Aim: This study examined the growth performance of six geographical stocks of common carp, Cyprinus carpio a species that tolerates salinity up to 10 ppt, in saline water systems. Methodology: Two growth experiments were conducted under low salinity (S1: 2-4 ppt) and high salinity (S2: 8-10 ppt) levels. In the first experiment (1-225 days), six stocks (MH, MN, TR, MP, HR, AP) were housed separately, and traits like body weight, length, and height were recorded. In the second experiment (225-365 days), fish were tagged and communally reared, with males and females kept separately. Results: Significant variations in Body weight (Bw), Body length (Bl), and Body height (Bh) were observed among the stocks in the first experiment, with the MH stock performing best. In the second experiment, the least squares means of Bw was 354.59±10.04 g in S1 and 335.99±10.12 g in S2. The effect of Bw at tagging, salinity and sex by salinity interaction had a significant effect on Bw and Bh. Females in the S1 group exhibited the highest growth metrics (376.19±10.39 g, 21.39±0.43 cm, and 8.23±0.10 cm for Bw, Bl and Bh, respectively). Heritability estimates for growth traits (Bw: 0.11 ± 0.06; Bl: 0.12 ± 0.07; Bh: 0.11 ± 0.06) indicated moderate genetic variability, supporting the potential for a selective breeding program to develop fast growing common carp for inland saline aquaculture. Interpretation: The study demonstrates the potential of selective breeding in common carp to culture in saline environment, offering a sustainable solution for utilizing degraded saline soils. Key words: Common carp, Growth performance, Inland saline aquaculture, Salinity tolerance

This article considers the results of a study of the mineral composition of the main productive molybdenite-quartz association of the Zharchikhinskoye molybdenum deposit and presents new data on the crystallization time of the granites hosting the ore mineralization. Two U-Pb isotope dates (LA-ICP-MS method) were obtained for zircons from the brecciated and massive granites: 282±3 Ma and 281±3 Ma. The main ore mineral is molybdenite; secondary molybdenum minerals wulfenite, powellite, and ferrimolybdite form under supergene conditions. It was established that the ores of the deposit are characterized by the absence of tungsten minerals and the presence of non-commercial beryllium, polysulfide, and aluminum fluoride mineralization. Based on the study of fluid inclusions in quartz and fluorite, homogenization temperatures were established in the range from 245 to 402 °C. Taking into account the pressure data of 1255–1372 bar, the range of calculated temperatures for the FI capture is 538–554 °C. The ore-forming solutions had relatively low salinity, on the order of ~5.7–11.7 wt. % NaCl equiv. The main salt components are represented by iron and magnesium chlorides.

The influence of environmental factors and phytoplankton blooms on cyphonautes larvae abundance and bryozoan colony development at a kelp farm in central Norway.

Abstract Ocean freshening due to increased precipitation and ice melting in a warming world poses a significant threat to marine calcifiers. The reduced availability of calcification substrates and an undersaturated calcium carbonate state challenge shell construction and maintenance. The corrosive potential of ocean acidification on biomineralized skeletons is well understood, but few studies have investigated the corrosive potential of significant freshwater input into marine habitats. To examine the susceptibility of invertebrate biocomposites to low salinity, we exposed blocks containing polished surfaces of pristine shell material of six bivalve taxa, representing different mineralogies and microstructures, to a salinity gradient (0–45‰) for 180 days. By measuring the loss of shell thickness, we revealed a significant correlation between dissolution and decreasing salinity. Significantly different amounts of shell thickness loss were observed across microstructures, revealing mineralogy and organic content as important predictors for dissolution. Aragonite layers lost significantly more shell thickness than calcite, and higher organic content retarded dissolution across microstructures. Overall, shell dissolution at low salinities is significant and comparable to dissolution predicted under end-of-century ocean acidification scenarios. The compromised integrity of marine invertebrate biomineralized skeletons because of ocean freshening is of critical concern with future predicted increases in precipitation and sea ice melt.

Coastal eutrophication and freshwater inputs drive acidification in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida.

Salinity and nutrient driven shifts in diatom dominance along the Tamil Nadu coast during the northeast monsoon.

Abstract The northern Bay of Bengal (BoB) exhibits low mixed layer salinity accompanied by strong intraseasonal variability, primarily driven by the Indian Summer Monsoon and monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO). Notably, the northern BoB shows concurrent increases in mixed layer salinity and MISO-induced precipitation at intraseasonal timescales. This contrasts with the central BoB where precipitation typically reduces salinity in mixed layer. Diagnostic studies reveal that horizontal advection, rather than freshwater flux, is the dominant term in this process particularly to the north of 18°N during the MISO. Wind-driven meridional currents transport saline water northward, increasing salinity before MISO arrival; subsequently, reversed winds reduce salinity as MISO propagates northward through changing horizontal advection. In the latitudinal band of 15°N–18°N, horizontal advection consistently decreases salinity, but MISO-induced southwesterly winds enhance evaporation, yielding net salinity increases. These results elucidate the mechanisms governing mixed layer salinity variations in the BoB, underscoring the complexity of air-sea interactions during MISOs.

The Bay of Bengal (BoB) is a continuum receiving numerous major rivers including the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Meghna, and many more others. The river outputs are greatly impacted by the dynamic circulation system along the shelf. As anticipated, the freshwater influx from rivers leads to lower salinities and shallower mixed layers. Yet, the effect of this extra freshwater input into the bay is unexpectedly complex. Meanwhile, the considerable freshwater flow from these rivers transforms the density and dynamic height of the receiving seas, potentially influencing primary productivity in the northern BoB. Various observational, reanalysis, and satellite datasets—such as river discharge, temperature, salinity, density, and chlorophyll concentration—are analyzed using heterogeneous correlation methods. The data sources include the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service and ERAInterim. It highlights that Classic estuarine two-layer circulation during monsoonal period is one of the significant consequences of river plume influence on continental shelf. Coriolis force, which is governed by earth rotation, monsoonal effect and buoyant river plumes are what makes this discovery so significant. This study indicates that the highest variability in Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) is found near the mouths of the major rivers, such as the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) in the northern BoB and the Irrawaddy in the northern Andaman Sea. There's also notable variation along the western boundary of the basin, though to a lesser extent. The results show a large increase in surface salinity along the Bangladeshi coast especially in the eastern part in near future, which may affect the area of fresh water plume-suggesting that variations in river flow can significantly influence the dynamic marine ecosystems of the northern BoB during the time period between 2016 and 2020. These modifications are anticipated to cause considerable alterations in the coastal aquatic ecosystems in coastal areas. J. of Sci. and Tech. Res. 6(2): 65-75, 2025

This experiment was conducted to investigate the impacts of dietary incorporation of a combination of broccoli by‐product and citrus peel by‐product (CBC) as a functional additive on the growth and resistance of the Japanese abalone (Haliotis discus) under various stressor conditions. A total of 2520 abalone juveniles (initial weight of 3.33 g) were assigned to 21 net cages, with 120 individuals per cage and three cages per feed. Six formulated feeds, supplemented with 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 5% CBC, were prepared and labeled as the control (Con), CBC0.5, CBC1, CBC2, CBC3, and CBC5 feeds, respectively. Additionally, dry Saccharina japonica was prepared to compare the performance of abalone fed with the formulated feeds. All abalone were fed once daily for 16 weeks. Following the 16‐week feeding experiment, 60 abalone from each cage were randomly chosen and evenly divided into 3 groups. These groups were then exposed to stressors: 20 h air exposure, 20 h high temperature exposure (30°C), and 12 h low salinity exposure (25 psu). The survival of abalone was checked for 5 days following these stress tests. The specific growth rate (SGR) of abalone fed all artificial feeds was statistically (p < 0.05) greater than that of abalone fed the S. japonica, but no statistical differences were observed among abalone fed the different formulated feeds. The shell length, width, and height, and soft body weight of abalone fed with all artificial feeds were statistically superior (p < 0.05 for all) compared to those fed with S. japonica. After the 5‐day observation period following 20 h air exposure or high temperature exposure at 30°C, the survival rates of abalone fed with CBC2, CBC3, and CBC5 feeds were statistically (p < 0.05) greater than those fed with S. japonica. Increasing the CBC inclusion level (0–5%) in feeds linearly enhanced the abalone survival under 20 h air and high temperature exposures. Therefore, CBC exhibited great potential as a stress reducer in abalone feed, and the inclusion of at least 2% CBC in formulated feeds is recommended to enhance abalone’s resistance to air and high‐temperature stressors.

Multi-omics insights into energy metabolism changes in response to salinity adaptation in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain).

EgrDREB3 from Eucalyptus grandis confer Arabidopsis resilience to low temperature and salinity and senescence delay without growth penalty.

Phosphorus dynamics and fractionation in the Ashtamudi estuary, Southwest coast of India: Seasonal variability, and potential ecological risk assessment.

152Eu and HTO sorption and diffusion in crystalline rock in the presence of MX-80 bentonite colloids.

Transcriptome analysis and physiological responses reveal the effects of acute low salinity stress on the noble scallop Chlamys nobilis

Soil salinization alters biogeochemical cycles in agricultural ecosystems by reducing carbon-cycling microorganisms.

This study evaluates the spatial and seasonal dynamics of seawater ingress in the coastal phreatic aquifer systems of Kollam District, Kerala, using an integrated hydrochemical and index-based approach. A total of 21 groundwater samples were collected during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons of 2022 and analysed for major ions and physicochemical parameters. The Groundwater Quality Index for Seawater Mixing (GQISWI) was employed to identify salinization levels by integrating hydrochemical facies and chloride-derived mixing ratios. The Hill–Piper diagrams of the analysed water samples from the study area showed a shift, with samples transitioning from Na-Cl dominated facies during the pre-monsoon to Ca–HCO₃ type in the post-monsoon, indicating freshening of groundwater due to monsoon recharge. Similarly, the USSL diagram displayed a shift in several post-monsoon samples toward lower salinity zones, reflecting the dilution effect of rainfall. An inverse relation between depth to the water table and electrical conductivity was observed across coastal transects, with higher electrical conductivity observed in the shallow coastal zones and a decrease in conductivity with increasing depth towards the east. Despite the overall improvement in water quality during the post-monsoon season, a few localized zones continued to exhibit elevated salinity levels—likely attributable to limited aquifer thickness, proximity to the coastline/saline water bodies. The study demonstrates that monsoonal recharge plays a vital role in reversing salinity levels and provides a replicable framework for seawater ingress assessment and aquifer vulnerability mapping in coastal regions. Keywords: Kollam District, Seawater Ingress, Seasonal Salinity Dynamics, Coastal Phreatic Aquifer System, Hydrochemical Facies, Ground Water Quality Index

Reusing bioreactor effluent as a circular bioresource strategy for cultivating marine microalgae and producing Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Salinity stress is a common abiotic stress that significantly affects the physiological and biochemical indices of marine bivalves. The Jinjiang oyster Crassostrea ariakensis, a euryhaline bivalve, holds considerable importance in aquaculture. To explore the effects of salinity stress on C. ariakensis, the oysters were cultured at different salinities: 17.5‰ (low salinity, LS), 28.5‰ (natural salinity, NS), and 39.5‰ (high salinity, HS) for a duration of two weeks. Changes in growth, antioxidant enzyme, and nutritional quality were assessed. The survival rate and meat yield of LS and HS group were decreased. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities showed different trends in LS and HS groups compared to the NS group. However, Total antioxidant capacity was inhibited in both LS and HS groups. Low/high salinity stress has complex effects on the nutritional quality of C. ariakensis. The crude protein, essential amino acids, the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)/saturated fatty acids in the LS group and the moisture, total amino acids, the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA in the HS group all decreased. Therefore, salinity stress not only poses a risk to the survival of C. ariakensis, but also changes the quality of oysters.

Land cover changes are a prominent driver of environmental changes, impacting various ecosystem components, including soil properties and the dynamics of natural resources, such as the soil particle sizes and the organic carbon stock. The aim of this research study was to define the influence of environmental factors on a set of soil physical and chemical properties (pH, electrical conductivity, bulk density, soil texture, and nitrogen and soil carbon contents) in Stung Chrey Bak catchment. A total of 135 soil samples at 0-10 cm depths were collected all over the catchment from four dominant land cover types (i.e., dense forest, clear forest, brushwood, and rice field) in 1952 and 1981. All these data were mapped by combining spatial data on land cover types and for a visualization of soil properties at the catchment scale. For the mapping of soil properties, we used an interpolation map (IDW) with Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS 3.22). The distribution of the particle sizes was mostly impacted by the topography rather than the land uses. On average, the soil pH values were higher in rice fields than in forested soil, while low salinity could be measured in the four land use types. The carbon content was higher in the dense forest soil than in the other land use types. The bulk density of the dense forests was 1.28g cm-3, while it reached 1.68g cm-3 on average in the other land use type. This shows that deforestation in the upland leads to soil compaction and a significant loss of soil C.

Biofouling on fishing vessels poses ecological and economic challenges by increasing fuel consumption, maintenance costs, and the risk of spreading alien species. This study examined fouling patterns on four purse seiners dry-docked in the Black Sea, assessing the density, composition, and spatial distribution of fouler organisms. Photo-quadrat samples and direct counts from six different locations of the ship revealed three taxa: Bivalvia, Bryozoa, and Cirripedia, by varying dominancy among the vessels. Ships A and C were Bivalvia-dominated, with extensive coverage area (4.60 m² and 3.32 m², respectively). Ship B had high Bryozoa dominancy (4.62 m² in the midsection), while Ship D had only Cirripedia prevalence, reaching 0.73 m² coverage area and very high density at the hull bottom (2974 ± 1596.5 ind./m²). Fouling density was highest in the Bulbous Bow and Front sections, decreasing toward the stern, except for Bryozoa colonies concentrated midship on Ship B. Propellers were dominated by Cirripedia, reaching maximum counts on Ship B (173 ± 96.2 ind.). While Bivalvia and Cirripedia were dominant in ships moored in ports where salinity is at normal levels (20‰), Bryozoa was dominant in port with lower salinity (14‰) due to freshwater input. Similarity Analysis showed that Ship A and C were nearly 80% similar in terms of spatial coverage of fouler species, while Ship D was different from the others. The findings of the study suggest that port-specific salinity and hydrodynamic conditions play a pivotal role in the sequence of fouling events, superseding the influence of vessel type and antifouling coating.