Low-fat Dairy Research Articles

Pre- and post-diagnostic dairy intake in relation to recurrence and all-cause mortality in people with stage I-III colorectal cancer.

Higher dairy consumption is associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), but no studies thus far have investigated its relation with recurrence in CRC. Few studies have investigated total dairy in relation to mortality in CRC, and yielded inconsistent results. In this prospective cohort study, people newly diagnosed with stage I-III CRC filled out a food frequency questionnaire at diagnosis (n = 1812) and six months after diagnosis (n = 1672). We examined associations between pre- and post-diagnostic intake of total dairy, low-fat dairy, high-fat dairy, milk, yoghurt, and cheese with recurrence and all-cause mortality using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models and restricted cubic splines (RCS). A total of 176 recurrences and 301 deaths occurred during a median follow-up of 3.0 and 5.9years, respectively. Before diagnosis, a higher low-fat dairy intake was associated with a lower risk of recurrence (HRQ4vsQ1: 0.42, 95% CI 0.26-0.67; PRCS: 0.008) and all-cause mortality (HRQ4vsQ1: 0.58, 95% CI 0.41-0.81; PRCS < 0.001), whereas a higher high-fat dairy consumption tended to be associated with an increased all-cause mortality risk (HRQ4vsQ1: 1.41, 95% CI 0.98-2.01; PRCS: 0.030). After diagnosis, only the associations between low- and high-fat dairy in relation to all-cause mortality remained. This study demonstrated that higher pre- and post-diagnostic intakes of low-fat dairy were associated with a reduced all-cause mortality risk in people with stage I-III CRC, whereas higher intakes of high-fat dairy were associated with an increased all-cause mortality risk. Also, a higher pre-diagnostic low-fat dairy intake was associated with a reduced risk of recurrence. Clinical Trials.gov identifier: NCT03191110.

Evaluation of USDA Foods Programs for households using nutrition guidelines for the charitable food system.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Foods programs for households (i.e., The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP), the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations (FDPIR), and the Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP)) are designed to provide nutritious foods at no cost to income-eligible individuals in the U.S. To evaluate the nutritional quality of the foods available from three USDA Foods programs for households (i.e., TEFAP, FDPIR, and CSFP) according to the Healthy Eating Research (HER) Guidelines for the Charitable Food System. Review of the nutritional information of the foods available from USDA Foods programs for households. Using the HER Guidelines, foods were categorized into a three-tiered system (i.e., choose often/green; choose sometimes/yellow; choose rarely/red) based on levels of saturated fat, sodium, and added sugar per serving, and presence of whole grains. All unique foods available from TEFAP, FDPIR, and CSFP (N=152) for fiscal year 2022 were evaluated. Nutritional quality of the foods available from USDA Foods programs for households according to the HER Guidelines. Foods were ranked green, yellow, red, or not ranked. The proportion of foods in each HER Guidelines' rank was calculated across the three USDA Foods programs for households and by each program. The majority of USDA Foods were ranked green (57.2%) or yellow (35.5%). A small number of items were ranked red (3.3%) or were unranked condiments or cooking staples (3.9%). The USDA Foods available in the household programs were primarily fruits and vegetables; lean proteins; whole grains; and low-fat dairy products that were consistent with national dietary guidelines. There is some room for improvement, and adjustments in the specifications for certain items are recommended to further strengthen the nutritional value of the foods provided through these important federal programs.

ASSOCIATION OF DIETARY INTAKE WITH SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AMONG NURSES AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN KARACHI

Background: Nurses’ health status has great importance for their better and enhanced performance in hospital setup. Unhealthy diet may expose them to various diseases. The aim of this study was to identify dietary intake and its association with socio-demographic characteristics among nurses. Methods: The analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st June to 31st July 2020 and included 337 nurses from Dr. Ruth Pfau Civil Hospital having minimum one-year working experience, using purposive sampling technique. The Food Frequency Questionnaire (33-items) was used to measure dietary intake in association with socio-demographics of nurses. Data was analysed using SPSS-23. Results: Majority (71.8%) of the study participants were female, 84.0% were married, and 49.2% were in 31–40 years old. Low fat dietary and dairy products were significantly associated with gender, marital status, age group, qualification, smoking, exercise, diabetes, and hypertension with p=0.02, 0.5, 0.03, &lt;0.001, 0.03, &lt;0.001, &lt;0.01 and &lt;0.01 respectively. Sea food and high-fat dairy products were significantly associated with exercise only (p=0.03). Conclusion: There was no significant association of fat and sweets intake with demographic characteristics except that low-fat diet and dairy products were significantly associated with all demographic variables. Sea food and high-fat dairy products had significant association with exercise. Pak J Physiol 2023;19(2):6–9

Adherence to a “Western-type” dietary pattern is positively associated with the Apnea-Hypopnea Index in adults with obstructive sleep apnea

Dietary habits have been associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that adherence to dietary patterns may be associated with Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) and OSA severity and that insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation may act as potential mediators of these associations. This was a cross-sectional study among 269 adult participants with polysomnography-diagnosed moderate-to-severe OSA. Dietary and physical activity habits were assessed through validated questionnaires, and biochemical, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers were measured for all volunteers. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis, and mediation analyses was also performed. A “Western-type” dietary pattern (characterized by high intakes of full-fat dairy, refined grains, potatoes, red meat, sweets, salty snacks, and soft drinks and low intakes of low-fat dairy and whole grains) was positively associated with AHI. Mediation analyses also revealed that insulin resistance partially explained this association. In multivariable models controlling for age, sex, smoking, socioeconomic status, obesity presence, energy intake, and physical activity level, participants in the highest quartile of adherence to the Western-type dietary pattern had ∼3.5 times higher likelihood of suffering from severe OSA, compared with participants in the lowest quartile of adherence (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 3.45 [1.21-9.94], P trend across quartiles: 0.024). After further adjustment for Homeostasis Model of Assessment-Insulin Resistance and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, this association lost significance. Higher adherence to a less healthy, Western-type dietary pattern is positively associated with AHI and OSA severity, which may partially be mediated through insulin resistance.

Combined Impact of the Mediterranean Diet and Physical Activity on the Nutritional Status Formation

The Mediterranean diet is one of the scientifically based types of nutrition aimed at maintaining health and active longevity. The diet implies high consumption of unsaturated fats, cereals, fresh fruits and vegetables, low-fat dairy products, and involves moderate physical activity. The research aims at studying the influence of the Mediterranean diet combining with physical activity on the nutritional status indicators of the adult population. The experiment involved 13 people aged 34 to 55 years (12 women and 1 man) with nutritional disorders. Developed recommendations were based on the catering using the Mediterranean diet principles. A man divided the group into two parts: during the study 7 people did physical activity (strength and aerobic exercises of medium and low intensity) besides following the nutrition recommendations; 6 people followed only the nutritional advice. The researchers specified the Mediterranean diet and physical activity impact on the nutritional status of the experimental subjects using two biomarkers groups: anthropometric indicators (waist circumference, body weight, body mass index) and biochemical blood parameters (fasting glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins). Based on a comprehensive assessment of nutritional status, a man revealed the positive Mediterranean diet impact on health indicators. Every subject in the experiment demonstrated an improvement in one or more nutritional status indicators. At the same time, combining diet and physical activity determined more significant positive changes: in the experiment three subjects from this category had their nutritional status indicators normalized completely.

Low-fat dairy consumption and the risk of lung cancer: A large prospective cohort study.

Despite the possible contribution of dairy products to the development or prevention of cancers, there is a lack of epidemiological evidence linking low-fat dairy consumption to the risk of developing lung cancer. This research was conducted to fill this knowledge gap. The data for this research were collected from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. The Cox proportional risk model was employed to evaluate the link between low-fat dairy consumption and the risk of developing lung cancer. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were measured in both unadjusted and adjusted models. A series of predefined subgroup analyses were performed to identify potential effect modifiers, and several sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the stability of the findings. The study included data from 98,459 individuals. During a total of 869,807.9 follow-up person-years, 1642 cases of lung cancer were observed, with an incidence of 0.189 cases for every 100 person-years. In the fully adjusted model, participants in the highest quartile of low-fat dairy consumption had a significantly decreased risk of lung cancer compared to the ones in the lowest quartile (HRquartile 4 vs. 1 : 0.769, 95% CI: 0.664, 0.891, ptrend = 0.005). The restricted cubic spline plot revealed an inverse nonlinear dose-response relationship between low-fat dairy consumption and lung cancer risk (pnonlinearity = 0.008). Subgroup analyses demonstrated that the inverse association was stronger among participants with higher daily caloric intake (pinteraction = 0.031). Various sensitivity analyses produced consistent results. Consuming more low-fat dairy products is significantly linked to a reduced risk of developing lung cancer, indicating that an appropriate increase in the use of low-fat dairy products may help prevent lung cancer.

Association between dairy products consumption and the prevalences of combined prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Brazilian adolescents: a cross-sectional study.

The association between dairy products consumption in adults and the likelihood of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been described, but more information on the adolescent population is needed. This nationally representative, cross-sectional school-based study aimed to describe the consumption of dairy products and their subtypes and to evaluate their association with prediabetes and T2DM in adolescents. The Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) includes adolescents aged 12-17 years. Dairy products consumption was evaluated by 24-h food recall. Associations with fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin resistance, as measured by homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), were evaluated by multivariate linear regression. Poisson regression was also used to assess the association between dairy products consumption and the combined prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic, nutritional, behavioural and anthropometrics. The final sample analysed consisted of 35614 adolescents. Total intake of dairy products was inversely associated with fasting blood glucose levels after adjusting for all covariates (β = -0·452, 95 % CI -0·899, -0·005). The associations were stronger for overweight and obese adolescents. Findings were similar for full-fat dairy products and yogurt. Higher consumption of low-fat dairy products and cheese were associated with a 46 % (prevalence ratio, PR 1·46, 95 % CI 1·18, 1·80) and 33 % (PR 1·33, 95 % CI 1·14, 1·57) higher combined prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM, respectively. The total consumption of dairy products and full-fat dairy products was associated with a lower combined prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM, while the consumption of cheese and low-fat dairy products was associated with higher combined prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM in Brazilian adolescents.

Empirically derived dietary patterns and postpartum depression symptoms in a large sample of Iranian women

BackgroundPostpartum Depression (PPD) is a major depressive disorder that mainly begins within one month after delivery. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between dietary patterns and the occurrence of high PPD symptoms in women participating in the initial phase of the Maternal and Child Health cohort study, Yazd, Iran.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was carried out in the years 2017–2019 included 1028 women after childbirth The Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were study tools. The EPDS questionnaire was used to measure postpartum depression symptoms and a cut-off score of 13 was considered to indicate high PPD symptoms. The baseline data related to dietary intake was collected at the beginning of the study at the first visit after pregnancy diagnosis and the data related to depression, were collected in the second month after delivery. Dietary patterns were extracted by exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Frequency (percentage) and mean (SD) were used for description. Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, independent sample t-test, and multiple logistic regression (MLR) were used for data analysis.ResultsThe incidence of high PPD symptoms was 24%. Four posterior patterns were extracted including prudent pattern, sweet and dessert pattern, junk food pattern and western pattern. A high adherence to the western pattern was associated with a higher risk of high PPD symptoms than a low adherence (ORT3/T1: 2.67; p < 0.001). A high adherence to the Prudent pattern was associated with a lower risk of high PPD symptoms than a low adherence (ORT3/T1: 0.55; p = 0.001). There are not any significant association between sweet and dessert and junk food patterns and high PPD symptoms risk (p > 0.05).ConclusionHigh adherence to prudent patterns was characterized by high intake of vegetables, fruit and juice, nuts and beans, low-fat dairy products, liquid oil, olive, eggs, fish, whole grains had a protective effect against high PPD symptoms, but the effect of western pattern was characterized by high intake of red and processed meats and organs was reverse. Therefore, it is suggested that health care providers have a particular emphasis on the healthy food patterns such as the prudent pattern.

Effects of Dairy Intake on Markers of Cardiometabolic Health in Adults: A Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analysis.

The health effects of dairy products are still a matter of scientific debate owing to inconsistent findings across trials. Therefore, this systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) aimed to compare the effects of different dairy products on markers of cardiometabolic health. A systematic search was conducted in 3 electronic databases [MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Web of Science; search date: 23 September 2022]. This study included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a ≥12-wk intervention comparing any 2 of the eligible interventions [e.g., high dairy (≥3 servings/d or equal amount in grams per day), full-fat dairy, low-fat dairy, naturally fermented milk products, and low dairy/control (0-2 servings/d or usual diet)]. A pairwise meta-analysis and NMA using random-effects model was performed in the frequentist framework for 10 outcomes [body weight, BMI, fat mass, waist circumference, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and systolic blood pressure]. Continuous outcome data were pooled using mean differences (MDs) and dairy interventions ranked using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve. Nineteen RCTs with 1427 participants were included. High-dairy intake (irrespective of fat content) showed no detrimental effects on anthropometric outcomes, blood lipids, and blood pressure. Both low-fat and full-fat dairy improved systolic blood pressure (MD: -5.22 to -7.60 mm Hg; low certainty) but, concomitantly, may impair glycemic control (fasting glucose-MD: 0.31-0.43 mmol/L; glycated hemoglobin-MD: 0.37%-0.47%). Full-fat dairy may increase HDL cholesterol compared with a control diet (MD: 0.26 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.49 mmol/L). Yogurt improved waist circumference (MD: -3.47 cm; 95% CI: -6.92, -0.02 cm; low certainty), triglycerides (MD: -0.38 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.73, -0.03 mmol/L; low certainty), and HDL cholesterol (MD: 0.19 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.38 mmol/L) compared with milk. In conclusion, our findings indicate that there is little robust evidence that a higher dairy intake has detrimental effects on markers of cardiometabolic health. This review was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42022303198.

Dairy Food Intake Is Not Associated with Frailty in Adults from the Framingham Heart Study.

Nutrients, including protein, calcium, and fat may be associated with risk of frailty, yet specific contributions from whole dairy foods rich in these nutrients remain understudied. To determine associations between dairy intake (milk, yogurt, cheese, total (milk+ yogurt+ cheese), low-fat and high-fat dairy, and servings per week) and frailty onset and frailty phenotype components. Prospective cohort study. All dairy intake exposures (servings per week) were assessed via a food frequency questionnaire. Participants (aged 33 to 86 years) from the Framingham Offspring Study who were not frail at baseline (1998-2001) completed a food frequency questionnaire and had 1 or 2 follow-up frailty assessments (2005-2008 and 2011-2014) were included. Frailty was defined as the presence of ≥3 Fried frailty phenotype components: unintentional weight-loss, exhaustion, slowness (gait speed), weakness (grip strength), and low physical activity. Individuals with zero to two components were considered nonfrail. Repeated measures logistic regression estimated odds ratios and 95% CIs for frailty onset. Logistic (exhaustion and weight loss) and linear regression (gait speed, grip strength, and physical activity) estimated the association between baseline dairy intake and each frailty component at follow-up, adjusting for baseline values for age, sex, energy intake (residual analysis), current smoking, and multivitamin use. Models were further adjusted for health status in a secondary analysis. Mean baseline age ± SD was 61 ± 9 years (range= 33 to 87 years), and 54% were women. Of 2,550 nonfrail individuals at baseline, 8.8% (2005-2008) and 13.5% (2011-2014) became frail. Higher yogurt intake was associated with decreased odds of frailty (odds ratio 0.96, 95% CI 0.93 to 0.99; P= 0.02). Each additional serving of yogurt (β ± SE) .004 ± .001; P < 0.01) and low-fat dairy (β ± SE) .001 ± .0006; P= 0.04) was associated with significantly faster follow-up gait speed. Dietary intakes of high-fat dairy were associated with increased odds of frailty (odds ratio 1.02, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.04; P= 0.05), but the P value was of borderline significance. No associations were observed for other dairy foods. After adjusting for health status, the associations of high-fat dairy and yogurt with frailty became nonsignificant, although the magnitudes of the associations did not change. The association between yogurt and gait speed decreased in magnitude after adjusting for health status (β ± SE) .002 ± .001; P= 0.01). Dietary intakes of yogurt were modestly associated with reduced frailty onset and dietary intakes of high-fat dairy had a borderline association with increased odds of frailty, but other dairy food intakes showed no association in this study of healthy adults. Some dairy food intakes were modestly associated with follow-up gait speed. However, effect sizes were small, and the clinical importance of these associations remains undetermined.

Toward a New Definition of “Healthy” Food: Issues and Challenges

Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) have become increasingly food-based guidelines. The Healthy United States–Style Eating Pattern features fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy, with limits placed on added sugar, sodium, and saturated fat. Recent measures of nutrient density have followed suit, incorporating both nutrients and food groups. Most recently, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has proposed to redefine the concept of a “healthy” food for regulatory purposes. To qualify as healthy, foods will need to contain specific minimum amounts of fruits, vegetables, dairy, and whole grains, with limits placed on added sugar, sodium, and saturated fat. The present concern was that the proposed criteria, formulated by the FDA per Reference Amount Customarily Consumed, were so stringent that few foods would pass. We applied the proposed FDA criteria to foods in the USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS 2017–2018). The criteria were met by 58% of fruits, 35% of vegetables, 8% of milk and dairy products, and 4% of grain products. Many foods commonly considered to be healthy by consumers and the USDA alike did not pass the proposed FDA criteria. Federal agencies seem to define healthy in different ways. Our findings have implications for the formulation of regulatory and public health policies. We recommend that nutrition scientists be involved in the development of federal regulations and policies that affect American consumers and the food industry.

Dairy Product Consumption and Incident Prediabetes in the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study With 12 Years of Follow-Up

BackgroundInvestigating modifiable risk factors for the early stages of the development of type 2 diabetes is essential for effective prevention. Some studies show protective associations between dairy and prediabetes; however, associations are heterogeneous by the type and fat content of dairy foods. ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between the consumption of dairy, including different types of dairy products and risk of prediabetes. MethodsThe study included 4891 participants with normal glucose tolerance (aged 49.0 ± 12.3 y, 57% female) of the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle (AusDiab) study, a longitudinal population-based study. Dairy intake was measured at baseline using a food frequency questionnaire. Prediabetes at the 5-y and 12-y follow-ups was defined according to the WHO criteria as fasting plasma glucose levels of 110–125 mg/dL or 2-h plasma glucose levels of 140–199 mg/dL. Associations were analyzed using Poisson regression, adjusted for social demographics, lifestyle behaviors, a family history of diabetes, and food group intake. ResultsIn total, 765 (15.6%) incident cases of prediabetes were observed. The mean intake of dairy foods was 2.4 ± 1.2 servings/d, mostly consisting of low-fat milk (0.70 ± 0.78 servings/d) and high-fat milk (0.47 ± 0.72 servings/d). A higher intake of high-fat dairy (RRservings/d: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.85, 1.00), high-fat milk (0.89; 95% CI: 0.80, 0.99), and total cheese (0.74; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.96) was associated with a lower risk of prediabetes. Low-fat milk intake was associated nonlinearly with prediabetes risk. Low-fat dairy foods, total milk, yogurt, low-fat cheese, and ice cream were not associated with prediabetes risk. ConclusionIn this large Australian cohort, protective associations were found for high-fat dairy types, whereas neutral associations were seen for low-fat dairy types. Studies with more detail on sugar content of types of dairy foods and products eaten with dairy foods (e.g., cereals or jam), and studies into potential causal mechanisms of the health effects of dairy intake are required.

Nutrition and Physical Activity as Modulators of Osteosarcopenic Adiposity: A Scoping Review and Recommendations for Future Research.

Osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA) syndrome denotes the confluence of bone, muscle, and adipose tissue deterioration. Being a complex entity, numerous uncertainties about OSA still exist, despite the extensive research on the topic. Our objectives were to evaluate human studies addressing dietary intake/nutritional status and the quantity/types of physical activity related to OSA. The search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted to examine relevant articles published from inception to the end of December 2022, utilizing the MeSH strings in the search strategy. Only studies published in English and conducted in humans (≥18 years) without chronic conditions (cancers, kidney/liver disease) or pregnancy were used. Book chapters, abstracts-only, and studies in which participants did not have all three body composition components measured to identify OSA or when body composition components could not be related to the independent/exposure variables were excluded. A total of n = 1020 articles were retrieved from all three databases and eight more from the reference lists. After the exclusion of duplicates and other unsuitable articles, n = 23 studies were evaluated. Among those, eleven were from epidemiological or cross-sectional studies relating nutrients/dietary intake or nutritional status with OSA. Another four examined the relationship between serum biomarkers (vitamin D and ferritin) with OSA, while eight articles presented the results of the interventional studies with resistance training. Overall, higher protein, calcium, potassium, and vitamins D and C intakes emerged as nutrients positively modifying OSA, along with a diet higher in fruits and low-fat dairy foods. Higher serum vitamin D and ferritin were respectively positively and negatively related to OSA. Resistance training was a safe intervention yielding several beneficial outcomes for the OSA syndrome in older women.

Retinal Microvasculature and Neural Changes and Dietary Patterns in an Older Population in Southern Italy.

Like other parts of the body, the retina and its neurovascular system are also affected by age-related changes. The rising age of populations worldwide makes it important to study the pathologies related to age and their potential risk factors, such as diet and eating habits. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive power of food groups versus retinal features among noninstitutionalized older adults from Southern Italy using a machine learning approach. We recruited 530 subjects, with a mean age of 74 years, who were drawn from the large population of the Salus in Apulia Study. In the present cross-sectional study, eating habits were assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire. For the visual assessment, a complete ophthalmic examination and optical coherence tomography-angiography analyses were performed. The analyses identified 13 out of the 28 food groups as predictors of all our retinal variables: grains, legumes, olives-vegetable oil, fruiting vegetables, other vegetables, fruits, sweets, fish, dairy, low-fat dairy, red meat, white meat, and processed meat. Eating habits and food consumption may be important risk factors for age-related retinal changes. A diet that provides the optimal intake of specific nutrients with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory powers, including carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acids, could have beneficial effects.

Benefits of Whey Proteins on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Parameters and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and it is a major risk factor for the early onset of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). More than genetics, food, physical activity, walkability, and air pollution are lifestyle factors, which have the greatest impact on T2DM. Certain diets have been shown to be associated with lower T2DM and cardiovascular risk. Diminishing added sugar and processed fats and increasing antioxidant-rich vegetable and fruit intake has often been highlighted, as in the Mediterranean diet. However, less is known about the interest of proteins in low-fat dairy and whey in particular, which have great potential to improve T2DM and could be used safely as a part of a multi-target strategy. This review discusses all the biochemical and clinical aspects of the benefits of high-quality whey, which is now considered a functional food, for prevention and improvement of T2DM and CVDs by insulin- and non-insulin-dependent mechanisms.

The association of dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) diet with hospitalization risk in patients with COVID-19

Given the importance of dietary habits in the immune system, the current study aimed at investigating the association between Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19. Dietary data of 141 patients with COVID-19 were collected using 147-item food frequency questionnaire. DASH score in this cross-sectional study was calculated based on eight components, including fruits, vegetables, legumes and nuts and seeds, whole grains, low-fat dairy, red or processed meats, sweetened beverages, and sodium. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to estimate the OR and 95% CI for hospitalization due to COVID-19 in each tertile of DASH score. Mean ± SD of DASH score in inpatients (n=74) and outpatients (n= 87) was 22.5 ± 4.57 and 25.34 ± 4.23, respectively. The risk of hospitalization in the highest tertile of DASH score was 81% lower than the lowest tertile (OR=0.19, 95%CI: 0.07-0.55, P trend = 0.001 after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, energy intake). Also, more intake of fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products and less intake of sodium, red and processed meat were each significantly associated with reduced risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19. Our data provide evidence that adherence to DASH-style diet was associated with lower risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19.

Dietary patterns and fertility status in men: Mediterranean diet does make a difference in ameliorating the rise in male infertility problems due to changing lifestyle

Dietary patterns and fertility status in men: Mediterranean diet does make a difference in ameliorating the rise in male infertility problems due to changing lifestyle

Abstract P204: Associations Between Dairy Intake and Serum Metabolites in Middle-Aged Adults in the U.S.

Introduction: There is a lack of objective biomarkers of dietary intake. Untargeted studies can unbiasedly identify dairy biomarkers and inform the creation of robust dietary assessment tools that integrate questionnaire and biospecimen data. Methods: Dairy products from interviewer-administered questionnaires were categorized as either low-fat or high-fat dairy. Total dairy was a composite of low-fat and high-fat dairy items. Linear regression models were used to assess associations between dairy intake and 360 serum metabolites in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study (n=3907). Significant associations were then tested for replication in the Bogalusa Heart Study (BHS) (n=819). Results: In the ARIC study, 34 dairy-metabolite associations were identified (total dairy, n = 16; low-fat dairy, n = 10; high-fat dairy, n = 8). Total dairy shared 7 metabolic associations each with low-fat dairy and high-fat dairy. Low-fat dairy was associated with pantothenate, vitamin B5, and the catabolic product of vitamin B6, pyridoxate. High-fat dairy was associated with one amino acid, 3-hydroxy-2-ethylpropionate, and eight lipid metabolites, including myristate (14:0), 10-nonadecenoate (19:1n9), and myristoleate (14:1n5). Of the metabolites available for replication in BHS (total dairy, n = 15; low-fat dairy, n = 9; high-fat dairy, n = 8), 2 total dairy metabolites were replicated and 2 low-fat dairy metabolites were replicated ( Table ). Conclusions: We identified metabolomic markers of total, low-fat, and high-fat dairy. Pantothenate, myristate (14:0), and tiglyl carnitine replicated across two large, diverse study populations, suggesting that they are markers of dairy consumption.

Abstract MP12: Dash Diet and Its Components is Associated With Visceral Fat Area and Hepatic Attenuation Among South Asian Adults in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study (2010-2013)

Introduction: South Asians (SA) are a growing population group in the US that remain understudied in research despite their high cardiometabolic risk. Compared to other ethnic groups, SA experience cardiometabolic disease onset at a younger age, and have higher abdominal, visceral and hepatic fat despite lower BMI. SA in the US have a unique dietary pattern characterized by a combination of traditional and western food items. Examining the dietary pattern of SA in relation to central adiposity may provide a tenable strategy for disease prevention and treatment. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that higher DASH diet score is associated with lower central adiposity, indicated by visceral fat area and hepatic attenuation measurements, among SA in the US. Methods: Using baseline data from 822 adults enrolled in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study, we computed a Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) concordance score from the FFQ validated to measure diet of South Asians in North America. Using an established method, score concordance was based on 8 components including high intake of fruit, vegetables, nuts/legumes, low-fat dairy products, whole grains; and low intake of sodium, sugar-sweetened beverages, and red/processed meats. We examined the association between the DASH score and its components with CT imaging of visceral fat area and hepatic attenuation (higher score indicates lower liver fat). Results: The overall DASH score among participants ranged from 13-35 (mean ± SD, 24.6 ± 4.4). Hepatic attenuation was 5 HU higher among participants in the highest category DASH score compared to the lowest (aβ (SE): 5 (1), 95% CI: 2, 7) in the age-adjusted model. The relationship was not significant in the fully adjusted model. Visceral fat area was 13.6 cm 2 lower among participants in the highest category of DASH score compared to the lowest (aβ (SE): -3.6 (5.1), 95% CI: -23.5, -3.7) in the model adjusted for age, sex, percent of life in US, education, BMI, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, and energy intake. When examining individual components of DASH, participants with the highest intake of low-fat dairy had hepatic attenuation 3 HU higher than those with the lowest intake, and those with the lowest intake of red/processed meat had hepatic attenuation 2 HU higher in the fully adjusted model. Participants with the lowest red/processed meat intake had visceral fat area that was 11 cm 2 lower in the fully adjusted model. Conclusions: In conclusion, our results indicate that greater adherence to DASH and some of its individual components is associated with favorable abdominal fat areas among a sample of SA adults in the US. These findings support the relationship between diet and abdominal fat accretion. Forthcoming analyses will use the DASH score to further elucidate the diet-disease relationship among SA in the US.

Abstract MP62: Fatty Acid Biomarkers of 15:0, 17:0 and Trans 16:1n-7 and Incident Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke: A Pooling Project of 15 Prospective Cohorts in the Fatty Acids and Outcomes Research Consortium

Introduction: Previous studies have reported inverse associations of circulating and tissue levels of pentadecanoic acid (15:0), heptadecanoic acid (17:0) and trans -palmitoleic acid ( trans 16:1n-7), which have been proposed as potential biomarkers of dairy fat intake, with risk of type-2 diabetes and certain cardiovascular outcomes. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that circulating and tissue levels of 15:0, 17:0, trans 16:1n-7 are inversely associated with risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in a global consortium of prospective studies. Methods: We used data from 15 prospective cohorts in the Fatty Acids and Outcomes Research Consortium. We included adults (age≥18 years) who were free of cardiovascular diseases and had blood or adipose tissue measurements of 15:0, 17:0 or trans 16:1n-7. We used a harmonized analysis protocol with each exposure standardized to the interquintile range (IQR): difference between the 10 th and 90 th percentiles of each fatty acid to conduct new individual participant-level analyses. We harmonized covariate definitions across studies to include demographic, lifestyle and health variables, and levels of other fatty acids associated with CHD or stroke. We used inverse-variance meta-analysis to calculate the pooled relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each outcome. We also calculated Spearman correlation coefficients between levels of each fatty acid exposure and potential dietary determinants of their levels (intakes of total, high-fat and low-fat dairy, meat from ruminant animals, fish and dietary fiber) among 6 studies with dietary data. Results and Conclusions: Among 34,187 participants, 5,790 incident CHD and 3,098 stroke cases were documented during a maximum follow-up of 23.3 years. We did not observe significant associations of any of the fatty acid biomarkers with risk of CHD or stroke. The pooled multivariate RR and 95% CI of CHD per IQR were 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) for 15:0, 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) for 17:0, 1.11 (0.97, 1.26) for trans 16:1n-7, and 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) for the sum of the fatty acids. The respective RR and 95% of stroke were 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) for 15:0, 0.91 (0.81, 1.03) for 17:0, 0.99 (0.83, 1.18) for trans 16:1n-7, and 0.93 (0.85, 1.04) for the summed fatty acids. Additionally, we did not observe significant heterogeneity by age, sex, race/ethnicity, world region, baseline hypertension status or lipid compartment. Circulating and tissue levels of 15:0, 17:0 and trans 16:1n-7 were weakly correlated with intakes of total or high-fat dairy (Spearman correlations [ r = 0.05 to 0.37]) but were not correlated with intakes of low-fat dairy, ruminant meat, fish or dietary fiber [ r = -0.08 to 0.09]. In conclusion, circulating and tissue levels of 15:0, 17:0, trans 16:1n-7 were not associated with risk of CHD or stroke. Our study suggests a limited role for these fatty acids in the etiology of cardiovascular disease.