Low Mood States Research Articles

Flavonoids against depression: a comprehensive review of literature.

Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity, which affects a person's thoughts, behavior, motivation, feelings, and sense of wellbeing. Pharmacologic therapies are still the best effective treatment of depression. Still, most antidepressant drugs have low efficacy and delayed onset of therapeutic action, have different side effects, and even exacerbate depression. Such conditions make it possible to look for alternatives. Consequently, we decided to summarize the impact of flavonoids on depression in this review. We searched scientific databases such as SCOPUS, PubMed, and Google Scholar to find relevant studies until July 2022. A wide variety of natural components have been shown to alleviate depression, one of which is flavonoids. Due to the growing tendency to use natural antidepressant drugs, scientific studies are increasingly being conducted on flavonoids. This study aims to review the latest scientific researches that indicate the antidepressant potential of flavonoids. Various mechanisms include neurotransmitter system modulation and dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic pathways regulation in the central nervous system. Different compounds of flavonoids have antidepressant properties in vivo or in vitro experiments or clinical trials and can be used as alternative and complementary treatments for depression. In general, it was observed that there were no severe side effects. Our study proves the antidepressant potential of flavonoids, and considering the limited side effects, they can be used as complementary medicine for depressed patients.

'Nostalgic food heals for us': A qualitative exploration of experiences with nostalgia, food, and mood.

Nostalgia-the bittersweet reliving of the past-has been linked to social connection and psychological wellbeing. Although food consumption is often an intrinsically social experience, relatively little research has examined how individuals experience and understand how food consumption relates to feelings of nostalgia, food and mood. In the current study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight Australians from varying cultural backgrounds to explore their experiences with nostalgia, food and mood. Reflexive thematic analysis identified three key themes from the data: (i) The bittersweet experiences of food-evoked nostalgia-individuals' descriptions of food-evoked nostalgia and how it impacted their mood both positively and negatively (ii) social connection and identity continuity-participants' description of food-evoked nostalgia and how this provides an opportunity for social connection and identity continuity throughout life, which positively influences mood, and (iii) the role and relationship of food-evoked nostalgia and mood-individual descriptions of the important role that nostalgic food plays in their life, in addition to their relationship with food, and how this impacts mood. Understanding the positive component of nostalgic foods allowed individuals to bolster positive mood states with food-evoked nostalgia, increasing their quality of life. SO WHAT?: Understanding the link between food-evoked nostalgia and mood has significant implications, suggesting that negative mood states altered by nostalgic foods may result in positive mood states. Appropriate use of food-evoked nostalgia may increase the quality of life for individuals experiencing low mood states.

Prevalence, Characteristics, and Reasons for Kratom Use among Psychiatrically Ill Inpatients Who Use Substances

Objective Despite kratom impacting neurobiological systems involved in psychiatric disorders, little is known about the prevalence of use among patients with severe psychopathologies. Here, we investigated the prevalence of kratom use, motives for use, and the clinical associations among inpatients with severe psychiatric disorders. Methods A total of 578 patients, aged 18 to 65, were evaluated by New Hampshire Hospital’s Addiction Services from January 1, 2020, to February 28, 2022. The study collected demographic information and used chi-square tests, multivariable logistic regression, and subgroup analyses with 95% confidence intervals to examine trends among kratom users. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was also conducted. All statistical tests were performed using IBM SPSS Version 28.0.1. Results Of the patients assessed, 2.2% (n = 13) reported using kratom. The reasons for kratom use were managing withdrawal symptoms (15.4%), maintaining sobriety and reducing cravings for opioids (53.8%), improving focus and concentration (30.8%), alleviating low moods (38.5%), and managing pain (15.4%). Compared to non-kratom users, the only factor with a fair to good association with kratom use is postsecondary education (Area Under Curve, AUC = 0.77). Conclusions Prevalence of kratom use among patients with serious mental illness at our site aligns with that reported in the general population. Users often cite self-management of cravings and sobriety from opioids, as well as treatment of low mood states, as motivations for consumption. While observations suggest a possible association between kratom use and individuals with post-secondary education, multiple substance use, and experience of substance-induced psychosis or mood disorders, it is essential to interpret these links cautiously until further rigorous studies are carried out to substantiate these findings.

Role of Shirodhara in the Management of Depression

Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behaviour, tendencies, feelings, and sense of well-being. It is also a symptom of some physical diseases and a side effect of some drugs and medical treatments. It is one of the most common mental disorder affecting a large number of people worldwide. It can be caused due to various factors including unfavourable environmental conditions, psychological conditions, biological causes or some genetic cause. Overwhelming sadness or isolation, headaches or migraine, anxiety over everyday activities, moodiness, irritability and agitation, chronic fatigue, low self-esteem are main symptoms of depression. On reviewing the symptoms of depression, we can say that according to Ayurveda there are two conditions which can be correlated to Depression- namely- Vishada and Avsada. Sometimes it has also been correlated to Kaphaj Unmada. Modern medicine use antidepressants which on long term use have serious side effects. On the other hand, Ayurveda follows a multidimensional approach with the use of proper diet, lifestyle, Yoga, Rasayana therapy along with classical medications. Panchakarma therapies especially Shirodhara play an important role in enhancing the patient’s condition with depression. Shirodhara is a Panchakarma therapy that is quite popular nowadays, and this review article has focused on how it can be used to treat mental illnesses like depression. In numerous investigations, Shirodhara was found effective on subjective as well objective criteria.

State-specific modulation of mood using intracranial electrical stimulation of the orbitofrontal cortex

BackgroundOrbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a promising target for intracranial electrical stimulation (iES) aimed at improving mood states. However, knowledge gaps remain regarding the underlying neural mechanisms of iES effects, such as the effect of the OFC target in comparison with other emotional network targets, the impact of brain state at the time of stimulation, and the neural response induced by iES at both local and network scales. ObjectiveOur study aims to address the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of iES in improving mood states. MethodsWe conducted a study in 24 epilepsy patients who received iES through implanted electrodes in the emotional network and compared the effects of iES on multiple targets in the emotional network. ResultsWe found that only iES applied to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) led to mood improvement and changes in neural activity. We also observed that iES to the OFC suppressed the delta-theta power when the brain was in a low mood state. Moreover, the iES to the OFC decreased delta-theta power and increased gamma power at local regions within the emotional network, and enhanced the information flow through the frequency domain among regions within the emotional network. ConclusionsThese findings provide insight into the neural correlates of iES-induced mood improvement and support the potential of iES as a therapeutic intervention for mood disorders.

The Role of Emotional Skills (Competence) and Coping Strategies in Adolescent Depression.

Depression is a state of low mood that can lead to several negative outcomes on thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and even physical state. With that in mind, it is important to detect individuals at risk of developing depressive symptoms early and identify protective factors. During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most vulnerable groups, with deteriorated anxiety and depression due to imposed social isolation, reduced social activities, and concerns over household status, health, and peer support. Distance learning through public service broadcasts and online tools lasted for several months, posing the need for adjustment. This study aimed to assess emotional competence and coping styles as predictors of depression in a sample of adolescents. The study was conducted in-person on a sample of 142 high school students. A high percentage of participants reported above-average levels of depression (21.1% severely depressed). On average, girls reported higher levels of depression than boys (t = 3.86, p < 0.01). Gender differences were also found in emotion-focused coping and avoidance, with girls scoring higher on both (p < 0.05). However, there were no gender differences in problem-focused coping or emotional competence. Hierarchical regression analysis concluded that perceiving and understanding emotions, expressing and naming emotions, regulating emotions, and avoidance were significant predictors of depression. This regression model explained 53% of depression variance, with the regulation of emotions being the most powerful predictor (p < 0.01). No mediating effect of coping styles on the relationship between emotional competence and depression was found in this study.

EDUKASI PROGRAM MINDFULL BREATHING EXERCISE UNTUK MENGATASI DEPRESI PADA REMAJA DI SMA MUHAMMADIYAH KOTA BARAT SURAKARTA

Depression is a state of low mood that can affect a person's thoughts, feelings, behavior, and sense of well-being. Usually, teenagers who have symptoms of depression complain of feeling uneasy, anxious, decreased ability to concentrate, and sleep disturbances. Therefore, education is needed in the form of Mindful Breathing Exercise which aims to provide information in an effort to overcome depressive disorders in adolescents. The implementation of this activity begins with conducting surveys, observations, interviews, and permits. Then proceed with planning and activity proposals. Prior to providing education, the severity of depression was measured using the Depression Severity Analysis (PHQ-9). Furthermore, a question and answer session was held to find out students' knowledge regarding depression and continued with the provision of education 2 times and sharing time. After 2 weeks of this activity taking place, the severity of depression was again measured using the Depression Severity Analysis (PHQ-9). The results are to determine the severity of depression in adolescents

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Depression among Public Secondary School Females Students in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia

Introduction: Depression is a state of low mood for more than two weeks associated with feelings of sadness or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and home. Depression is more common among females than males and many risk factors contribute to depression. Objectives: To study the prevalence and associated risk factors of depression among public secondary school female students in Majmaah city in the duration of 2019-2020. Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional institutional-based study among public secondary school female students in Majmaah city was performed from 2019-2020. The sample was 400 students, randomly selected from 6 secondary schools, and the consent form was taken from each participant. The permission was taken from the ethical committee in the university. Result: There were 400 students involved in this study, based on findings shows that 32.25% of the students were having depression while 67.75 have no depression .It was found that most of the students had the risk factors that could be associated with depression such as losing an important person in their life, 38.8% (n=155); life stress, 26.5% (n=106); previous episodes of depression or anxiety, 26.8% (n=107); problems at school or with friends, 20.5% (n=82); family problems, 14% (n=56); and exposure to bullying, 11.3% (n=45). Conclusion: Based on findings, 32.25% of the students were having depression while 67.75 have no depression. The majority of them had mild depression 36.50%, 17.75 % had moderate depression, 11.75% had moderately severe depression, and 2.75% had severe depression.

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Depression among Public Secondary School Females Students in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia

Introduction: Depression is a state of low mood for more than two weeks associated with feelings of sadness or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and home. Depression is more common among females than males and many risk factors contribute to depression. Objectives: To study the prevalence and associated risk factors of depression among public secondary school female students in Majmaah city in the duration of 2019-2020. Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional institutional-based study among public secondary school female students in Majmaah city was performed from 2019-2020. The sample was 400 students, randomly selected from 6 secondary schools, and the consent form was taken from each participant. The permission was taken from the ethical committee in the university. Result: There were 400 students involved in this study, based on findings shows that 32.25% of the students were having depression while 67.75 have no depression .It was found that most of the students had the risk factors that could be associated with depression such as losing an important person in their life, 38.8% (n=155); life stress, 26.5% (n=106); previous episodes of depression or anxiety, 26.8% (n=107); problems at school or with friends, 20.5% (n=82); family problems, 14% (n=56); and exposure to bullying, 11.3% (n=45). Conclusion: Based on findings, 32.25% of the students were having depression while 67.75 have no depression. The majority of them had mild depression 36.50%, 17.75 % had moderate depression, 11.75% had moderately severe depression, and 2.75% had severe depression.

Assessment of the Depression Level among Medical Students at University of Baghdad, College of Medicine

Background: Depression, a state of low mood and aversion to activity, can affect people's thoughts, behavior, tendencies, feelings, and sense of well-being. It can either be short-term or long-term, depending on the severity of the person's condition. Risk factors include personal or family history of depression, major life changes, trauma, stress, certain physical illnesses, and medications.&#x0D; Objective: This study investigates the prevalence of depression among medical students at the University of Baghdad, college of medicine in Iraq, and the association between some variables and depression.&#x0D; Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study design with a convenience sampling method was conducted. A sample of 323 medical students attending the University of Baghdad, college of medicine, were included in this study between July 2019 and September 2019, regardless of their age or gender. The study included five grades according to the year 2019-2020. An online survey was conducted using Google Forms which included two sections. Section 1 included questions about participants' demographics. The second section included the PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) score.&#x0D; Results: A total of 323 students of different demographics participated in this study. The number of males was 108 (33.4%), and the number of females was 215 (66.6%). The frequency of participants who got mild depression was the highest, i.e., 127 (39.3%), whereas 85 (26.3%) were non-depressed. Therefore, this study sample had a high prevalence of depression. On the other hand, the frequency of mild-moderate depression was 57.9%.&#x0D; Conclusion: The prevalence of depression among medical students at the University of Baghdad was high. Gender, having friends, having a medical condition or disease, having family issues, whether it's easy to communicate with others, encountering an event that affected them, and having a family member who suffers from a psychological condition are associated with depression among students. In contrast, age, marital status, college year, seeking help in the past, and having a part-time job have no association with depression

Role Of Family Environment And School Environment In Depression Among Adolescents

Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder among every age group. It has a negative effect on physical as well as mental health of adolescence. Depression is a state of low mood that can affect a person’s thoughts, behavior, feelings, and sense of well-being. Depression is curse in which a person loses his interest in daily life. Depression among adolescents is rising in all over world. Depression could be genetic as well as environmental. One in every five adolescents is likely to experience depression by the age of 18. Depression is the most common problem among adolescents. There are many factors that determine depression but the most important among them are School environment and family environment. In this paper, we are discussing about role of school and family environment in depression. The school provides well-organized environment to a child that ensures the all-around development of the child. School’s environment provides a great number of activities on a campus. A child spends a significant amount of time in school for acquiring knowledge and skills that helps him to be ready for future. The school has an important impact on the life of child and also has an influence on growth and development of child. The school gives a shape to the life of child. Family especially mother is the first school for a child and also a miniature society for children. The children’s experiences in family affect their expectations and capacities for social living in different stages of life. Family is the most important variable which influences the development of a child. Family environment is the first social setting in which an infant takes birth and start learning. Family is the second place in which a child spends most of his time after school. Informal learning of a child starts from his family.

Role Of Family Environment And School Environment In Depression Among Adolescents

Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder among every age group. It has a negative effect on physical as well as mental health of adolescence. Depression is a state of low mood that can affect a person’s thoughts, behavior, feelings, and sense of well-being. Depression is curse in which a person loses his interest in daily life. Depression among adolescents is rising in all over world. Depression could be genetic as well as environmental. One in every five adolescents is likely to experience depression by the age of 18. Depression is the most common problem among adolescents. There are many factors that determine depression but the most important among them are School environment and family environment. In this paper, we are discussing about role of school and family environment in depression. The school provides well-organized environment to a child that ensures the all-around development of the child. School’s environment provides a great number of activities on a campus. A child spends a significant amount of time in school for acquiring knowledge and skills that helps him to be ready for future. The school has an important impact on the life of child and also has an influence on growth and development of child. The school gives a shape to the life of child. Family especially mother is the first school for a child and also a miniature society for children. The children’s experiences in family affect their expectations and capacities for social living in different stages of life. Family is the most important variable which influences the development of a child. Family environment is the first social setting in which an infant takes birth and start learning. Family is the second place in which a child spends most of his time after school. Informal learning of a child starts from his family.

Depression status in relation to dental caries and salivary C-Reactive Protein among 17 years old secondary school female in Baghdad City/Iraq.

Background: Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity, it can affect a person's thoughts, behavior and sense of well-being. It can affect oral health and lead to an increased risk of dental caries. Dental caries is the most common oral infectious diseases that stresses the immune system and causes changes in cellular and molecular components of peripheral blood and C-Reactive Protein is one of these components, considered a key biomarker of inflammation. This study was conducted to assess the effect of depression status on dental caries among 17 years old secondary school female students in relation to salivary C-Reactive Protein. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried and the whole sample composed of 500 female students selected from First Alrasafa Directorate schools in Baghdad/ Iraq. Consent form was achieved from the ethical approval committee in College of Dentistry/University of Baghdad. All students were subjected to Children Depression Inventory questionnaire by Kovacs in 2011. Dental caries was registered according to Manji et al. 1989, Decay (1-4) Missing-Filled surface index. Subsamples were selected from high and low grade of depression to analyze C-Reactive Protein. Results: The percentage of occurrence of depression was 100%. The mean value of caries experience and severity were found to be higher among female students with high depression grade in comparison with low depression grade. The mean value for C-Reactive Protein was higher in high depression grade. There is a diversity in the results of caries experience with C-Reactive Protein. The percentage of depression occurrence was 100% which means a high degree of depression, and this could be due to the life difficulties, tension and economic issues that all lead to mental problems. The severity of dental caries increased as a result of stress and anxiety that may cause poor dental health. Psychological factors interact through complex pathophysiological and behavioral mechanisms that may cause elevated C-Reactive Protein. Conclusion: Depression has a negative impact on a person’s oral health including dental caries. Elevated C-Reactive Protein levels have been associated with psychological depression.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Effect of dextromethorphan in the mouse forced swim and tail suspension tests: Evidence for involvement of the alpha receptors

Depression is a state of low mood that can seriously affect the quality of life of society. Therefore, finding new antidepressant agents with high efficacy is needed. Dextromethorphan (DXM) is an antitussive drug that has a potential effect on treating mood disorders, especially depression. However, because of limited data that relies on a few experimental animal studies mechanisms of action are yet not clear. The present study investigated the DXM effect in the forced swimming (FST) and tail suspension (TST) tests in mice and also the potential influence of the noradrenergic system in this effect. DXM (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) significantly decreased the immobility times in FST (P < 0.001) and TST (P < 0.01) comparable with positive controls, imipramine (IMI) 10 mg/kg and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg). Nevertheless, the number of crossings in the open-field test was not affected. The pretreatment with prazosin (1 mg/kg, i.p.; α1-adrenoceptor antagonist) or yohimbine (1 mg/kg, i.p.; α2-adrenoceptor antagonist) prevented the antidepressant effect of DXM (30 mg/kg, i.p). Moreover, the administration of a sub-effective dose of phenylephrine (5 mg/kg, i.p.; α1-adrenoceptor agonist) or clonidine (0.06 mg/kg, i.p.; α2-adrenoceptor agonist) potentiated the sub-effective dose of DXM (3 mg/kg, i.p.) in the FST and TST. The pretreatment with propranolol (5 mg/kg, i.p.; β-adrenoceptor antagonist) did not reverse the antidepressant-like effect of DXM. Thus, the present study suggests that the antidepressant-like effect of DXM may be partially related to α1/α2 adrenoceptors.

Socio-Economic Status and Depression Amongst the Urban Adolescents

Background: Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thought, behavior feelings and physical wellbeing. Mental health of adolescents has been drawn going attention due to sustain increase in adolescent depression as well as suicidal incidence. The study aimed to determine the level of depression among the urban adolescents and its association with socio-economic status (SES).&#x0D; Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 384 adolescent students of selected English and Bangla medium school of Dhaka city during January to December 2016. A semi-structured questionnaire and convenience sampling technique were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.&#x0D; Results: The study findings revealed that a large number of adolescents (34.11%) had depression and females are more (80%) prone to be depressed. Socio-economic status had significant association with the level of depression (p- 0.000). Out of 131 depressed respondents, 58.77%, 28.24%, 12.97% were in middle, upper and lower class respectively. Among all the depressed adolescents, 67.93% found significant depression and (32.06%) found cutoff score of depression.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study showed that depression is remained uncared health problem among the adolescents due to socio-economic problem. More attention and awareness need at the national level for early diagnosis of Adolescent depression.&#x0D; JOPSOM 2020; 39(1): 21-25

The psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on changes in smoking behavior: Evidence from a nationwide survey in the UK.

INTRODUCTIONThe stress and anxiety during this unprecedented public health crisis may lead current smokers to increase tobacco use or former smokers to relapse. Thus, this study aims to provide epidemiological evidence of the changes in smoking behavior among British smokers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and assess the impact of psychosocial factors on these behaviors.METHODSA nationwide survey of a representative sample of 4075 UK respondents aged >16 years was conducted between 27 April and 24 May 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychosocial and demographic variables between different smoking behavior groups were compared using Pearson’s χ2 test and Cramer’s V.RESULTSAmong current smokers (n=329), one-quarter (25.2%, n=86) reported smoking more than usual, 50.9% (n=174) reported smoking the same amount, and 20.2% (n=69) reported smoking less. Significant associations were observed between different smoking behavior groups and psychosocial factors. Pearson’s χ2 test revealed significant differences between different smoking behavior groups in their concerns about mental health (p<0.001), anxiety (p<0.001) and stress (p<0.001), state of low mood (p=0.012), in the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) score (p=0.018) and ranking on the Cantril Ladder scale (p<0.001). Many respondents expressed that the pandemic had a more negative impact on their mental health and the impact was more pronounced among those who smoked more.CONCLUSIONSDeterioration of mental health and psychosocial well-being were linked to increased smoking. Public health authorities should take proactive measures to provide mental healthcare and smoking cessation support as preventive measures to tackle the pandemic.

Hippocampal mRNA expression profiling in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress

Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity, affecting a person's thoughts, behavior, motivation, feelings and sense of well-being, which is associated with dramatical gene expression changes in hippocampus. Rodents induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) demonstrate typical depression-like behaviors similar to clinical patients, therefore, are commonly used as a model for depression and antidepressant study. In order to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis of depression, in the present study, the hippocampal mRNA expression profile of mice exposed to CUMS for 5 weeks was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform followed by enrichment analysis, including Hierarchical Cluster, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Totally, 346 differently expressed mRNAs, including 208 downregulated and 138 upregulated, were identified in the hippocampus of the CUMS mice. KEGG biological pathway analysis showed that the upregulated and downregulated mRNAs were mostly enriched in 29 pathways and 8 pathways, respectively. PPI network analysis exposed that glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was the crucial node with high connectivity degree. Additionally, most of these genes in PPI network analysis have previously been linked to energy metabolism and corticosterone responses. Overall, our results indicate the possible novel molecular targets for the therapy of depression.

Depression affects autonomic system of the body? Yes, it does!

BACKGROUND:Depression is a disorder of the brain, a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings, and sense of well-being and can cause alteration in sympathetic activity of the body, thus affecting heart rate variability (HRV).AIM:The study was conducted to determine the effects of depression on HRV parameters in clinically known cases of depression.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A cross-sectional (observational) study was conducted on fifty known patients of depression, aged 18–65 years, and fifty healthy, age-matched, normal controls. HRV test was conducted, and the results were analyzed statistically using Student's “t”-test for equal variance, for various parameters.RESULTS:The study showed that the differences in mean R-R interval(s), mean HR (beats/min), very low frequency (VLF) power (milliseconds squared [ms2]), and low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) power (%) (LF/HF ratio) among controls and cases were statistically highly significant, while the differences in LF power (ms2) in controls and cases were statistically significant. However, the differences in basic anthropometric parameters, STD (standard deviation of the normal to normal)(s), root mean square successive difference (ms), NN50 (count), pNN50 (%), VLF peak (Hz), LF peak (Hz), HF peak (Hz), HF power (ms2), VLF power (%), LF power (%), HF power (%), LF power (nu), and HF power (nu) were found to be statistically insignificant.CONCLUSION:Depression leads to changes in autonomic control of the body and changes the autonomic balance in favor of an increased sympathetic tone, which can be detected with fair accuracy with HRV analysis.

Prevalence and association of depression in in-patient orthopaedic trauma patients: A single centre study in India

IntroductionDepression is characterized by a persistent state of low mood and aversion to activity affecting a person’s thoughts, behavior, feelings and sense of well-being. It has been reported in Orthopaedic trauma patients. Depression is likely to interfere in an individual’s ability to sustain a long duration rehabilitation programme leading to poor function and delayed return to a productive lifestyle. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence and identify factors associated with depression in indoor Orthopaedic trauma patients. MethodsThis prospective cohort study was conducted on 190 adult Orthopaedic trauma patients enrolled on a randomly selected day of a week subject to written informed consent. Patients with conditions that may preclude assessment of the mental status were excluded from the study. Age, sex, duration since injury, Injury Severity Score (ISS), type of surgery, marital status, insurance coverage, level of education, socioeconomic status, familial support, substance abuse. Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) score and pain score (visual analogue scale) were recorded as soon as the patient was stabilized. Bivariate analyses and Logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with a HADS score of ≥8. ResultsMean age was 33.8 years. One hundred fifty-one (79.47%) patients were males and thirty-nine patients were females (21.53%). A HADS score ≥8 was present in 42.63% enrolled cases. On logistic regression a higher pain score, nuclear family, and female sex were found to be significantly associated with HADS ≥8. ConclusionDepression is common in indoor Orthopaedic trauma patients. HADS may be used to screen patients for depression and refer patients to a psychiatrist for a definitive diagnosis and management.

Real Time Multimodal Depression Analysis

Severe mental disorder is recognized as Depression. State of low mood and aversion to activity causes abnormal behavior of a person in both professional and daily lives. As per WHO, around 350 million people worldwide are victimized by depression. Importance of automated real time mental health analysis is increasing day by day. In this paper, we proposed a system of automated depression diagnosis. This is a new approach to predict the depression severity corresponding to HAM-D score values obtained from prediction models. The proposed framework is designed keeping in mind a multi-modal approach, aiming at capturing facial characteristics, speech properties and brain waves. Further, a decision fusion technique has been implemented to integrate the obtained information in real-time. Using statistical features extracted from the speech recording, facial video and EEG data, the individual prediction models classify the subject according to severity of depression and the outputs are then fused to increase the performance parameters. The training data was obtained from 50 subjects, who provided all three recordings necessary for analysis. In unimodal systems the EEG data provides 80%, Speech 78% and Facial recording 72% accuracy, which is much inferior to a multimodal framework which provides 92% accuracy. The experimental results show that the proposed multimodal framework significantly improves the depression prediction performance, compared to other techniques. Inferior to a multimodal framework which provides 92% accuracy. The experimental results show that the proposed multimodal framework significantly improves the depression prediction performance, compared to other techniques.