Melphalan Research Articles

In silico and in vitro validation of cinnamaldehyde as a potential cathepsin B inhibitor.

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, surpassed only by heart disease. Despite improved diagnosis and treatment, cancer cells still evade normal physiological processes such as apoptosis, metabolism, angiogenesis, cell cycle, and epigenetics. To mitigate the numerous side effects linked to chemotherapy, leveraging natural products emerged as a promising alternative, either alone or in tandem with traditional agents. Cinnamaldehyde, an active ingredient of Cinnamomum cassia's stem bark has emerged as a molecule of research with diverse pharmacological properties. In the present study, we report an in silico potential of cinnamaldehyde (CM) potential as an anticancer agent across thirteen anti-cancer targets in comparison with chlorambucil (CB), docetaxel (DOC), melphalan (MP). Computational tools such as DFT, CHEM3D, molinspiration, vNNADMET, SWISS ADME, admetSAR, galaxyrefine, iGEMDOCK, and DS-Visualizer were employed. Additionally, anti-cathepsin B activity was assessed for cinnamaldehyde and the mentioned drugs and the results showed comparable inhibition at nano Molar concentrations. The results supported molecular docking using iGEMDOCK. Both in silico and experimental findings substantiate cinnamaldehyde as a promising drug for cancer treatment including metastasis and invasion where cathepsin B involvement is indicated.

Use of Wireless Sensor Networks for Area-Based Speed Control and Traffic Monitoring

This paper reviews the potential of low-power wireless networks to improve road safety. The authors characterized this type of network and its application in road transport. They also presented the available technologies, highlighting one that was considered the most promising for transport applications. The study includes an innovative and proprietary concept of area-based vehicle speed monitoring using this technology and describes its potential for enhancing road safety. Assumptions and a model for the deployment of network equipment within the planned implementation area were developed. Using radio coverage planning software, the authors conducted a series of simulations to assess the radio coverage of the proposed solution. The results were used to evaluate the feasibility of deployment and to select system operating parameters. It was also noted that the proposed solution could be applied to traffic monitoring. The main objective of this paper is to present a new solution for improving road safety and to assess its feasibility for practical implementation. To achieve this, the authors conducted and presented the results of a series of simulations using radio coverage planning software. The key contribution of this research is the authors′ proposal to implement simultaneous vehicle speed control across the entire monitored area, rather than limiting it to specific, designated points. The simulation results, primarily related to the deployment and selection of operating parameters for wireless sensor network devices, as well as the type and height of antenna placement, suggest that the practical implementation of the proposed solution is feasible. This approach has the potential to significantly improve road safety and alter drivers′ perceptions of speed control. Additionally, the positive outcomes of the research could serve as a foundation for changing the selection of speed control sites, focusing on areas with the highest road safety risk at any given time.

Enhanced Hybrid Congestion Mitigation Strategy for ‘6LoWPAN-RPL based patient-centric IoHT’

The Internet of Healthcare Things (IoHT) is rapidly evolving, providing new opportunities to enhance healthcare delivery. However, the resource limitation of connected medical sensing devices leads to congestion, resulting in reduced network performance, delayed data transmission, and loss of critical medical information, which can have significant consequences in healthcare. To address this issue, this paper proposes an Enhanced Hybrid Congestion Mitigation Strategy (EHCMS) for IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area networks (6LoWPAN) and routing protocol for low-Power and lossy networks (RPL) based patient-centric IoHT (PC-IoHT). The EHCMS combines several techniques, including traffic management, network topology optimization, and load balancing, to enhance network performance and reduce congestion. The proposed framework is a hybrid strategy that utilizes resource- and traffic-control mechanisms to alleviate congestion in the 6LoWPAN-RPL-based patient-centric IoHT network. For the resource-control-based approach, a congestion-aware composite objective function is designed using a few congestion-specific routing metrics and formulated as a multi-attribute decision-making problem solved using Grey relational analysis (GRA). In addition, a non-linear multi-criteria optimization problem-based transmission rate adaptation mechanism is contrived as a traffic-control scheme for congestion mitigation. The effectiveness of the proposed EHCMS is evaluated using simulations on the Cooja simulator in the Contiki-3.0 OS and compared with existing congestion-alleviating strategies. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework can significantly reduce congestion in the IoHT network, perform better than existing works, and improve the quality of service. This research paper contributes to the field of IoHT by proposing an effective congestion mitigation strategy that enhances the reliability and performance of the PC-IoHT network, ultimately improving the quality of healthcare delivery.

Bio-inspired 3D-Printed supercapacitors for sustainable energy storage

This study presents a significant enhancement of the electrochemical properties of commercially available high-surface-area bare activated carbon (BAC) through the grafting of catechin hydrate (CH) redox active molecules. The grafting of CH onto the BAC was confirmed by the results from the Thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. Moreover, this study introduces 3D printed deep eutectic solvent electrolytes, composed of choline chloride and urea, highlighting the potential of sustainable and greener materials in energy storage. A 3D-printed fully bio-inspired supercapacitor achieved a maximum specific capacitance of 75 F g−1 at a scan rate of 1 mV s−1 (37 F g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1), demonstrating performance comparable to that of previously reported state-of-the-art fully 3D-printed and disposable paper supercapacitors (25.6 F g−1 at a scan rate of 1 mV s−1 for 1.2 V). Furthermore, the device exhibited electrochemical performance within an extended potential window of 2.0 V, coupled with cycling stability of approximately 90.2 % after 10,000 cycles, offering a specific energy of 20.6 W h kg−1 at a specific power of 560 W kg−1. The developed bio-inspired, eco-friendly, sustainable, 3D-printed supercapacitors can replace the harmful Li-ion batteries currently used in low-power wireless sensor applications.

Experiment Modelling of Automated Verification Control on Environmental Conditions During Crop Storage

The study introduces a preliminary approach to enhance the supervision of food processing operators. Specifically, it showcases a digital model of an online compliance validation system with environmental conditions designed for food processing and preservation items that are sensitive to climate factors. The technology demonstration involves four fundamental stages carried out in a complete experimental cycle, where intelligent sensors gather and transmit data through a low-power wireless wide-area network from a farm specializing in sunflower seed storage. Subsequently, six consecutive scripts are executed, five of which are coded in Python. The integration of distributed data technology brings objectivity to the process of securely storing environmental parameters and objectively verifying their compliance with recommended hygienic, bio certification standards. As a result, monitoring the food production process becomes more publicly accessible and with higher rates of objectivity in decisions, enabling prospective buyers and certification agencies to assess the quality of food products with great precision. Therefore, the suggested digital model has the potential to ensure the utmost transparency in the food processing sector.

Experimental Investigation into Deploying a Wi-Fi6 Mesh System for Underground Gold and Platinum Mine Stopes

Stopes suffer from unreliable wireless communication due to their harsh environment. There is a lack of confidence within industry regarding the effectiveness of existing solutions in providing reliable high-bandwidth performance in hard rock stopes. This work proposes that Wi-Fi6 is a good candidate for reliable high-bandwidth communications in underground hard rock stopes. Experiments in a tunnel and mine stope were conducted to evaluate the performance of Wi-Fi6 in terms of latency, jitter, and throughput. Different criteria, such as multi-hop systems, varying multipath, mesh routing protocols, and frequencies at different bandwidths, were used to evaluate performance. The results show that Wi-Fi6 performance is greater in stopes compared to tunnels. Signal quality evaluations were conducted using the Asus RT-AX53U running OpenWrt, and an additional experiment was conducted on the nrf7002dk running Zephyr OS to evaluate the power consumption of Wi-Fi6 against the industry standard for low-powered wireless communications, IEEE 802.15.4. Wi-Fi6 was found to be more power-efficient than IEEE 802.15.4 for Mbps communications. These experiments highlight the signal robustness of Wi-Fi6 in stope environments and also highlights its low-powered nature. This work also highlights the performance of the two most widely used open-source mesh routing protocols for Wi-Fi.

Performance Comparison of CC AODV and Optimized AODV K-Means Clustering Using NS3

Nowadays, many studies have been interested in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks because of their low cost, when there is a need to communicate using a network without any infrastructure. Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is a routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) and other wireless ad hoc networks. AODV was co-developed in July 2003 at the NOKIA Research Center, University of California, Santa Barbara and University of Cincinnati by C. Perkins, E. Belding-Rover an S.Das. AODV is a routing protocol used by ZigBee - a low power wireless ad hoc network with low data rates. AODV is included in the proactive routing protocol. The advantage of using this routing protocol is that it has economical resources, because resources are not needed to store information about routes to other nodes. However, this AODV has a drawback, namely the packet that will be sent has a long delay in anti-node origin waiting for the protocol to find the path to be passed. There are many papers that optimize AODV, including CC AODV and K Means Clustering AODV. Based on the paper “CC-AODV: An effective multiple paths congestion control AODV”, a control scheme called CC AODV has been created, namely managing routing conditions by significantly increasing packet sending rates while reducing packet drop rates, and based on the paper “An Energy Efficient Clustering Using K-Means and AODV Routing Protocol in Ad hoc Networks”. Based on both paper, in this study the objectives to be achieved are: a) Analyze the performance of using CC AODV and K Means Clustering AODV based on the number of nodes. b) how much influence the number of nodes has on the performance of CC AODV and K Means clustering AODV c) Performance analysis is performed on throughput, end to end delay, packet loss, packet delivery ratio. This paper begins by looking at the literature covering MANET, AODV, CC AODV, and K-Means Clustering AODV. On the result section the test results such as end to end delay, throughput, packet delivery ratio, and packet loss ratio are documented. The conclusion summarizes key points and is followed by the references.

Selection of Ferrite Depending on Permeability and Weight to Enhance Power Transfer Efficiency in Low-Power Wireless Power Transfer Systems

Selection of Ferrite Depending on Permeability and Weight to Enhance Power Transfer Efficiency in Low-Power Wireless Power Transfer Systems

Lure: A simulator for networks of batteryless intermittent nodes

The emerging paradigm of batteryless intermittent sensor networks (BISNs) presents new challenges for researchers of low-power wireless systems and protocols. The nature of these challenges exacerbates the difficulty of evaluating networks of physical sensor nodes, making simulation an even more important component in evaluating performance metrics, such as communication throughput and delay, for BISN designs. To our knowledge, existing simulators and analytical models do not meet the unique needs of BISN research; therefore, we have created a new open-source BISN simulator named Lure. Lure is designed from the ground-up for simulation of batteryless intermittent systems and networks. Written in Python, Lure is powerful, flexible, highly configurable, and supports rapid prototyping of new protocols, systems, and applications, with a low learning curve. In this paper, we present Lure and validate it with experimental data to show that Lure can accurately reflect the reality of BISNs. We then demonstrate the process of applying Lure to research questions in select case studies.

Enabling Seamless Connectivity: Networking Innovations in Wireless Sensor Networks for Industrial Application.

The wide-ranging applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) show that it has the potential to revolutionise industry, improve daily life, and overcome global challenges. This study aims to evaluate the performance scalability of mature industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs). A new classification approach for IoT in the industrial sector is proposed based on multiple factors and we introduce the integration of 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area networks), message queuing telemetry transport for sensor networks (MQTT-SN), and ContikiMAC protocols for sensor nodes in an industrial IoT system to improve energy-efficient connectivity. The Contiki COOJA WSN simulator was applied to model and simulate the performance of the protocols in two static and moving scenarios and evaluate the proposed novelty detection system (NDS) for network intrusions in order to identify certain events in real time for realistic dataset analysis. The simulation results show that our method is an essential measure in determining the number of transmissions required to achieve a certain reliability target in an IWSNs. Despite the growing demand for low-power operation, deterministic communication, and end-to-end reliability, our methodology of an innovative sensor design using selective surface activation induced by laser (SSAIL) technology was developed and deployed in the FTMC premises to demonstrate its long-term functionality and reliability. The proposed framework was experimentally validated and tested through simulations to demonstrate the applicability and suitability of the proposed approach. The energy efficiency in the optimised WSN was increased by 50%, battery life was extended by 350%, duplicated packets were reduced by 80%, data collisions were reduced by 80%, and it was shown that the proposed methodology and tools could be used effectively in the development of telemetry node networks in new industrial projects in order to detect events and breaches in IoT networks accurately. The energy consumption of the developed sensor nodes was measured. Overall, this study performed a comprehensive assessment of the challenges of industrial processes, such as the reliability and stability of telemetry channels, the energy efficiency of autonomous nodes, and the minimisation of duplicate information transmission in IWSNs.

Secured lightweight authentication for 6LoWPANs in machine-to-machine communications

The development of machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies is becoming increasingly important in the rapidly growing domain of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and the Internet of Things (IoT). Adopting IPv6 over 6LoWPANs (Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks) is instrumental in communicating across diverse domains within WSNs, albeit with its challenges. Particularly, resource limitations and security vulnerabilities remain significant concerns. 6LoWPAN-based M2M protocols that rely on authentication and key establishment schemes (AKE) often fall short due to inadequate security issues and excessive resource requirements. This paper addresses these challenges by introducing a secure and resource-efficient framework—Lightweight AKE for 6LoWPAN Nodes (LAKE-6LN). LAKE-6LN capitalizes on the clustering architecture's merits and contrasts conventional router-centric approaches. To ensure lightweight and efficient operation, it uses hash functions, XOR functions, and symmetric encryption techniques. Pseudo-identity, sequence tracking numbers, and secure parameters ensure privacy and protection against attacks, including traceability, perfect forward secrecy, ephemeral secret leakage, and secure the session key. An informal analysis of LAKE-6LN's security confirms that compliance with all essential security properties has been achieved. In addition, the framework's logical robustness and security analysis are rigorously verified using BAN logic, AVISPA, and Scyther tools. LAKE-6LN has demonstrated superior performance over related schemes, demonstrating a reduction in storage costs (by 33.33 % to 85.71 %), computational overhead (by 14.28 % to 95.97 %), communication overhead (by 16.12 % to 51.85 %), and energy consumption (by 22.04 % to 99.40 %). In our comparative analysis, LAKE-6LN demonstrates its resilience against various security threats, demonstrating its potential to secure 6LoWPAN networks in M2M.

In-phase and quadrature frequency-shift keying for low-power optical wireless communications

This article proposes using in-phase and quadrature frequency-shift keying (IQFSK) modulation for low-power optical wireless communications (OWC). IQFSK independently leverages both cosine and sine basis functions to enhance the system’s spectral efficiency (SE). It uses only the odd harmonic frequencies for these basis functions, allowing the clipping of negative amplitude excursions without losing information, making the waveform compatible with OWC The work presents optimal maximum likelihood and low-complexity sub-optimal detection mechanisms for IQFSK. The proposed scheme is analyzed analytically and with numerical simulations. The simulation and analytical results indicate that the proposed scheme is more energy-efficient, can attain a better energy and SE trade-off by exploiting the frame structure of the waveform, and has a lower minimum squared Euclidean distance relative to other state-of-the-art FSK-based counterparts, thus establishing it as one of the most efficient FSK approaches for low-power OWCs.

Oxyresveratrol in Breast Cancer Cells: Synergistic Effect with Chemotherapeutics Doxorubicin or Melphalan on Proliferation, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Cell Death.

Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer in the world. Polyphenols can act at all stages of carcinogenesis and oxyresveratrol (OXY) promising anticancer properties, mainly associated with chemotherapy drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of OXY with doxorubicin (DOX) or melphalan (MEL), either isolated or associated, in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Our results showed that OXY, DOX, and MEL presented cytotoxicity, in addition to altering cell morphology. The synergistic association of OXY + DOX and OXY + MEL reduced the cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. The OXY, DOX, or MEL and associations were able to alter the ROS production, ∆Ψm, and cell cycle; DOX and OXY + DOX led the cells to necrosis. Furthermore, OXY and OXY + MEL were able to lead the cells to apoptosis and upregulate caspases-3, -7, -8, and -9 in both cells. LC-HRMS showed that 7-deoxidoxorubicinone and doxorubicinol, responsible for the cardiotoxic effect, were not identified in cells treated with the OXY + DOX association. In summary, our results demonstrate for the first time the synergistic effect of OXY with chemotherapeutic agents in breast cancer cells, offering a new strategy for future animal studies.

Low-Power Wireless Sensor Module for Machine Learning-Based Continuous Monitoring of Nuclear Power Plants.

This paper introduces the novel design and implementation of a low-power wireless monitoring system designed for nuclear power plants, aiming to enhance safety and operational efficiency. By utilizing advanced signal-processing techniques and energy-efficient technologies, the system supports real-time, continuous monitoring without the need for frequent battery replacements. This addresses the high costs and risks associated with traditional wired monitoring methods. The system focuses on acoustic and ultrasonic analysis, capturing sound using microphones and processing these signals through heterodyne frequency conversion for effective signal management, accommodating low-power consumption through down-conversion. Integrated with edge computing, the system processes data locally at the sensor level, optimizing response times to anomalies and reducing network load. Practical implementation shows significant reductions in maintenance overheads and environmental impact, thereby enhancing the reliability and safety of nuclear power plant operations. The study also sets the groundwork for future integration of sophisticated machine learning algorithms to advance predictive maintenance capabilities in nuclear energy management.

Ambient nano RF-Energy driven self-powered wearable multimodal real-time health monitoring

As the trend of population aging intensifies, the demand for continuous and efficient health monitoring for solitary elderly individuals and those with limited self-care capabilities is growing. Traditional wearable health monitoring devices primarily rely on battery power, which not only incurs high maintenance costs but also risks interruption of monitoring due to battery depletion. To address these issues, this paper introduces a self-powered flexible wearable monitoring device utilizing far-field Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting (RFEH) technology. This device powers integrated sensors and Bluetooth by harvesting RF energy from ambient Wi-Fi and other wireless signals, enabling real-time monitoring of the wearer's physical behaviour and health status with immediate feedback via mobile terminals. Under conditions of 100 cm distance and a power intensity of 0.8 dBm, the system can charge a 220 μF capacitor to 4.12 V within just 23.24 seconds, ensuring stable operation of the device. Moreover, the monitoring device is equipped with a low-power wireless sensor system capable of sampling up to 100 Hz, which accurately and promptly tracks and analyzes key health indicators such as walking, physiological activities, and respiratory status. This technology provides a reliable health monitoring solution for elderly individuals living alone and those with difficulties in self-care, significantly enhancing the effectiveness of remote medical services, improving their quality of life, and reducing the occurrence of emergency medical events. This research not only advances wearable device technology but also paves new paths for health management in an aging society.

Intelligent Unmanned Robot Using IOT for Military Applications

Most military organization now takes the help of robots to carry out many risky jobs that cannot be done by the soldier. These robots used in the military are usually employed with an integrated system, including video screens, sensors, grippers, and cameras. The military robots also have different shapes according to the purposes of each robot. Here the new system is proposed with the help of low low-power IOT wireless sensor network to trace out the intruders (unknown persons) and the robot will take the necessary action automatically. Thus the proposed system, an Intelligent Unmanned Robot (IUR) using IOT saves human lives and reduces manual error on the defense side. This is a specially designed robotic system to save human life and protect the country from enemies. Robots are specially designed for humans to make our lives easier. Robots are designed for various purposes like military purposes, industry, for home home-based applications. At the border, different tanks, missiles, guns, etc. are used by the enemy. This causes problems and harms our forces or soldiers. For this, a robot is designed and developed for military purposes application to protect our army. robots are used to detect obstacles that are found in their path. If it finds any obstacle in its path, then using a gun mechanism it will able to shoot that obstacle. To make it a multifunctional robot all the actions performed by the user same actions performed by a robot using the stretch sensor. All these mechanisms are embedded in the propeller.

Voice Over for Home Security System

The Smart Home Voice Control Hub is an advanced, integrated system design to seamlessly manage and operate a variety of smart home devices using voice commands. Recent years have witnessed significant advancements in home automation driven by wireless technologies. Among these, the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, RF, stands out for its low data rate, extended battery lif e, and secure networking capabilities. This article details a method for testing voice control implementation in smart homes, emphasizing compatibility with existing infrastructure. Utilizing low-power RF wireless modules and a microcontroller, the system caters to the needs of elderly and disabled individuals living independently. By focusing on voice recognition, it off ers enhanced security and control over household lighting and appliances. Experimental validation demonstrates the system's effectiveness in practical applications.

Feedback and ionized gas outflows in four low-radio power AGN at z ∼ 0.15

An increasing number of observations and simulations suggests that low-power (< 1044 erg s−1) jets may be a significant channel of feedback produced by active galactic nuclei (AGN), but little is known about their actual effect on their host galaxies from the observational point of view. We targeted four luminous type 2 AGN hosting moderately powerful radio emission (∼1044 erg s−1), two of which and possibly a third are associated with jets, with optical integral field spectroscopy observations from the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) to analyze the properties of their ionized gas as well as the properties and effects of ionized outflows. We combined these observations with Very Large Array (VLA) and e-MERLIN data to investigate the relations and interactions between the radio jets and host galaxies. We detected ionized outflows as traced by the fast bulk motion of the gas. The outflows extended over kiloparsec scales in the direction of the jet, when present. In the two sources with resolved radio jets, we detected a strong enhancement in the emission-line velocity dispersion (up to 1000 km s−1) perpendicular to the direction of the radio jets. We also found a correlation between the mass and the energetics of this high-velocity dispersion gas and the radio power, which supports the idea that the radio emission may cause the enhanced turbulence. This phenomenon, which is now being observed in an increasing number of objects, might represent an important channel for AGN feedback on galaxies

Fluid Flow to Electricity: Capturing Flow-Induced Vibrations with Micro-Electromechanical-System-Based Piezoelectric Energy Harvester.

We introduce a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) energy harvester, designed for capturing flow energy. Moving beyond traditional vibration-based energy harvesting, our approach incorporates a cylindrical oscillator mounted on an MEMS chip, effectively harnessing wind energy through flow-induced vibration (FIV). A highlight of our research is the development of a comprehensive fabrication process, utilizing a 5.00 µm thick cantilever beam and piezoelectric film, optimized through advanced micromachining techniques. This process ensures the harvester's alignment with theoretical predictions and enhances its operational efficiency. Our wind tunnel experiments confirmed the harvester's capability to generate a notable electrical output, with a peak voltage of 2.56 mV at an 8.00 m/s wind speed. Furthermore, we observed a strong correlation between the experimentally measured voltage frequencies and the lift force frequency observed by CFD analysis, with dominant frequencies identified in the range of 830 Hz to 867 Hz, demonstrating the potential application in actual flow environments. By demonstrating the feasibility of efficient energy conversion from ambient wind, our research contributes to the development of sustainable energy solutions and low-power wireless electron devices.

Theoretical analysis and potential engineering application of an energy harvester

The technique of energy harvesting, which captures the energy from ambient vibrations, has received increasing attention due to its potential to power low-powered wireless sensors. Therefore, it is important to reveal the nonlinear dynamic mechanism to design a high-performance energy harvester. This paper describes an energy harvester with the decoupled bistable potential (DBEH), in which the potential function can be controlled independently by the barrier height or the barrier width. The harmonic balance method (HBM) is used to obtain the theoretical solutions, and the Jacobian matrix is provided to determine their stability. Thirdly, this paper thoroughly discusses the influence of barrier height and width on output responses and the multi-solution range. Finally, numerical simulations observe the stochastic resonance (SR) phenomenon and the inverse SR phenomenon of the DBEH with Gaussian white noise injection. The SR phenomenon of the DBEH is applied to bearing fault diagnosis, effectively enhancing fault characteristics.