Low-stress Mechanical Properties Research Articles

Relationship Between Physical and Low-stress Mechanical Properties to Fabric Hand of Woollen Fabric with Fusible Interlinings

Relationships among physical properties, low-stress mechanical properties and hand value of woollen fabric with and without fusible interlinings were examined. Subjective evaluation and objective measurements were analysed statistically. The results reveal that thickness, weight and adhesive density properties of woollen fabric with fusible interlinings impact hand value. Further exploration of adhesive point density, thickness and weight show effect on the lowstress mechanical properties from high to low in order. This study provides new theoretical insights on hand value and lowstress mechanical properties of woollen fabric with interlinings which is predicted by physical properties. It provided a convenient method for choosing request interlining for woollen fabric using for men’s suits.

Effects of Processing Parameters on Surface Roughness of Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V via Electron Beam Melting.

As one of the powder bed fusion additive manufacturing technologies, electron beam melting (EBM) is gaining more and more attention due to its near-net-shape production capacity with low residual stress and good mechanical properties. These characteristics also allow EBM built parts to be used as produced without post-processing. However, the as-built rough surface introduces a detrimental influence on the mechanical properties of metallic alloys. Thereafter, understanding the effects of processing parameters on the part’s surface roughness, in turn, becomes critical. This paper has focused on varying the processing parameters of two types of contouring scanning strategies namely, multispot and non-multispot, in EBM. The results suggest that the beam current and speed function are the most significant processing parameters for non-multispot contouring scanning strategy. While for multispot contouring scanning strategy, the number of spots, spot time, and spot overlap have greater effects than focus offset and beam current. The improved surface roughness has been obtained in both contouring scanning strategies. Furthermore, non-multispot contouring scanning strategy gives a lower surface roughness value and poorer geometrical accuracy than the multispot counterpart under the optimized conditions. These findings could be used as a guideline for selecting the contouring type used for specific industrial parts that are built using EBM.

A simple and efficient protocol to develop durable multifunctional property to cellulosic materials using in situ generated nano-ZnO

This article focuses on the development of a durable multi-functional finish for cotton fabric by direct synthesis of nano zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) particles in the pores of the fibres. Anions and cations of zinc nitrate interacted with cellulose molecules and opened up the internal pore structure of cellulosic fibrils that in turn acted as nucleating sites for the formation of nano-ZnO on reaction with sodium hydroxide. The finished fabric was characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, AAS, DSC and AFM. The finished fabric displayed excellent antibacterial activities (>99%) against two pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Gram-negative) with 40 UPF even after 30 washes confirming the utility of this method. Inherent physical and mechanical properties of the fabric were found to be unaffected. Low stress mechanical properties evaluated by Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics indicated that the total hand value of the finished fabric changed from 3.54 to 3.40. A plausible mechanism for in situ formation of nano-ZnO and its durability on cotton fabric has been proposed.

Detailed Study on the Comfort Properties of Zari Fabric

Indian silk industry is one of the premier industries producing silk and next to china. Today the sericulture industry is faced with many problems and silk from china is being imported to combat shortage of silk. One among the product using silk is zari yarn. The Zari yarn is a value added yarn manufactured using silk. This yarn is three components consisting of 40% of silver, 0.5 % of gold and 59.5% of silk in the core position. This yarn is manufactured using the wrap spinning technique in which the flattened silver wire is wrapped on to the silk yarn and then coated with gold. The zari yarn is mostly used in saree border. The saree woven using the zari yarn will weigh around 800-1000gms depending on the design structure. The silk saree with Zari thread work will cost around 30000-84000/- depending on the weight of zari yarn used in the silk fabric. Lot of research work has been carried out to improve the texture of silk yarn. More work has been carried out in the past to improve the aesthetic and comfort properties of silk fabric. Even though the zari yarn has been used in the silk fabric manufacturing, so far there has been no research work conducted to study the zari yarn properties and its characteristics. The effect of plasma treatment on the zari yarn also studied in terms of weight loss and improvement in adhesion properties which will help in improved performance of zari yarn. The zari yarn made up of Bombyx mori silk as core is is used to produce the fabric. The comfort properties of zari yarn are also studied by using the Kawabata Evaluation system. The low stress mechanical properties of zari fabric with and without plasma treatment have been studied.

Studies on Handle Behaviour of Eri Silk / Wool Blended Fabrics Developed for Winter Wear Application

This work compares the handle behaviour of eri silk, wool and eri silk/wool blended fabrics. Changing the blend ratio, five yarns were developed and plain woven fabrics with similar construction were produced. Low stress mechanical properties of the eri silk and wool blended fabrics were determined using Kawabata Evaluation System. Test result reveals that eri silk and wool blended fabrics show excellent hand value, along with improved strength, firmness and smoothness characteristics, compared to pure wool or pure eri silk fabrics.

Effect of the Drying in Domestic Dryer on Low-stress Mechanical Properties of Silk Fabrics

Effect of the Drying in Domestic Dryer on Low-stress Mechanical Properties of Silk Fabrics

A statistical analysis of low-stress mechanical properties of warp-knitted fabrics

Fabric hand is an indispensable characteristic for the selection of fabric and product development and the buying consideration for manufacturers and consumers. However, there is little comprehensive work on the hand feel property of warp-knitted fabrics due to the mainstream natural fibers (cotton, wool and silk) and other fabric structures (woven, weft-knitted and nonwoven). The increasing potential for the wide variety of applications and development of warp-knitted fabrics is not only because its fabric hand gives better determination for fabric marketing, but also because it provides extensive scope for fabric performance and appearance. This paper reports an experimental study on the integrated fabric hand behavior of a series of warp-knitted fabrics made for various apparel applications, such as sportswear, lingerie and leisure wear. These 105 fabrics were produced by varying different physical parameters, including fabric weight and fabric thickness. The Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric (KES-F) was employed to obtain the fabric hand properties (primary hand value and total hand value) related with stiffness, smoothness and softness. All low-stress mechanical properties and fabric hand values from the testing results were used to verify the applicability of the KES-F on warp-knitted fabrics and to analyze the relationships of fabric parameters and hand characteristics. The results indicate that the KES-F is an appropriate tool to measure the hand attributes of warp-knitted samples, and moderate correlations between physical properties and mechanical behavior were found.

The effect of plasma treatment and tightness factor on the low-stress mechanical properties of single jersey knitted wool fabrics

The effects of atmospheric pressure plasma treatment and the tightness factor on the low-stress mechanical properties of weft-knitted wool fabrics were evaluated using the Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric (KES-F). The statistical analysis showed that the plasma treatment and the tightness factor had significant effects on the fabric low-stress mechanical properties ( p-value < 0.05). Plasma-treated fabrics showed significantly higher bending and shear rigidity and hysteresis, compression energy, thickness, compressibility, surface friction and lower compression resilience and geometrical roughness values compared with untreated fabrics. An increase in the fabric tightness factor significantly increased fabric thickness, bending and shear rigidity and hysteresis, and decreased tensile extensibility and geometrical roughness. The relationship between primary handle attributes evaluated by Wool HandleMeter and KES-F mechanical properties was also investigated. The results confirmed a highly linear correlation between these two sets of data, where rough/smooth and hard/soft attributes evaluated by the Wool HandleMeter had the highest correlation with bending rigidity, shear properties and bending hysteresis, as measured by the KES-F.

Influence of quenching rate on microstructure and dimensional stability of Al–Cu–Mg–Si alloy

With the development of precision instrument in space industry fields, increasing attention has been devoted to improve the dimensional stability of structural materials. In this study, the influence of quenching rate on microstructure, residual stress and dimensional stability of Al–Cu–Mg–Si alloy was studied. The results showed that boil water quenching resulted in very low residual stress but unsatisfactory mechanical properties. In contrast, low residual stress and good mechanical property were achieved by quenching the sample into 80°C water. Residual stress has a significant influence on the thermal dimensional stability. The thermal dimensional stability of sample quenched in 80°C water is better than that of sample quenched in 20°C water due to lower residual stress in 80°C water-quenched sample.

Bending propertiesof cotton fabrics produced from different spinning methods

The tailoring quality of fabrics and design of garment as well as automated handling are greatly influenced by the fabric physical and low stress mechanical properties such as bending, tensile, shear and compression. Objectivemeasurement of these characteristics leads to making accurate decision in selecting fabrics in order to minimize the tailoring problems and improve the quality of finished garment.In this study, it has been focused on bending properties of fabrics produced from different spinning methods. Twenty-seven woven fabrics are produced using different types of spun yarns (combed, carded and open end spinning systems). Three different of woven structures (plain1/1, twill 2/2 and satin4) are used with three different weft densities (18,21 and 24).These fabrics have been tested on FAST-2 bending meter. From the results we can observed the fabrics obtained from combed spun yarns have the lower bending length and lower bending rigidity than carded spun yarns. And the fabrics obtained from the open end spun yarns have the highest bending length and bending rigidity.

Low-Stress Mechanical Properties of Cotton Fabric Treated with Titanium Dioxide-Catalyzed Wrinkle-Resistant Finishing

ABSTRACTThere are five low-stress mechanical properties (tensile, shearing, bending, surface, and compression) that affect the fabric handle. Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) is a conventional agent for imparting wrinkle-resistant properties to cotton fabric. DMDHEU-crosslinked fabrics provide excellent wrinkle recovery properties but may affect the fabric hand. In this study, fabrics treated for wrinkle resistance were assessed by the Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric (KES-F), which objectively evaluates low-stress mechanical properties of textiles. Four curing temperatures, 110, 130, 150, and 170ºC, were used in the wrinkle resistant finishing and effects of different concentrations of titanium dioxide (TiO2) used as co-catalyst were also studied. It was found that changes in curing temperature (from 110 to 170ºC) have an obvious effect on tensile, shearing and bending properties. Surface and compression properties, however, did not show a significant variation. Moreover, the use of TiO2 particles in the treatment affected low-stress mechanical properties of fabrics to a certain extent, especially in compression properties, due to the increase in thickness.

PS320 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training Using Realtime Quantitative System

Drape is a unique property that allows a fabric to bend in more than one direction with double curvature. Studying the drape phenomena of apparel could enhance the prediction of fabric products’ design and their applications. Drape is influenced by fiber, yarn and fabric design structure. Drape is a complex phenomenon and it is an essential parameter to decide both appearance and handle of fabrics. Drape was found very dependent on fabric low stress mechanical properties. Fabric drape can be evaluated objectively by measuring either fabric physical and mechanical properties related to drape namely shear, bending, and weight or drape values on a drapemeter as well as subjectively relate it with the end-use products. Drape of garment can also be determine by an alternative method/system which would produce more accurate result than the already existing conventional ones through a mannequin. A comparison between traditional and the new alternative methods was conducted. Methods for accurate virtual 3-D draping of apparel on 3-D model of the mannequins considering variations in fabric mechanical properties. Variations in fabric mechanical properties can be translated to virtual simulations via examination of simple forms to representation of apparel items on the mannequins. It is easier to understand the fundamentals of fabric drape by the digital images.

The influence of fabric parameter on low-stress mechanical properties of polyester warp-knitted spacer fabric

ABSTRACTLow-stress mechanical properties of spacer fabrics are investigated from the six polyester warp-knitted spacer fabrics and have been tested on Kawabata instrument. Three different types of spacer fabrics with a thickness of 2, 3.1 and 4 mm were prepared using three different face layer structures, namely locknit, rhombic mesh and hexagonal net and the influences on fabric properties were studied. The fabric with secured locknit structure and higher fabric thickness shows the high values in the compression, bending and shear properties. However, in case of tensile strength, the fabric of open mesh structure with higher fabric thickness decreases the tensile properties. The 3.1 mm fabric thickness along with hexagonal net structure shows the fine response on compression properties and reasonable effects on the other low-stress mechanical properties.

Handle, fit and pressure comfort of silk/hybrid yarn woven stretch fabrics

Hybrid yarn was produced by twisting silk with nylon covered lycra yarn. Silk of 20 D in warp and hybrid yarn in weft was woven to develop lustrous woven stretch fabrics for sari blouse. Silk and hybrid yarn fabrics were produced in three different weaves namely plain, crepe and sateen. An in-depth study was carried out to understand the effect of weave on thermal comfort; low stress mechanical properties, total hand value and stretch properties. Nine blouses (3 samples× 3 figures) were constructed from three different woven stretch materials for fit assessment and objective pressure comfort test. The effect of fabric weave, low stress mechanical properties, total hand value and stretch properties on fit and pressure comfort of silk/hybrid yarn stretch fabrics were analyzed. Sateen weave silk/hybrid yarn stretch fabric shows higher total hand value, stretch properties and better thermal comfort properties. Sateen and crepe weave stretch fabrics provided good fit. Sateen weave fabric exerted lower clothing pressure value in the range of 3-12 mmHg at all body locations in standing position and in different postures.

Relationship between curing temperature and low stress mechanical properties of titanium dioxide catalyzed flame retardant finished cotton fabric

N-methylol dimethylphosphonopropionamide is a flame-retardant agent commonly combined with melamine resin and phosphoric acid catalyst to impart flame-retardant property to cotton fabrics. A co-catalyst titanium dioxide (TiO2) is added into the formulation in order to improve the flame-retardant performance by enhancing the crosslinking reaction and physically attaching on to cotton fabrics. The fabrics cured at temperature of 150 °C and 170 °C have a better flame-retardant ability and can withstand multiple times of home laundering compared with those cured at temperature of 110 °C and 130 °C. The flame-retardant ability is further enhanced by treating the fabrics in the presence of TiO2. In addition, the low stress mechanical properties measured by Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric (KES-F) are altered after flame-retardant treatment. These changes are contributed by the formation of crosslinks after treatment, acid-catalyzed depolymerization in a strong acidic medium and the presence of co-catalyst TiO2. In addition, the properties of cotton fabrics depend greatly on the choice of curing temperature. High curing temperature usually caused poor hand properties of the fabrics due to the extensive crosslinks formation. Lastly, the existence of TiO2 in the treatment not only improves the reaction efficiency but also has positive enhancement with respect to compressional recovery ability and tensile properties.

Low-Stress Mechanical Properties and Hand Values Analysis of Different Combination of Woollen Fabrics and Fusible Interlinings

Fusible interlinings are widely used in woollen fabrics to create and maintain good silhouette of men’s suits. In order to explore the effect of fusible interlinings on woollen fabrics, this paper analyzes the difference in the low-stress mechanical properties and hand values of woollen fabrics under the effect of fusible interlinings. The lowstress mechanical properties of woollen fabrics were investigated using the Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics (KES-F). The results showed that low-stress mechanical properties and hand values of woollen fabrics changed remarkably after fusing interlining and indicated the impact of the fusible interlinings on the low-stress mechanical properties of woollen fabrics. It is observed that the low-stress mechanical properties and the significant changes in the hand values on woollen fabrics with interlining have implications for apparel manufacturing.

The effect of laser engraving on aluminum foil-laminated denim fabric

In this paper, a developed textile design method combining laser engraving and foil lamination was explored. With the foil laminating, the surface of denim fabric shows shinning effect. After that, the foil-laminated denim samples were treated with laser engraving by adjusting the parameters, including resolution (dots per inch, dpi) at 20, 30, 40 and 50 dpi and the pixel time (microsecond, μs) at 120 and 180 μs to melt and evaporate the aluminum foil and some surface fibers. The properties of the laser-engraved foil-laminated denim fabric, including weight, tearing strength, air resistance, surface observation, color appearance, colorfastness and abrasion resistance, and some low-stress mechanical properties, were investigated. The experimental results revealed that the changes in these properties are mainly related to the melted and evaporated surface laminated aluminum foil and different sizes of cracks, wrinkles and pores formed on the fiber surface with the increment of laser energy applied. This study also revealed the potential of pattern creation with different values and reflective appearance for the embellishment of denim fabric combining the aluminum foil laminating method through the laser engraving process. With lower resolutions, engraved vague patterns with small laser beam dots can be achieved. While the treatment resolution increased, clear patterns could be performed. Based on the same resolution, the higher pixel time can export more energy, which makes the pattern look more clearly. This design approach opens up new possibilities for metallic denim fabric design without any chemicals used.

Investigating the Effects of Different Repellent Agents on the Performance of Novel Polyester/Wool Blended Fabrics

The effects of fluorocarbon finishing of hollow and solid polyester/wool were studied in order to establish the processing behavior and performance characteristics of the treated fabrics. Polyester/wool blended fabrics before and after dyeing were treated with different fluorochemicals; their liquid repellency after washing and dry cleaning was evaluated. Fabric mechanical properties were compared by measuring tensile strength and low stress mechanical properties. The results indicate that the finishing agent formulation has a great effect on the fabrics repellent properties. Studying the fluorocarbon chain re-orientation during laundering and dry cleaning revealed that each fluorocarbon has different ability to retrieve its original configuration via air drying with subsequent necessity of hot pressing to reach acceptable repellency. Also, the effect of hollow fibers on fabric mechanical properties is practically insignificant. The low stress mechanical properties indicate only relatively small differences among the samples. However, finishing with all chemicals and methods resulted in higher friction between the fibers and yarns, and in increased bending and shear rigidity, and shear hysteresis.

Prediction of Certain Low Stress Mechanical Properties of Knitted Fabrics from Their Structural Parameters

Knitted fabrics are preferred as clothing materials because of of their outstanding comfort quality. 16 plain knitted fabric samples were produced from 4 combed ring spun yarn of linear densities 29.5 Tex, 23.6, Tex 19.7 Tex and 17.4 Tex and 4 different stitch lengths from each yarn linear density were selected for this study. The fabric samples were relaxed and then tested for tensile shear and bending properties using Kawabata tester's. KES- FB1and KES- FB2. The effect of various fabric structural parameters on fabric low stress mechanical properties was studied. The fabric shear rigidity, bending rigidity, shear hysteresis, bending hysteresis, and tensile linearity were positively correlated with the fabric GSM, thickness, and tightness factor and negatively correlated with fabric linear Stitch modulus, areal stitch modulus, volume stitch modulus, and porosity. The fabric tensile elongation was positively correlated with the fabric linear stitch modulus, areal stitch modulus, volume Stitch modulus, and porosity and negatively correlated with the fabric GSM, thickness, and fabric tightness factor. The above properties were higher in course direction than in wale direction. Separate prediction equations were developed for fabric low stress mechanical properties from Tightness factor, Volume Stitch modulus, and Porosity

A novel approach in single stage combined bleaching and protease enzyme treatments on wool fabrics

Today’s scenario of textile wool industry has been radically changed to use ecofriendly chemicals and enzymes in preparatory and finishing processes due to pollution in the process of chemical treatments. In this research work, a single stage combined bleaching and biopolishing treatment technique for wool fabric was carried out by using acid and alkaline protease enzymes to analyse degradation of wool fabrics. The wool fabrics used were woven wool fabric which undergoes different treatment techniques like bleaching and acid protease, bleaching and alkaline protease, only bleaching treatment, only acid protease and only alkaline protease. The treated wool fabric samples at various process conditions were tested for their low stress mechanical properties such as tensile, shear, bending, compression, and surface. These test results were analyzed and their significant differences in terms of multivariant ANOVA analysis using Design Expert software 8.0 were reported. This novel technique has the ideal effect on wool textile in terms of better softness, weight loss, bending, shear, compression, and tensile strength. Because of mild reaction conditions of alkaline protease enzyme with hydrogen peroxide combined preparatory technique for wool textile treatment would be a promising and prospective method in bioprocessing of wool fabrics.