of fly ash, which support its adaptability and affordability, are important factors considered in this work. This work explores the inherent qualities of fly ash that can advantageously contribute to cement mortar and concrete compositions by a thorough investigation of various scientific literature, which includes empirical studies, case studies, and review articles. The analysis was conducted under the presumption that these advantages can be significantly increased with the right amount of fly ash. Findings demonstrated that structural concrete components need to be properly cured in both friendly and hostile circumstances. There is evidence that fly ash can boost strength to a certain extent, with a 30% fly ash mix being ideal for normal loading and a 20% fly ash mix for more difficult circumstances. Improved workability, lower heat of hydration, increased resistance to sulphate assaults, and stronger weather resistance are further noteworthy benefits. Fly ash is an essential component of sustainable construction since it complies with ASTM, LEED, and building code criteria. This study also looked at the numerous uses of fly ash outside of the building industry, emphasising its potential in industries including agriculture, soil stabilisation, and the manufacture of lightweight building materials. Future research into the creative application of fly ash in the Indian building industry appears to be quite promising. Last but not least, this investigation highlighted how employing fly ash has important environmental advantages, such as having the capacity to lower CO2 emissions, control the greenhouse effect, and lessen environmental contamination.