Lower-class Families Research Articles

Social Media Use and Academic Performance in Chinese Children and Adolescents: A Moderated Chain Mediation Model.

Based on data from the 2022 Chinese Minors' Digital Life and Online Protection Survey, this study investigated the status quo of social media use and its influencing mechanism on academic performance among Chinese children and adolescents. The statistical results indicate that the average level of Chinese students' social media use was generally low, with their academic performance varying across socio-demographic and schooling characteristics. After controlling for other variables, it was found that the frequency of social media use could exert a significant positive impact on students' academic performance. Moreover, the mechanism analysis revealed that online learning behavior and prosocial behavior served as chain mediators linking social media use to academic performance. Specifically, students could transfer their social media behavioral patterns to the internet-based learning context, and then effectively utilize remote learning resources. Meanwhile, engagement with social media would cultivate individuals' prosocial personality, thereby stimulating intrinsic motivation for learning and ultimately enhancing academic performance. The heterogeneity analysis further confirmed that the impact of social media use on students' academic performance was stronger in lower-class families, underscoring the moderating role of family socioeconomic status in the relationship between social media use and academic performance. The findings suggest that if academic performance is regarded as an integral part of individual capacity development, then the rational utilization of social media resources might be a pivotal approach to alleviate the predicament of developmental inequality faced by students from low socioeconomic backgrounds.

The personalization of smartphone use by mothers from low-class family in Palembang

The societal impact of technological advancements is profound, leading to significant transformations in the way people live. However, a significant proportion of the population continue to be marginalized and excluded. This study aims to examine the complex dynamics that shape the adoption and integration of technology into the daily lives of mothers from low class families. It also investigates how these mothers overcome challenges and leverage the opportunities presented by smartphones to benefit their lives. This study employs a constructivist paradigm and utilizes phenomenological approaches using social construction of technology framework. The data collection was done through in-depth interviews with 10 mothers in Palembang City who met the specified requirements for informants. This study shows that the social and economic factors are the primary factors behind technology appropriation process of mothers from low-class families. They strategically manage their use of mobile technology to meet the unique and particular demands of each home. The results of this study demonstrate that technology is not merely a functional instrument; it is also an entity that is embedded with social and cultural significance, making it inextricably linked to the social dynamics and gender context.

Overeducation and economic mobility

We assess the hypothesis that declining intergenerational economic mobility in Norway is attributable to a rising signaling value of education accompanied by more overeducation particularly among upper-class offspring. We identify five empirical facts that together point in this direction:• The educational earnings premium has risen, but only through the extensive (employment) margin.• The rising earnings premium is associated with completed degrees only. When educational attainment is measured as time actually invested, the premium has declined.• Both educational attainment and the labor market's skill-requirements (as predicted by the occupational distribution) have increased, but attainment has risen faster than requirements such that the incidence of overeducation has increased.• There is a steep positive social gradient in overeducation: Overeducation is more frequent and has risen faster among offspring in upper-class families.• There is a steep negative social gradient in non-employment: Non-employment is more frequent and has risen faster among offspring in lower-class families.

Collection of Short Stories Lukisan Untuk Papa: Reflective Sociological Analysis Class and Social Affairs Through Short Stories Focusing on Titled Stories Aku Ingin Pulang

This article tries to analyze the class or social conflict reflected through one of the short story titles, especially the one entitled Aku Ingin Pulang from the short story collection Lukisan Untuk Papa by Nanan Ginanjar. Through descriptive qualitative analysis by critically reading literary works which will then be identified. The depiction contained in the literary work is not only a narrative plot, but also a reflection of the social, cultural and political conditions prevailing in Indonesian society through a series of words that the author tries to describe through his writing. There are sixteen short story titles contained in this short story collection book which of course contains various types of social life including conflicts that generally occur in the surrounding community such as conflicts between families, economic conflicts, and cross-generational conflicts. However, this discussion only focuses on the short story entitled “Aku Ingin Pulang”. The results of the study: (1) Ari as the main character who misses his life in the village. (2) Ari's father's efforts to improve the family's economy by betting his fate in the capital have reached a deadlock. (3) The existence of several lower middle class families living under the flyover is a real picture that occurs around the village.

Risk Factors, Clinical Profile and Association of Clinical Grading With Radiological Grading of Adenoid Hypertrophy in Children

BACKGROUND: Adenoid hypertrophy producing obstructive airway symptoms is the most commonly encountered pediatric ENT problem. Clinical symptoms in combination with lateral nasopharyngeal x ray is a reliable technique for selection of children requiring surgical intervention. METHODOLOGY: The current cross sectional prospective study was conducted among 250 children aged 3-12 years with clinical symptoms and radiological evidence suggestive of enlarged adenoids, at Pediatric outpatient department of a tertiary care center, Dhaka, during 1-year period. RESULT: In our current study, majority children (74%) with adenoid hypertrophy were 3-6 years old followed by 26% between 7-12 years. 66% children were male and 34% were female with a male to female ratio of 1.9:1. 44% children were from lower class family and history of atopy was present among 54% children. Clinical grading of adenoid hypertrophy was done on the basis of presenting symptoms (mouth breathing, snoring, sleep disturbances and adenoid facies) and radiological grading was done from calculating adenoid nasopharyngeal ratio. Correlation between clinical scoring and radiological grading of adenoid hypertrophy among study population was observed. Clinical score of 0-4, 5-8, 9-12 and 13-16 was graded clinically into Grade I, II, III and IV respectively. Highly significant p value (.000) was observed in Grade II clinical and radiological grade of enlarged adenoid. The remaining clinical and radiological grade of enlarged adenoids showed significant p value .031, .024 and .019 among grade I, III and IV respectively. CONCLUSION: Though various diagnostic modalities for detection of degree of obstruction caused by enlarged adenoids are available, clinical scoring in combination with radiological grading can be effectively used to select patients requiring surgical intervention for pediatric adenoid hypertrophy. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll 2022; 14(2): 11-17

IJCM_412A: Self Medication Practices Among Patient Attending Fever Opd At Tertiary Care Hospital In Mumbai.

Background: Self-medication is defined as the use of drugs to treat self- diagnosed disorders or symptoms, or the intermittent or continued use of a prescribed drug for chronic or recurrent disease or symptoms. The practice of self-medication is common worldwide in both developed and developing countries which often leads to dangerous unwarranted adverse effects, antimicrobial resistance, ultimately increasing cost burden due to health care. Objective: The study aimed to determine the prevalence of self-medication among patients; to identify risk factors that could influence self-medication practices; to identify sources of information about medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication. Methodology: cross-sectional study was carried out among patient, information regarding self-medication use in the past six months and associated sociodemographic factors, purpose, source of drug procurement, attitude toward self-medication use were collected. The data were obtained using a validated pretested self-administered questionnaire. The collected data will be analyzed using SPSS for descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: In our study the prevalence of Self Medication practices were observed to be 45.6%. The practice was noticed more among individuals from lower middle class family with a prevalence rate of 26%. Telling the symptoms to pharmacist was the commonest method adopted to procure drugs by the users i.e. 61%Majority of the self-medication users expressed that self-medication is harmless and 32.2 % found it effective and 88.9% said they had never experienced any adverse effects, 81.3 % consider it as acceptable practice. Conclusion: Prevalence of SM practices are high. Most common reason being poverty, confidence in self – diagnosis, In order to mitigate the negative effects of SM behaviours, additional prompt measures are required.

Impact of Socio-economic Status on Socio-emotional Development of Children Attending Different Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) Centers

The purpose of the 2018–20 study, which took place in the Karnataka state's Dharwad taluk, was to determine how children's social and emotional development was impacted by their socioeconomic status. The study's objectives were to evaluate the social and emotional development of children in both rural and urban locations, as well as to determine the impact of SES on these development factors. A total of 208 children aged between three and six years, comprising 104 from rural and 104 from urban areas, were chosen for the study. Children's social and emotional development was evaluated using the Transdiciplinary Play Based Assessment-2 instrument. The child's family's socioeconomic position was assessed using a Aggarwal Socio-economic status scale. A qualitative approach utilizing the naturalistic observation method was used to observe, analyze, and study the effects of play-based activities on social and emotional development. Naturalistic observations were produced by combining field notes from participant observation with video footage of kids playing in an unstructured manner. The findings showed that most kids in both urban and rural anganwadis were in the social and emotional development watch and worry category. The social and emotional development of children was shown to be significantly correlated with their socioeconomic level. According to the statistical analysis, preschoolers in both rural and urban areas showed a substantial relationship and difference. In both rural and urban settings, children from lower middle class families scored lower on social and emotional development and related domains than did children from upper middle class families.

Child support and income inequalities: a cross-continental comparison from welfare design to judicial implementation

Abstract This article analyses why and how child support policy contributes to income inequalities as well as to cross-national variation. It uses an in-depth comparison between France and Quebec (Canada) and drives on a multi-method empirical design to assess how this policy has been designed within each welfare state regime from the 1970s to the 2020s and how family lawyers and lower court judges implement it. It shows that national conceptions of solidarity and justice differ, along with the differences between those two legal systems, leading to cross-national variations regarding child support policy. In Quebec, the neo-liberal wave and the powerful feminist movement have converged to ensure that fathers are made to face up to their financial responsibilities towards their children, which has positive effects on the wealthiest and middle-class families. In contrast, in France, the feminist movement has been less influential while the long-standing family policy has favoured state protection towards lone mothers. As a result, the financial risks involved in separation are (partially) compensated by a state system of redistribution, rather than by private remedies, which lead the French system to be more effective for lower-class families. As a result, national context still matters a lot in the part institutional arrangements and professional practices play in income inequalities after parental separations.

Iron Deficiency Anemia among School Going Children of Rural Area of Mardan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Iron is essential for normal human growth, including oxygen transport, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, DNA synthesis, mitochondrial function, and protection of cells from oxidative damage. Iron deficiency anemia is the most prevalent hematologic disorder in school-going children. Therefore the aims were the study to assess the prevalence of anemia among school-going children of rural areas of Mardan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A total of 300 samples were taken from those children of signs and symptoms of Iron deficiency Anemia cross-section survey. Thorough physical Examination, Lab investigations, and Clinical examination. The current research work shows that 1 of 3rd of the school-going children who had signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia were affected with iron deficiency Anemia at the ages of 4 to 7 years 40(40%), 7 to 10 years 35(35%) and 10 to 13 years 25(25%) respectively. severe anemia was rare at 10%, moderate anemia at 25% led by the mild type of anemia with a high percentage of 65% on the basis of Hb level. lower class families were more affected by iron deficiency anemia with 60%, children of middle class were less affected by anemia with 35% while children of upper class families were much less affected by anemia which may be due to the socioeconomic state of the family. Therefore it is recommended that iron supplementation and health and nutrition education programs should be strengthened.

Efficacy, Safety, and Acceptability of Manual Vacuum Aspiration with Para Cervical Block as a Management of Incomplete Abortion

Limited access to safe abortion is a leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity in the developing world, overwhelming hospitals with a large number of women seeking treatment for complications of unsafe abortion. In many cases, more than half of all gynecological admissions are due to incomplete or septic abortions. The primary aims were to assess the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) procedure for managing incomplete abortion, considering completeness, procedure, duration, and hemorrhage. Additionally, safety aspects, such as complications (hemorrhage, perforation, and cervical injury), pain relief, patient satisfaction, and factors like reduced hospital stays and waiting times, were evaluated. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, focusing on women with incomplete abortions up to 12 weeks of gestation. It took place over six months from July to December 2013, with a purposive sample of 100 cases selected based on specific criteria to represent the study's objectives. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS (version 16.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Out of 100 respondents, more than two-third of the patients (68%) were in 21-30 years age group. Half of the patients (50%) came from lower middle class family and most of them were housewives (80%). Majority (58%) of the patients had average gestational age 6-10 weeks. More than two-third (70%) of the patients had incomplete abortion, with 47% having attempted to terminate pregnancy. Abdominal pain was reported among 64% of patients, and the average bleeding period was 5-7 days for 62% of them. More than two-third (68%) of patients had no palpable uterus, and active bleeding was also found among two-third 66.0% of cases. Nearly one-third of the patients (32%) received injectable oxytocin and 13% received blood transfusion. Method of para-cervical block was applied for pain management in all patients (100%), while pethidine was used in only 3% of cases. Almost all of the patients 97%) were given sedatives (diazepam) and oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Duration for the procedure was 10-15 minutes for 46% of patients, and excessive hemorrhage was found in 2% of cases. The average hospital stay ranged from 2-11 hours. Treatment cost in the majority of cases was only 75-150 Bangladeshi taka (BDT), which was statistically significant. The MVA with paracervical block was found to be efficient for treatment of incomplete abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, with few complications. MVA procedure had less blood loss, less time consuming, safe and effective with shorter hospital stay. Bangladesh Med J. 2022 May; 51(2): 21-29

Out of Place: William Connolly, Resounding Events and Stephen Turner, Mad Hazard

This article examines a post-war generation of academics in the United States and in Britain, who, coming from lower-class families without any previous experience of university education, became internationally famous but nevertheless continued to feel out of place in the academic world. Pierre Bourdieu’s framework of habitus, field and doxa is useful in studying the world of such outsiders and exiles who shaped post-war sociology. Without an established canon of sociology, these students typically developed critical and creative perspectives on society. In Britain the post-war welfare state was the foundation of this new breed of academics. John O’Neill is the classic example. In America ‘The Disobedient Generation’ were influenced by race, the Vietnam War, and the draft. William Connolly and Stephen Turner provide two case studies of highly successful academics who were often subjectively outsiders. ‘Event’ and ‘hazard’ imply that successful careers are in fact merely accidental. Neoliberalism may have closed off such accidental careers.

Pembelajaran Sains Melalui Mini Praktikum untuk Anak Usia Dini dan Usia Sekolah di Rumah Pintar Kreatif Ampang, Kelurahan Ampang, Sumatera Barat

Science has an important role in improving the quality of human life and has significant positive effects on the development of children’s personality and potential. However, many people believe that science is a challenging field of study. Therefore, it is important to introduce science to children at a young age in an entertaining way. This community service activity aims to introduce science to early childhood and increase children's abilities and interest in science. The target of this activity is children from middle-class to lower-class families that live in the area of the Rumah Pintar Mingguan (RPM) Kreatif Ampang. Five RPM volunteers and 31 children participated in this activity. This PKM activity was carried out through a simple science mini-practicum, by utilizing simple and inexpesive materials and tools that can be found easily in the surrounding environment. The main ingredients were baking soda and vinegar (acetic acid). The method used in this activity were a case study and hands-on practice. Two topics that are carried out on this practicum, namely the phenomenon of an erupting Merapi volcano and inflating a balloon without being blown up. This practice has the effect of increasing children's interest in and motivation for science, which is directly correlated with their increased comprehension of the concepts being demonstrated. Additionally, RPM decided to make this science practicum activity as a regular agenda item for the RPM community.

Prevalence and Effectiveness of Super-Natural Healing among Mental Disorders

The study attempted to investigate prevalence and effectiveness of super-natural healing for possible Mental Disorders. The study focused on the spiritual healing practices which are widely spread across Pakistan. The patients were asked for their symptoms, incidence and onset of symptoms, severity and intensity of symptoms and recurrence. On the basis of which, the patients were diagnosed according to DSM-V, the latest edition of APA. The result showed that patients were suffering from psychological problems. The patients needed to seek psychological help but they were not aware of this fact. It’s easy for them to join the traditional spiritual healers. After the results, it was analyzed that, the most commonly prevalent disorder among patients namely; paranoid personality disorder Rating 80%, somatic symptom disorder rating 30% prevailing, brief psychotic and Persistent Depressive disorders are prevailing 20%, others mental disorders including, Other specified disruptive impulse control conduct disorder, Unspecified delusions, Generalized Anxiety Disorder ,Major depressive disorder, Female sexual interest/arousal disorder-lifelong, generalized, moderate, Conversion disorder, with special sensory symptom, Persistent, with psychological stressor and Unspecified sexual disorder are rating as 10% prevailing among these cases. The researcher also has concluded that people who were frequently joined spiritual healers they mostly belonged to lower class families and middle class as well but rate of lower class is high as compared to middle class.

Everyday Life of Ancient Bengal People: Food Habits and Dress-up

Food and clothing are two of the basic human needs. From cavemen to the modern age of mechanized civilization, people love to taste new foods. The number of foodies in today’s society is not very small. Similarly, it is not an exception in the case of clothing. The market is now flooded with new designs and styles of clothing. My current research is based on my interest to know about the food habits and clothing styles of the people of Ancient Bengal. Starting from knowing what kind of food the people of Ancient Bengal liked to eat, what kind of food they kept in their daily bill of fare, what kind of food was customary to eat at weddings or any festival, whether there was any difference in the diet of the rich society and the poor society, a clear idea of the human food chart can be obtained from this study. Besides, what kind of clothes did the people of Ancient Bengal wear, what was the style of clothing of men and women, whether there was any different in the style of clothing of upper class and lower-class family members, what kind of clothes were worn during festivals, many knowledge seekers are interested in knowing about these issues. But due to the lack of adequate and detailed research on Ancient Bengal, there is less scope to know about these issues. It was mainly with this goal in mind that I conducted my research.

Zinc-solubilizing Bacillus spp. in conjunction with chemical fertilizers enhance growth, yield, nutrient content, and zinc biofortification in wheat crop.

Micronutrient deficiency is a serious health issue in resource-poor human populations worldwide, which is responsible for the death of millions of women and underage children in most developing countries. Zinc (Zn) malnutrition in middle- and lower-class families is rampant when daily calorie intake of staple cereals contains extremely low concentrations of micronutrients, especially Zn and Fe. Looking at the importance of the problem, the present investigation aimed to enhance the growth, yield, nutrient status, and biofortification of wheat crop by inoculation of native zinc-solubilizing Bacillus spp. in conjunction with soil-applied fertilizers (NPK) and zinc phosphate in saline soil. In this study, 175 bacterial isolates were recovered from the rhizosphere of wheat grown in the eastern parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India. These isolates were further screened for Zn solubilization potential using sparingly insoluble zinc carbonate (ZnCO3), zinc oxide (ZnO), and zinc phosphate {Zn3(PO4)2} as a source of Zn under in vitro conditions. Of 175 bacterial isolates, 42 were found to solubilize either one or two or all the three insoluble Zn compounds, and subsequently, these isolates were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Based on zone halo diameter, solubilization efficiency, and amount of solubilized zinc, six potential bacterial strains, i.e., Bacillus altitudinis AJW-3, B. subtilis ABW-30, B. megaterium CHW-22, B. licheniformis MJW-38, Brevibacillus borstelensis CHW-2, and B. xiamenensis BLW-7, were further shortlisted for pot- and field-level evaluation in wheat crop. The results of the present investigation clearly indicated that these inoculants not only increase plant growth but also enhance the yield and yield attributes. Furthermore, bacterial inoculation also enhanced available nutrients and microbial activity in the wheat rhizosphere under pot experiments. It was observed that the application of B. megaterium CHW-22 significantly increased the Zn content in wheat straw and grains along with other nutrients (N, P, K, Fe, Cu, and Mn) followed by B. licheniformis MJW-38 as compared to other inoculants. By and large, similar observations were recorded under field conditions. Interestingly, when comparing the nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of wheat, bacterial inoculants showed their potential in enhancing the NUE in a greater way, which was further confirmed by correlation and principal component analyses. This study apparently provides evidence of Zn biofortification in wheat upon bacterial inoculation in conjunction with chemical fertilizers and zinc phosphate in degraded soil under both nethouse and field conditions.

The Government’s Assistance to Lower-Income Families’ Education

Since there are inequalities in education level, and those inequalities form a huge gap between different family classes, such as students in the lower-income family can’t own equal education resources as higher-income family students, and the graduation rate remains to be standstill since the number of people educated is mostly higher-income students, but lower-income family students need education as well. The government began to pay attention to the lower-class families’ education level and wanted to balance the inequalities. Undoubtedly, the government took several actions by introducing new policies or constructing new institutions and programs such as the NCLA program assisting lower-income family students. In this paper, there will be analyzation of the policy or strategy used to assist lower-income family children and what advantages or disadvantages those strategies have, and finally, compare the policies used for lower-income families with higher-income families. Although there are difficulties or useless strategies while assisting the lower-income class, the government never gives up, this paper will also discuss how government plays its role in executing the assisting strategies. Besides educational strategies, there are other solutions that would be included as well, such as health or housing assistance. So the government made significant efforts to support lower-income households, and this support greatly advanced the growth of the entire nation.

Studi Kehidupan Anak Korban Pandemi Covid-19 di Kabupaten Purbalingga

Children become one of susceptible groups who get the risks during pandemic period. The risks can be the threat of exposure up to losing their parents who passed away because of Covid-19. The children who lose their parents due to Covid-19 are susceptible to have the problems of health, economy, education guarantee, violence, and other human rights violations. They need social protection to help their growth and development into adulthood. The purpose of this writing is to describe the social condition and the problems of children who become the Covid-19 pandemic victims. They are fatherless kids, motherless children, or orphans whose parents passed away because of Covid-19. This research uses a quantitative research method (survey). The research data are taken by using questionnaires. The samples of this research are 124 or 32% of the children’s total number in Purbalingga Regency whose parents passed away due to Covid-19. The data are presented by using a frequency distributive table. The results show that most of the children are from the lower middle class family. After their parents passed away, the social economy condition of their family gets worse. It causes those children to face economic issues, so they are not able to pay their school fee. Therefore, there must be a social protection for them so that their rights as children are fulfilled.

Housing and choice in Iquique and Alto Hospicio, Chile: Possibilities and limitations regarding the 2030 agenda and SDG 11

Access to housing, more than an enforceable right, has become a multidimensional problem in Chile. Faced with the impossibility of obtaining housing through subsidies, informal settlements—camps and land grabs—have expanded through the country's different cities since 2019. Given the evident collision with the Sustainable Development Goals (in particular Goal 11) commitments to sustainable cities, the Chilean State has increased its housing budget since 2020 to reactivate investment during the COVID-19 pandemic and expand the housing access alternatives for lower-class families with few possibilities chances of obtaining a bank mortgage. But is it possible to choose housing in contexts like the one described? In addition to environmental difficulties, cities in northern Chile, wedged between the sea and the desert, need to produce a socially sustainable environment in accordance with the requirements of complex, dynamic systems under permanent pressure to generate wellbeing. This manuscript seeks to explore and analyze these tensions in the cities of Iquique and Alto Hospicio, in Chile's Tarapacá Region. They form a dynamic conurbation, where daily mobility and the dispute over access to housing clash with the choice offered by the different subsidy programs and the expansion of camps on the edges of the desert. So, how far or how close is SDG 11 in places like these? Is there a viable alternative for urban sustainability in precarious spaces?

Socio-Demographic and Clinical Profile of Patients with Osteoporosis

Background: Osteoporosis is a disease which is characterized by low bone mass and susceptibility to fracture. Now a day, osteoporosis is considered as a potential public health issue. Year after year, thousands of people attending several hospital and clinics for taking treatment of osteoporosis in Bangladesh. But we have very limited research-based information regarding the socio-demographic and clinical profile of patients with osteoporosis. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to prepare a socio-demographic and clinical profile of patients with osteoporosis. Methods: This prospective observational study and was conducted in the Diabetic Association Medical College and Hospital, Faridpur, Bangladesh during the period from January 2020 to December 2021. In total 103 confirmed patients with osteoporosis were included as the study subjects for this study. Proper written consents were taken from all the participants before data collection. A predesigned questioner was used in data collection. All data were collected, processed and analyzed by using MS Office and SPSS version 23 programs as per need. Results: In this study, female participants were dominating in number and the male-female ratio was 1:2. The highest number of the participants was found from 41-60 years’ age group which was 43%. Among all the participants only 13% was illiterate and 27% were housewife; which was the highest number as a single occupation. Majority of the participants of our study were from lower class families as per the socio-economic condition. About half (46%) of our study people were with normal body-weight (BMI: 18.0-24.9). History of any bone fracture was found in 18% patients only. Among 33%, 42% and 25% participants the vitamin D level was found as< 20, 20 – 30 and > 30 ng/ml respectively. Conclusion: Osteoporosis is one of the severe health problems in the elderly population. The frequencies of this disease are alarming. With the improvement of socio- economic status, ....

Impact of Social Class Background on General Cognitive Ability

Theorists and researchers have been discussing the relationship between social class background and differences observed in cognitive ability test points of children from lower social class families and their middle or upper SES peers. It has been discussed that for a more detailed understanding of these cognitive inequalities, it appears necessary to move beyond boundaries of psychology and consider sociological conditions or contexts as well. It has been asserted that social class background characteristics affect general cognitive ability over time. The present study introduces research exploring the impact of social class background on cognitive abilities of children. In Britain, the 1958 National Child Development Survey (NCDS), the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70) and more recently, the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS 2000) conducted at the start of the 21st century are particularly relevant and nationally representative broad-based studies for exploring the impact of social class background on general cognitive abilities of children. It was observed that they provided scaled data and emphasized the impact of social class, particularly the role of parental education as an indicator of social class in surveys. Social class affected children’s cognitive abilities as early as primary school years and led to inequalities in their cognitive performance. Children from lower social class and lower socioeconomic status (SES) families suffered a clear disadvantage. Poor and disadvantaged conditions of the lower social class adversely impacted and impaired the cognitive ability of children. Given the fact that cognitive abilities play a role especially in later life, adverse impacts and impairment of cognitive abilities are regarded as alarming and undesirable situations in childhood.