Low Testosterone Levels Research Articles

Background: Klinefelter syndrome (KS), the most common sex chromosome aneuploidy in males (47,XXY), is generally associated with hypogonadism, gynecomastia, and infertility. Nevertheless, its association with thrombotic risk remains insufficiently recognized, despite accumulating evidence indicating a predisposition to venous thromboembolism (VTE) comparable to that observed in classical, inherited thrombophilias. Description of Case: We present the case of a 33-year-old South Asian male who exhibited unilateral lower limb swelling and pain persisting for one month. Doppler ultrasonography revealed chronic deep vein thrombosis (DVT) affecting the left common femoral and deep femoral veins. The patient lacked identifiable risk factors for thrombosis, such as recent surgery, trauma, malignancy, or immobilization. Physical examination revealed signs of hypogonadism and gynecomastia. Hormonal assays indicated elevated gonadotropin levels with low serum testosterone levels, while karyotype analysis confirmed a 47,XXY genotype, consistent with KS. Further evaluations, including screening for acquired thrombophilias (antiphospholipid antibodies) and genetic mutations (Factor V Leiden, Prothrombin G20210A, and MTHFR C677T), yielded negative results. The patient was successfully managed with heparin, transitioned to long-term anticoagulation with warfarin, and demonstrated clinical improvement upon follow-up. Discussion: This case highlights the significant yet often overlooked association between KS and thrombotic events. The pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear but are hypothesized to be multifactorial, involving increased expression of X-linked coagulation factors (e.g., Factor VIII), endothelial dysfunction, and a higher prevalence of comorbidities. Notably, in our case, the absence of conventional or inherited prothrombotic factors underscores KS as a potential primary contributor to the hypercoagulable state. Conclusion: Clinicians are advised to maintain a heightened level of suspicion for KS in male patients who present with unexplained thrombotic events, particularly when these events are accompanied by symptoms indicative of hypogonadism. The early identification and management of thrombotic risk in individuals with KS are crucial to mitigating morbidity. Further research is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms that link KS with thrombophilia, as this may inform screening strategies and therapeutic interventions.

The interactive effects of low testosterone and sleep insufficiency on cognitive impairment: Evidence from the NHANES 2011-2014.

β-thalassemia major is the most common chronic hemolytic anemia in Iraq, treated with multiple transfusions. The present study was carried out to evaluate Serum testosterone in male patients and estradiol in female patients with β-Thalassemia major and the effects of frequent blood transfusions. In this study, eighty patients were employed and categorized into two groups: 51 males (63.7%) with age range 14–30years and 29 females (36.3%) with an age range 13–30 years, while 40 normal healthy individuals were chosen as a control group, 23 male (57.5%) and 17 female (42.5%) for comparison. ELISA was used to measure the levels of testosterone and estradiol in the serum. The mean levels of serum testosterone (1.64 ± 1.75) and estradiol (14.77 ± 12.30) were significantly lower in β-thalassaemia patients than in controls (p < 0.001). In patients with hypogonadism, the mean age for the start of blood transfusion was significantly lower compared to those with eugonadism, with a P value of 0.003. There was a significant decrease in height percentile in hypogonadism thalassemic patients compared to eugonadism patients (p value = 0.01). In contrast to healthy controls, the study shows that patients with β-thalassemia major have significantly lower serum levels of testosterone and estradiol, suggesting that hypogonadism is quite prevalent in this population.

The rapid increase in urbanization is drastically altering the habitat composition of the wild population. Urbanization is predominantly changing the landscape, composition of flora and fauna, availability of night light, and the rise in temperature. In the natural habitat, photoperiod and temperature are inseparable. In the present study, we examined the effect of mild temperature change from the thermoneutral zone of Syrian hamsters on reproduction-linked activities. To investigate the neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying heat stress effects on reproduction in hamsters, two experiments were performed on adult male animals. In experiment one, animals were divided into two groups (n = 5/group) and exposed to a long photoperiod (15L:9D) with either low (LT; 20 ± 2°C) or high temperature (HT; 32 ± 2°C). After 21 days, all animals were sampled. In experiment two, hamsters (n = 20) were divided equally into two groups and were exposed to the first short photoperiod of 8L:16D, but with low temperature (LT; 20 ± 2°C) or high temperature (HT; 32 ± 2°C). After 30 days, all animals were exposed to a long day (15L:9D), but animals from each temperature treatment were divided equally into two groups (n = 5/group). Half of the animals (n = 5) of low temperature remained in low temperature (LL group) while the remaining animals were moved to high temperature (LH group). Similarly, half of the animals (n = 5) of high temperature remained in high temperature (HH group), and the rest of the animals were moved to low temperature (HL group). Body mass and testicular volume were measured at different intervals. After 30 days of long-day treatment, the animals were sampled. Findings suggest that exposure to 3 weeks of high temperature attenuates testicular growth, coupled with low testosterone levels and downregulation of Kiss1, Eya3, Tshβ, GnRh, Tet1, Tet2, and Hat1, while upregulation of Dio3, GnIh, Dnmt1, Dnmt3A, Hdac1, and Hdac5 occurs in HT groups. Results from experiment two suggest that low temperature promotes, while high temperature attenuates reproduction and the linked phenomenon. Together, these findings suggest that high temperature modulates the reproductive responses of Syrian hamsters.

Abstract Background: A definite relationship has been established between epilepsy and sexual dysfunction (SD); however, this comorbidity often goes unrecognized in clinical settings. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, nature, and risk factors for SD among men with epilepsy attending a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: Participants were recruited from the Epilepsy clinic of a tertiary care hospital. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were recorded. The International Index of Erectile Functioning, Chinese Index of Premature Ejaculation-5, and a structured interview for DSM-5 sexual disorders diagnosis were administered to assess sexual functioning. The Revised Clinical Interview Schedule was used to assess for common mental disorders (CMD). Serum testosterone and trough antiepileptic drug levels were measured. Factors associated with SD were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate statistics. Results: One hundred and seventy men with epilepsy were recruited. The mean age was 32.68 (sd = 10.65) years, and 48.8% were currently married. Thirty-six participants (21.2%) fulfilled criteria for an SD; seventeen were diagnosed with a CMD. Older age (P < 0.001), substance use (P = 0.014), low testosterone levels (P < 0.001), and presence of CMD (P = 0.025) were associated with SD. Conclusions: Erectile disorder and premature ejaculation were the most common types of SD among men with epilepsy. Enhanced awareness regarding the prevalence and risk factors for SD among clinicians who manage patients with epilepsy is essential for appropriate preventive and intervention strategies, which can improve patient quality of life.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the correlation between the minimum testosterone (T) level achieved during androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for advanced prostate cancer and progression and prognosis. And to establish the new recommended threshold for defining castration-level testosterone.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 425 patients with advanced prostate cancer undergoing ADT. Patients were stratified into three groups based on their lowest testosterone level: castration low<10 ng/dL, castration 10–50 ng/dL, Non-castrated >50 ng/dL. To further explore subgroup progression and survival differences in low castrated testosterone levels, those castrated low testosterone levels were divided into two groups, castration ultra-low 5–10 ng/dL and castration extreme low<5ng/dL. Additionally, a small cohort (N = 29) of surgically castrated patients was included for subgroup analysis. Correlations between the minimum testosterone level and outcomes, time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS).ResultsSignificant differences in TTP were observed among the three groups (P<0.001), and both two groups (P<0.001). The castration low T level group had TTP of 24.62 ± 13.62 months and the lowest percentage of TTP<18 months (33.88%), the castration T level group had TTP of 15.65 ± 9.16 months with the second highest percentage of TTP<18 months (64.34%), the non-castrated T level group had TTP of 10.93 ± 7.89 months with the highest percentage of TTP<18 months (83.33%). There was a significant difference in survival rates between the three groups (P<0.001). Differences were found between the both two groups (P<0.01), with the castration low T level group demonstrating superior 3- and 5-year survival rates compared to the other groups. The non-castrated T level group had the worst prognosis. No significant differences in TTP or survival rates were observed between the castration ultra-low and extreme-low T subgroups. However, surgically castrated patients exhibited the poorest prognosis. Minimum testosterone level was weakly negatively correlated with TTP (r = -0.32, P< 0.001), but not significantly correlated with OS.ConclusionChallenging the traditional castration standard, this study identifies 10 ng/dL (versus 50 ng/dL) as the critical testosterone threshold for evaluating tumor progression and prognosis in advanced prostate cancer patients on ADT.

Testosterone and cortisol moderate perception of mild psychosocial stress in young males.

Mogroside-rich extract alleviates the inflammation state in polycystic ovary syndrome rats through modulating intestinal microbiota-metabolic axis and suppressing the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway.

Aldosterone increased by chronic unpredictable mild stress damages epididymal sperm quality in young rats.

Introduction: Male infertility is a growing public health concern, influenced by modifiable lifestyle factors and hormonal imbalances. However, limited data from India have evaluated their combined impact on semen quality and sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF).Methods: This cross-sectional study included 278 men aged 21–50 years from a tertiary care centre. Semen analysis was performed according to the WHO’s 6th edition guidelines. The SDF was evaluated using the Sperm Chromatin Dispersion (SCD) test. Lifestyle details, occupational exposures, and hormonal profiles (FSH, LH, testosterone, AMH, prolactin) were gathered through structured interviews and laboratory testing. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS, with p < 0.05 regarded as statistically significant.Results: Men aged >40 years showed a significantly elevated SDF (p = 0.038), although no significant differences were observed in conventional semen parameters. Tobacco and alcohol use were strongly associated with reduced sperm concentration, motility, and morphology (p < 0.001). Alcohol use was also associated with an increased SDF (p = 0.023). Abnormal BMI was correlated with poorer semen quality and higher SDF (p < 0.001). Occupational heat exposure significantly contributed to elevated SDF levels (p = 0.013). Hormonal analysis showed that low testosterone and elevated prolactin levels were associated with abnormal semen profiles, whereas low AMH levels were significantly correlated with increased SDF (p = 0.011).Conclusions: Lifestyle habits and hormonal imbalances significantly affect the fertility of men. Clinical evaluation should be integrated into infertility assessments and counselling.

Introduction: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, and psychological symptoms such as depression frequently affect patients. Castration, whether medical or surgical, is often part of a combined therapeutic approach, including chemotherapy and/or new-generation hormone therapy. Castration lowers testosterone levels, which can contribute to depressive symptoms, as testosterone plays a role in regulating mood and emotional well-being. Assessing and managing the psychological impact of castration is therefore essential to ensure comprehensive patient care. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression in patients with metastatic prostate cancer undergoing medical castration. Materials and Methods: We conducted a descriptive, and analytical, cross-sectional study including 100 patients with metastatic prostate cancer receiving medical castration at the Medical Oncology Department of Hassan II University Hospital, Fez. Data were collected through structured clinical interviews conducted by a psychologist, with informed consent obtained from all participants. The Beck Depression Inventory, adapted to the Moroccan context, was used to quantitatively assess depressive symptoms. This 21-item questionnaire rates the severity of depression on a 0–3 scale for each symptom. Based on depression severity, patients received tailored interventions ranging from supportive psychotherapy to combined psychotherapy and antidepressant treatments, coordinated by psychiatrists and psychotherapists.

Introduction:Diabetes mellitus is on a rise each year that rises the complications caused by the metabolic disorder. The complications include the microvascular and macrovascular ones. It was estimated that in the year 2019, 1.6 million died due to diabetes mellitus and is expected to only increase in the upcoming years. Studies had reported lower levels of testosterone among males suffering from type II diabetes than those who had no diabetes.Aim and objectives:The present study was done to compare the testosterone levels between those with type II diabetes mellitus and who were normal. The secondary objective was to correlate serum total cholesterol with the glycaemic status.Methodology:This cross sectional study carried out in a tertiary care hospital at Puducherry for a period of one year. Diabetic and non-diabetic males who were above 18 years of age attending to the outpatient department and inpatients were the study participants.Results and Discussion:Serum Testosterone was found in lower range among Type 2 Diabetic Males when compared to non-diabetic males which was statistically significant. The serum testosterone levels were also negatively correlated with fasting blood sugar, post prandial blood sugar and HbA1C levels, respectively.

Resveratrol improves boar semen quality in summer months through modulation of the AGEs-RAGE signaling pathway in Leydig cells.

Association between serum testosterone and related hormones and risk of symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm in male participants from the UK Biobank.

ObjectiveObstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a common sleep disorder known to affect systemic physiology. Emerging evidence suggests a potential relationship between OSA and male reproductive health, but this association remains insufficiently characterized. This study aims to explore the link between OSA, semen quality, and sex hormone profiles in reproductive-aged men.MethodA total of 108 newly diagnosed OSA patients aged 20–40 years, who underwent full-night polysomnography (PSG) at the Respiratory Sleep Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University between 2022 and 2024, were included. The control group consisted of 84 healthy adult males undergoing fertility evaluations during the same period at the same hospital. All participants completed physical examinations, semen analysis, and sex hormone testing. OSA severity was classified based on the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) obtained from PSG in the patient group.ResultsCompared with controls, men with OSA had significantly higher body weight and BMI, as well as lower sperm concentration (90.0 vs. 129.3 ×106ml), total motility (68.6% vs. 71.0%), progressive motility (63.8% vs. 66.6%), and testosterone levels (13.1 vs. 21.8 nmol/L) (all p < 0.01). Stratified analyses showed a stepwise decline in semen parameters and oxygen saturation with increasing OSA severity. In multivariable analysis, AHI was independently associated with reduced sperm concentration (β = –0.393), total motility (β = –0.640), and progressive motility (β = –0.623) (all p < 0.001).ConclusionOSA is independently associated with impaired semen quality and lower testosterone levels in reproductive-aged men. These findings highlight the potential reproductive consequences of untreated OSA and underscore the importance of early screening and intervention.

BackgroundErectile dysfunction (ED) is a frequent finding in men living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (MLWH) and this remains a major concern because of its negative impact on the quality of life of those affected. There is limited data about the magnitude of ED and associated factors among MLWH in Tanzania. Thus this study was aimed to determine the prevalence of ED and associated factors among newly diagnosed antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive MLWH in Mwanza, Northwestern Tanzania.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 373 newly diagnosed ART-naïve MLWH attending voluntary counseling and testing centers of four selected hospitals in Mwanza region who were consecutively enrolled and subjected to thorough clinical and general physical examination, including anthropometric measurements. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic characteristics and clinical data. ED was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function–5. Serum total testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and estradiol were estimated. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel, cleaned and analyzed using STATA version 15.ResultsOf the 373 analyzed participants with a median age of 40 [IQR: 33–46] years, ED was found in 56.3% (95% CI 51.2%–61.3%), whereas the majority presented with mild (45.2%) to mild-moderate (40.0%) ED. The median testosterone was significantly lower in men with ED as compared with men without (294.5 [135–469] versus 482 [191–602] ng/ml; p<0.001). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, ED showed significant association with World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stage 4 for HIV infection (AOR 3.2; 95% CI 1.1–9.2; p=0.032), low testosterone level (AOR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2–3.0; p=0.010), and being non-self-employed (AOR 3.7; 95% CI 2.0–7.0; p<0.001).ConclusionED was found in more than half of ART naïve MLWH. The majority had a mild to mild-moderate ED. There was a significant association between ED and WHO clinical stage 4 for HIV infection, low testosterone level, and being non-self-employed. This finding emphasizes the need to routinely screen for early detection and management of ED in care and treatment center (CTC) clinics.

We aimed to investigate the association of a low serum testosterone concentration with the risk of abnormal glucose metabolism (i.e., prediabetes and type 2 diabetes) in men at a 15-year follow-up. In a population birth cohort, men with low testosterone (testosterone<12.1nmol/L, n=136) and normal testosterone concentration (testosterone≥12.1nmol/L, n=2555) at age 31 were followed up until age 46. Blood samples were drawn at ages 31 and 46, and an oral glucose tolerance test (n=1409) was performed at age 46. Men with low testosterone had significantly greater body mass index and waist circumference than men with normal testosterone at ages 31 and 46 (p<0.001 in all comparisons). In men with low testosterone, the association with abnormal glucose metabolism was mainly driven by adiposity (p=0.4 after adjusting for waist circumference). However, the risk remained increased, independently of waist circumference, when comparing the lowest and highest quartiles of testosterone (odds ratio:1.8 [95% confidence interval 1.3-2.7]) or when using testosterone as a continuous variable (odds ratio: 0.97 [95% confidence interval 0.95-0.99]). Between ages 31 and 46, body mass index increased more in men with normal testosterone at age 31 and low testosterone at age 46 than in men with normal testosterone or low testosterone at both ages (p<0.001). Higher sex hormone binding globulin levels were associated with a lower risk for abnormal glucose metabolism independently of waist circumference (p<0.001). Low levels of testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin at age 31 associated with an increased risk of developing abnormal glucose metabolism after 15 years' follow-up. This association was partly independent of adiposity but was linked to waist circumference and weight gain.

Trps1 targets Scarb1 to regulate cholesterol acquisition in mouse Leydig cells.

How elevated testosterone levels are responsible for frequent hospitalizations in female patients

Protective role of baicalin against methylparaben-induced reproductive toxicity: Insights into hormonal and enzymatic regulation