Low Concentrations Of Heavy Metals Research Articles

Non-destructive detection of multi-component heavy metals in corn oil using nano-modified colorimetric sensor combined with near-infrared spectroscopy

This study attempts to develop a novel nano-modified colorimetric sensor combined with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for heavy metals (Pb and Hg) detection in corn oil samples. The colorimetric sensor was made of chemical response dyes, and dimethylpyrimidine amine (DPA) with high affinity and porous silica nanospheres (PSNs) were used to modify and improve its sensitivity and stability. Colorimetric sensors sensitive to Pb and Hg for detecting mixed heavy metals (Pb and Hg) were screened using an olfactory visualization system. The colorimetric sensor data were collected using NIRS (899.20–1724.71 nm), and the reflection spectrum data of mixed heavy metals in corn oil samples were analyzed using various partial least squares (PLS) models. These results highlight the accuracy of the sensors for Hg and Pb detection. The ACO-PLS model produced the best detection result at a low concentration (10–100 ppb) of heavy metals. The Rp2 values for predicting Pb and Hg in corn oil containing interfering heavy metals (Mg2+, Zn2+, CO2+, Na2+, and K2+) were 0.9793 and 0.9510, and the limit of detection (LOD) were 5 and 7 ppb, respectively. ICP-MS was used to validate the effectiveness and stability of the methods. Finally, the developed method shows great potential for non-destructive detection of multi-component heavy metals in edible oil.

Analysis of growth mechanisms and microstructure evolution of Pb+2 minor concentrations by electrodeposition technique

In this study, the electrodeposition technique has been used to deposit low concentrations of highly toxic lead (Pb) cations into a solution of nitrate at a constant potential of − 1 V on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes (FTO). Monitoring of the reaction was conducted with the assistance of a computerized potentiostat/galvanostat setup, in cyclic voltammetry and in situ chronoamperometry modemodes. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-Ray, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy techniques were used to examine the crystal structure, morphology, and optical properties of the lead deposits, respectively. Pb regular micro-hexagons have been identified; their size and density were significantly influenced by the cationic precursor’s concentration. The correlation between the morphological and crystallographical structures of the electrodeposits was discussed. Based on chronoamperometric measurements, a mechanism for the growth of Pb deposits on FTO substrate has been proposed. Based on the reported results, electrodeposition processes of low heavy metals concentrations in contaminated water could be optimized using the eco-friendly electrodeposition technique.

Submerged hollow-fiber-ultrafiltration for harvesting microalgae used for bioremediation of a secondary wastewater

Microalgae were employed to remove nutrients from a pre-treated wastewater (so-called anaerobic membrane bioreactor effluent, AnMBR effluent) over a 24-day semi-continuous cultivation with varied N:P ratios. NH4+-N reduction percentage ranged from 68 to 94% with average removal rates varying from 8 to 26mgN·L-1d-1 at different stages. Total phosphorus was almost completely removed shortly after inoculation. Biomass productivity ranged from 0.13 to 0.19 g·L-1d-1 during the cultivation. A submerged membrane-based filtration device was used to investigate the formation of biofouling, which occurred on the membrane surface during filtration and is considered as a bottleneck in downstream processing. Results indicated most severe fouling was caused by original microalgal suspension, compared to its individual fractions (cellular resuspensions, supernatant and AnMBR effluent). Irreversible fouling mainly occurred at the beginning of the filtration process; extracellular organic matter and cellular debris in the supernatant changed the fouling behavior more significantly than morphological properties of the algae cells; AnMBR effluent also led to a nonnegligible fouling effect. To minimize biofouling, TOC content in wastewater should be carefully controlled before and during cultivation. The current membrane can be proposed for long-term filtration, as irreversible fouling only occurred at the beginning and reversible fouling can be controlled effectively by backflushing and aeration. The biomass, characterized by relatively high protein and carbohydrate but low heavy metal content, indicated its potential as feeds and feedstock for bioenergy production. The present work provides novel insights into the coupling of wastewater treatment and fouling control, which has been rarely studied.

Valorisation of microalga Tetradesmus obliquus grown in brewery wastewater using subcritical water extraction towards zero waste

In this study, green technology was applied for extraction of compounds from wastewater-grown microalga biomass with the final goal of obtaining microbiologically safe products within a sustainable biorefinery process with zero waste. Tetradesmus obliquus biomass resulting from brewery wastewater treatment, with (To-CO2) and without CO2 supplementation (To), was submitted to subcritical water extraction (SWE) at temperatures 120–220 °C for 10 min. The impact of the different SWE conditions in the obtained liquid extracts and solid residues were investigated for metal content and chemical and microbiological profiles. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis indicated that of T. obliquus extracts and residues are valuable sources of aliphatic saturated, unsaturated, and alkylated (mostly methylated) hydrocarbons, phenols, esters, and ketones. Polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity were enhanced approximately 4 times by increasing the temperature from 120 to 220 °C. Also, the content of polyphenols doubled when T. obliquus was supplemented with CO2 for all the tested temperatures (To: 0.249–1.016 mg GAE mL−1; To-CO2: 0.437 – 1.767 mg GAE mL−1). The microbiological analysis determined that liquid extracts and residues represent safe sources of bioactive components that can be used in different industries. In addition, the lower content of heavy metals in residues suggests the possibility of using the solid waste as animal feed or soil conditioner in agricultural applications.

Use of groundwater and reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation: Farmers’ practices and attitudes and related environmental and health risks

Agricultural reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) for irrigation is widely practiced. Its conjunctive use with freshwater is becoming more common to guarantee food security, while the rationale behind and its sustainability are quite arguable. The objective of this study is to better understand the drivers of the conjunctive use of TWW and groundwater (GW) in Nabeul region, Tunisia, and the potential environmental and health impacts taking into account farmers' practices and attitudes toward reuse. TWW used for irrigation exhibited relatively high salinity and high microbiological load. GW has a very high salinity. TWW and GW showed low concentrations of heavy metals (Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn). Concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds were between Limits of Quantification and 13 μg/L. In GW, values were relatively high, especially for caffeine, carbamazepine, ofloxacin, and ketoprofen. Farmers have a low perception of the polluting load of TWW and GW and of their potential long-term impacts on agricultural environment, human health, and agricultural productivity. GW availability has facilitated its conjunctive use with TWW, either to augment water quantity and/or to improve its quality. Despite its low quality, GW timeliness for irrigation was the main driver to guarantee a better yield and quality of produces. Soil microbial community, bacterial biomass, denitrifying potential and carbon oxidation profiles were similar under TWW, GW and their conjunctive use. Though an effect of the sampling period was observed with a high abundance of denitrifying bacteria in the wet season and a low carbon oxidation activity at the end of the dry season. The conjunctive use of TWW and GW is very likely unsustainable from health and environmental perspectives. Balancing farmers’ economic profit against the preservation of agricultural activity, linked to cultural and natural heritage, remains one of the challenges for decision-makers and regional stakeholders.

Characteristics of Plant Diversity and Heavy Metal Enrichment and Migration Under Different Ecological Restoration Modes in Abandoned Mining Areas

In order to select plant materials suitable for the ecological restoration of abandoned mining land, ecological restoration experiments were set up in landfills. The effects of different ecological restoration measures on plant diversity and heavy metal enrichment and migration characteristics were studied. The results showed that under different ecological restoration measures, a total of eight families and 10 species of surviving plants appeared, most of which were herbs. The restoration effect of the arbor shrub and grass plots was the best; the plant coverage reached 100%, and the survival rate was over 69%. The diversity index of the plant community was as follows:arbor shrub grass > shrub grass > joe grass > grass. The dominant plants under different ecological restoration measures were Pinus elliottii, Ligustrum lucidum, Boehmeria nivea, Lagerstroemia indica, and Plantago asiatica. The contents of most heavy metals in plants were higher than the normal values. Among them, the enrichment and transfer coefficients of the leaf stems of P. elliottii and L. indica were close to or greater than 1, showing a strong ability of enrichment and transfer to Cd; these two plants belong to Cd-enrichment type plants. The roots of L. lucidum Ait and P. asiatica, which are root-hoarding plants, had a high retention rate of heavy metals. Boehmeria nivea was a heavy metal-avoidance plant with a low content of heavy metals in each part and had the ability to fix and repair potential soil heavy metal pollution. Considering the diversity of plants and the ability of plant enrichment and migration, the combination of trees, shrubs, and grasses was the best restoration mode. Pinus elliottii, L. indica, and P. asiatica can be the target plants for ecological restoration in the abandoned land of mining areas.

Soil amendment with a humic substance and arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi enhance coal mine reclamation

Coal mine sites covered by sandy soils often have low nutrient and high heavy metal concentrations, making reclamation for agricultural uses challenging. Although the combined use of humic substances and soil biota has generated considerable research interest, little information is available regarding their synergistic effects. In a two year field study, we assessed the effects of sole and combined applications of a humic substance product called nano humus (150 g/m2 in soils), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (250 g inocula/m2 in soils), and fertilizer (37 g/m2 in soils) on soil chemical properties, soil heavy metals, and growth of alfalfa (Medicago ruthenica L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with nano humus exhibited greatest effects in year two. Relative to untreated soils, they increased soil cation exchange capacity by 38%, total organic carbon by 36%, and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium by 20 to 92%; they reduced concentrations of soil cadmium by 25% and of arsenic by 9%. Mycorrhizal colonization rate and soil heavy metal concentrations were significantly negatively correlated, suggesting an inhibition effect of metals on colonization. The combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nano humus showed greatest impact on root and shoot biomass of alfalfa, which increased 18 and 12 times, respectively. Barley responded most positively to combinations of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, nano humus, and fertilizer; root biomass increased 4 times, and shoot biomass and seed production increased 3 times. Combined applications generally provided greater benefits than sole applications, which could be a useful practice in heavy metal contaminated reclamation sites.

Alumina and Silica Extraction and Byproduct Development Directly from Chemical Deashing of Coals

Coal ashes (minerals) could be chemically removed to produce ultraclean coals for advanced utilizations such as oil substitutes and electrode materials. To eliminate secondary pollution and reduce deashing cost, chemicals should be recycled and valuable byproducts developed, in addition to ultraclean coals. In this work, an advanced alkali–acid (NaOH–HCl) chemical method featuring submolten salts was used to deash coals with high ash of 27.95%, and ultraclean coals were prepared with low ash of 0.62%. The alkali solutions after treating coals were regenerated by adding CaO, and the resulting precipitates were transformed into CaSO4 by adding dilute H2SO4, while alumina and silica were dissolved in acid solutions. The hydrochloric acid (HCl) after treating coals could be largely regenerated by evaporation. From concentrated solutions after evaporation, silica gels occurred with high purity, which were then filtered for the production of silicate fertilizer, highlighting low heavy metal content and Na2O. Concentrated H2SO4 was added into the remaining acid filtrate, and sulfates were precipitated and redissolved to remove CaSO4. By further two-step calcinations, alumina of high purity (98.6%) could be produced. Alumina and silica extraction and byproduct development from directly deashing the coals were compared with those from fly ashes.

Phytoprevention of Heavy Metal Contamination From Terrestrial Enhanced Weathering: Can Plants Save the Day?

Enhanced weathering is a promising approach to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, it may also pose environmental risks through the release of heavy metals, in particular nickel and chromium. In this perspective article I explore the potential role of plants in modulating these heavy metal fluxes. Agricultural basaltic soils may be valuable study sites in this context. However, the effect of biomass harvesting on the accumulation of heavy metals is currently not well studied. Mostly caused by different parent rock concentrations, there is a large variability of heavy metal concentrations in basaltic and ultramafic soils. Hence, to minimize environmental risks of enhanced weathering, basalts with low heavy metal concentrations should be favored. Existing phytoremediation strategies may be used to “phytoprevent” the accumulation of nickel and chromium released from enhanced weathering in soils. As a result, elevated nickel and chromium concentrations in rocks must not preclude enhanced weathering in all settings. In particular, hyperaccumulating plants could be used as part of a crop rotation to periodically remove heavy metals from soils. Enhanced weathering could also be employed on fields or forests of (non-hyper) accumulating plants that have a high primary production of biomass. Both approaches may have additional synergies with phytomining or bioenergy carbon capture and storage, increasing the total amount of carbon dioxide drawdown and at the same time preventing heavy metal accumulation in soils.

Plants from Urban Parks as Valuable Cosmetic Ingredients: Green Extraction, Chemical Composition and Activity

The research on the possibilities of using biowaste from urban green areas is scarce. In this work, four plants, widely distributed in urban parks in Central Europe (Lotus corniculatus, Medicago lupulina, Knautia arvensis and Plantago major) were extracted using eco-friendly solvents based either on aqueous cyclodextrin solutions (hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin or γ-cyclodextrin) or natural deep eutectic solvents based on glycerol, betaine and glucose. Metal content was determined using total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF). The content of selected metabolites was determined using UV-VIS spectrophotometric methods and HPLC. Skin-related bioactivity was assessed using tyrosinase and elastase inhibition assays. The selected plants contained metals beneficial for skin health, such as zinc and calcium, while having a low content of toxic heavy metals. The extracts contained the bioactive phenolics such as quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin and apigenin. L. corniculatus was the most potent tyrosinase inhibitor, while K. arvensis showed the most pronounced elastase inhibitory activity. The employed solvents actively contributed to the observed bioactivity. The results indicate that the biowaste obtained from urban parks represents an ecologically acceptable alternative to conventional cultivation for the preparation of ecologically acceptable, high-value cosmetic products.

Flow-through electrochemistry in the analysis of wine

Flow through coulometry is used for analysis of wine samples for the determination of some heavy metals, sulphites, acidity and ethanol content. Low concentrations of heavy metals and sulphite contents are determined by making use of stripping chronopotentiometry. For the measurement of acid and ethanol content thin-layer coulometric titration is used.

Positively charged PVC ultrafiltration membrane via micellar enhanced ultrafiltration for removing trace heavy metal cations

One of the major focuses in the field of sewage is the development of low-pressure driven and high-efficiency filtration membrane, particularly for removing extremely low-concentration heavy metals cations. A new type of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blended ultrafiltration (UF) membrane was fabricated to reject heavy metal cations (e.g., Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) from simulated waters using micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) in this research. The positively charged PVC UF membrane was fabricated by blending PVC and amphiphilic poly (methyl methacrylate-co- dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PMD) which was in-situ quaternized by methyl iodide (CH3I), then the PVC/PMD blended membrane was fabricated via nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS) process. The membranes' pore morphology, surface chemical compositions, surface charge, water contact angle, mechanical strength and water flux were investigated in detail. The influence of pH, transmembrane pressure, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) concentration on the filtration of pure SDBS solution was studied. SDBS was subsequently used as surfactant to remove heavy metal ions by micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF). For a molar ratio of 40:1 (SDBS: metal cation), the rejection of feed solution containing 10 ppm metal cations (e.g., Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) surpassed 96% with MEUF method. The results showed that the prepared membrane had low-pressure driven and high-efficiency performance, which provided a potential solution for the high-efficiency removal of trace heavy metals cations.

Black Soldier Fly-based bioconversion of biosolids creates high-value products with low heavy metal concentrations

Annually, over 30 million dry tonnes of biosolids are produced worldwide, most of which are disposed into landfills or discharged into waterbodies, exacerbating eutrophication and water-borne diseases. Bioconversion of biosolids using Black Soldier Fly larvae (BSFL) can produce high-value biomass (protein, lipids, and chitin) while reducing the volume of waste that requires disposal. We aimed to determine the bioconversion performance of BSFL on different types of biosolids and biosolids blends and analysed the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the larvae. BSFL converted all substrates into larvae biomass of similar protein content (31–37%). However, larvae growth and substrate reduction were significantly lower for unblended biosolids compared to wheat bran. Blending of biosolids with other organic waste such as food waste or wheat bran improved larvae performance (< 40% substrate reduction after 20 days; < 149 kg larvae/ tonne dry substrate) and fat content (< 31%). Despite initial high concentrations in biosolids (< 8700 mg/ kg), heavy metals were largely partitioned into the residues instead of the mature BSFL, resulting in low bioaccumulation of those elements in BSFL (< 180 mg/ kg). These concentrations were even below limits of international guidelines for animal feed. Therefore, this study demonstrated that BSF-based bioconversion can be an innovative and sustainable waste management and resource recovery technology to rapidly reduce the volumes of biosolids while transforming it into high-value biomass of low heavy metal concentrations.

Soil Quality Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Polluted Parcels

For hydrocarbon polluted soils that underwent bioremediation it is important to assess its condition after a period of time, but it is more useful when there is an opportunity of comparison against an unpolluted soil and an untreated polluted one. This paper provides a comparison of three adjacent parcels, being the first clean, the second polluted and bioremediated, the third polluted and left to natural attenuation. Study was conducted determining pH, electrical conductivity, carbonates, soil organic matter, chemical oxygen demand, eight anions, and twelve metals. Data were compared against those references for agricultural soils found in the Mexican NOM-021. A Pearson correlation was applied to find coincidences between the three parcels, obtained results allowed to say that bioremediated parcel allowed for most uniform pH, negligible salinity risk, and medium content of soil organic matter, but treatment has enabled heavy metal accumulation since its values are higher in respect to the other parcels. Natural attenuated parcel has some spots with lower pH, a moderately saline risk, a high content of soil organic matter, and lower content of heavy metals. The clean or unaffected parcel exhibit the higher pH values, a slightly saline condition, soil organic matter ranges from high to very high content, heavy metals content is medium, but no reaching dangerous levels. An important assessment is that bioremediation has enhanced the bioavailability of soil organic matter but it is not similar to the values in the unpolluted parcel.

Tehnološka šema proizvodnje krečnjačkog punila sa ležišta "Međeđa" - Nikšić

This paper presents the results of testing the possibility of using limestone from the "Međeđe" - Nikšić deposit in different industries. During the examination, the coarse moisture, chemical composition, granulometric composition, bulk and particle density, degree of whiteness, oil and water absorption, granulometric composition of micronized samples and specific surface area were determined. All tests were performed on 8 samples taken from different parts of the deposit and the mean values of the obtained results are presented here. Based on the physico-chemical characteristics, it can be stated that this limestone has a high content of CaO and CaCO3 of 99.01%, as well as a relatively low content of MgO of 0.32% and a low content of SiO2 of 0.26% and alkali and R2O3, with also low content of heavy metals, which is very favorable for limestone. With these physico-chemical properties, this limestone can be used in the following industries: paints and varnishes, paper, rubber and PVC, foundry and foundry industry, sugar industry, metallurgical purposes, glass production, animal feed production and mineral fertilizer production. A serious defect of "Međeđa" limestone is the low degree of whiteness, which does not exceed 89.6%, which prevents its use in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries, while the relatively high content of K2O, Fe and Mn prevents its use in calcification of acid soils.

Impact of Mercuric Iodide on the Growth of Phormidium spp.

Cyanobacteria are microalgae which are freely distributed in aquatic environment. They are photosynthetic organisms and can fix atmospheric nitrogen under anerobic condition. Such cyanobacteria have been applied as a nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture to improve the crop yield. Since the application of chemical fertilizers in crop fields created heavy metal pollution which could be neutralized by microalgae under aquatic environment. They have ability to tolerate the heavy metal concentrations under polluted environment. The present investigation analyzed the impact of mercuric iodide concentrations on the growth of Phormidium spp. which were initially isolated from the paddy field of Selugai, Sivagangai district, Tamil Nadu. They were mass cultured and treated with various concentrations of mercuric iodide (0.1–1 ppm) under laboratory condition. The present strategy enhanced the cyanobacterial populations under different heavy metal concentrations. Phormidium growth was measured and estimated the chlorophyll and phycobillins contents, nitrogen, protein contents and quantity of excreted ammonia. The present investigation has concluded that the selective cyanobacteria Phormidium spp. was well grown at the low concentrations of heavy metals, but higher concentrations affected the growth Phormidium when compared to control. This work confirmed that the mass distribution of cyanobacteria in paddy field preciously fixed atmospheric nitrogen and at the same time they were tolerated against multiple application of agrochemicals with heavy metals normally in crop field. Such organisms could neutralize the heavy metals at minimum level in crop field and improve the crop growth.

Effect of different concentrations of mercuric iodide on the growth of Microcystis spp.

Cyanobacteria are commonly called as blue green algae which are abundantly distributed in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem. They are procaryotic autotrophic organisms and have thallus structure. Such organisms are actively involved in the biological nitrogen fixation which can fix the atmospheric nitrogen and converts into ammonia compounds. Plants can utilize such converted components for their growth and metabolic activities. Since they are diazotrophs which is the suitable supplement to soil as a nitrogenous fertilizer. The present study analyzed the impact of mercuric iodide concentrations on the selective cyanobacteria: Microcystis spp. Initially the Microcystis spp. were isolated from the paddy field soil of Selugai, Sivagangai district, Tamil Nadu. The isolated organisms were mass cultured and treated with various concentrations of mercuric iodide (0.1 ppm to 1 ppm) under laboratory condition. The present study reported that the various concentrations of such heavy metal enhanced the Microcystis populations. It concluded that Microcystis sp . well grown at the low concentrations of heavy metals and the higher concentration minimized the Microcystis growth when compared to control. This work confirmed that the accumulation of cyanobacterial species in the paddy field pretentiously fixed atmospheric nitrogen and showed the tolerance effect against the various applications of agrochemicals with heavy metals generally applied in crop field.

Preparation of protein powder from the liver of Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacores): a comparison of acid- and alkali-aided pH-shifting

For the high-value utilization of tuna liver, the effects of acid-aided (Acid-pH) and alkali-aided pH-shifting (Alkali-pH) on the physicochemical and functional properties of the protein powder prepared by pH-shifting and freeze-drying were studied. As expected, the protein powder with high purity could be obtained through Acid-pH or Alkali-pH followed by freeze drying, while the Alkali-pH led to a higher protein yield, higher protein ratio, lower lipid ratio and lower heavy metal content than Acid-pH. The amino acid profile of the protein powder prepared by Alkali-pH (Alkali-PP) was similar with that prepared by Acid-pH (Acid-PP). In addition, compared with Acid-PP, the Alkali-PP possessed the greater capacities in emulsion activity, foaming capacity and fat absorption capacity. Furthermore, the foaming capacity, foam stability and fat absorption capacity of Alkali-PP was better than soy protein powder. Therefore, Alkali-pH followed by freeze-drying would be a better alternative to prepare high-quality protein powder from tuna liver in the food industry.

Spectral Features of Fe and Organic Carbon in Estimating Low and Moderate Concentration of Heavy Metals in Mangrove Sediments Across Different Regions and Habitat Types

Spectral Features of Fe and Organic Carbon in Estimating Low and Moderate Concentration of Heavy Metals in Mangrove Sediments Across Different Regions and Habitat Types

Engineered microwave biochar from sago bark waste for heavy metals adsorption

Microwave pyrolysis is an energy, time, and cost-saving process for conversion of biowaste from agricultural sector into biochar. Sago bark waste was microwave pyrolyzed at 400 °C to produce sago bark microwave biochar (M−B), which was then treated with NaOH and HCl to generate acid-base modified sago bark microwave biochar (M−Bab). FTIR analysis evidenced the changes in functional groups in M−B and M−Bab. SEM analysis found that microwave pyrolysis resulted in the formation of open structures and pores on the M−B and acid-base modification increased the porous structure in M−Bab. BET surface area increased from 29.547 m2/g of (M−B) to 119.040 m2/g of (M−Bab) after acid-base modification. M−Bab demonstrated higher removal at low initial heavy metal concentrations in batch experiments. Best model to illustrate Cr (III), Ni (II), and Pb (II) adsorption by M−Bab best represented by Freundlich isotherm, while Cu (II) adsorption by Temkin isotherms. Conversion of sago bark waste to M−Bab is a potential solution for both water pollution remediation and the issue of sago bark waste overabundance.