Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Research Articles

Studying the Evaluation Model of the Nutritional Quality of Edible Vegetable Oil Based on Dietary Nutrient Reference Intake

Edible vegetable oils can provide most of the fatty acids, vitamin E, and certain phytochemicals necessary in the daily human diet to facilitate the required physiological activities. However, there are many types of edible vegetable oils on the market, and evaluating their nutritional quality is a matter of significant interest to consumers and producers. Most of the existing research studies that comparatively analyze and qualitatively describe the type, content, and proportion of nutrients in edible vegetable oil lack a comprehensive method for evaluating the nutritional quality of edible vegetable oil. Based on the physical and chemical analysis of fatty acids, vitamins, and phytochemicals in edible vegetable oil, this study aims to establish a model for a comprehensive evaluation of the nutritional quality of edible vegetable oils. The characteristic nutrients in edible vegetable oil were screened as the evaluation index, while the 2013 China Dietary Reference Intake and French Population Reference Intakes For Fatty Acids was considered the evaluation threshold. When each evaluation index in the edible vegetable oil reached the range stipulated by the reference intake of dietary nutrients, the index will get 1 point. The total score of each index was accumulated to evaluate the nutritional quality of the edible vegetable oils comprehensively. In this study, 13 edible vegetable oils, including low erucic acid rapeseed oil (in America, people usually call it canola oil), soybean oil, peanut oil, sunflower seed oil, flaxseed oil, edible blend oil, olive oil, palm oil, corn oil, camellia oil, peony seed oil, sacha inchi oil, and sesame oil, were selected as the evaluation objects because they are very common in China. Seven evaluation indexes were found for total saturated fatty acids (SFAs), atherogenic fatty acids (SFAs with 12, 14, and 16 carbon chains), monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, vitamin E, and phytosterol. When the evaluation index met the evaluation threshold, it was scored 1 point. Scores ranged from 2 to 6. The highest scores were obtained from peony seed oil, flaxseed oil, low erucic acid rapeseed oil, and edible blend oil all of which were 6 points. The lowest score belonged to palm oil at 2 points. The higher the score, the higher the degree of satisfaction between the various nutrients in the edible vegetable oil and the dietary reference intake of this model is. This paper establishes a new method for the nutritional evaluation of edible vegetable oils, which is convenient for comparing the overall nutritional quality of different kinds of edible vegetable oils while providing a new technique for the extensive evaluation of edible vegetable oil.

Evaluation of the Risks of Contaminating Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed with High Erucic Rapeseed and Identification of Mitigation Strategies

High erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) oil is under increasing demand for various industrial applications. However, many growers are concerned that if they grow the crop, they will not be able to revert to other rapeseed varieties in the future due to the risk of erucic acid (EA) contamination of the harvested seed and inability to maintain acceptable erucic acid thresholds. This review considered published literature and, using the same criteria as that used to contain transgenic crops, aimed to identify the key risks of erucic acid contamination, broadly prioritise them and identify pragmatic mitigation options. Oilseed rape has a number of traits that increase the risk of low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) crops being contaminated with EA from HEAR varieties. The quantity of seed produced and the potential for seed dormancy coupled with partial autogamy (self-fertilisation) facilitate the establishment and persistence of volunteer and feral populations. The large quantities of pollen produced when the crop is in flower mean there is also a high potential for cross-pollination. Self-sown volunteer plants represent the highest potential contamination risk, followed by the presence of arable weeds (e.g., wild mustard) whose seeds are also high in EA. Other risks arise from the cross-pollination of compatible wild relatives and the mixing of seed prior to sowing. It is important that both HEAR and LEAR varieties are appropriately managed since risks and their potential for mitigation arise throughout the entire LEAR crop production process. The length of rotation, type of tillage, cultivar choice, buffer zones, effective weed management and basic machinery hygiene are all factors that can reduce the risk of erucic acid contamination of LEAR crops and maintain the required thresholds.

Explanatory note on the selection of forage material suitable for the risk assessment of GM feed of plant origin

EFSA Supporting PublicationsVolume 15, Issue 1 1366E Technical reportOpen Access Explanatory note on the selection of forage material suitable for the risk assessment of GM feed of plant origin European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)Search for more papers by this authorMichele Ardizzone, Michele ArdizzoneSearch for more papers by this authorClaudia Paoletti, Claudia PaolettiSearch for more papers by this authorElisabeth Waigmann, Elisabeth WaigmannSearch for more papers by this author European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)Search for more papers by this authorMichele Ardizzone, Michele ArdizzoneSearch for more papers by this authorClaudia Paoletti, Claudia PaolettiSearch for more papers by this authorElisabeth Waigmann, Elisabeth WaigmannSearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 January 2018 https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2018.EN-1366Citations: 6 Requestor: EFSA Question number: EFSA-Q-2017-00614 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References Allen VG, Batello C, Berretta EJ, Hodgson J, Kothmann M, Li X, McIvor J, Milne J,. Morris C,. Peeters A and Sanderson M, 2011. An international terminology for grazing lands and grazing animals. Grass and Forage Science, 66, 2– 28. EFSA GMO Panel (EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms), 2011. EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO); Scientific Opinion on Guidance for risk assessment of food and feed from genetically modified plants. EFSA Journal 2011; 9(5):2150, 37 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2150 U Meier (ed.), 2001. Growth stages of mono-and dicotyledonous plants, 2nd edition. BBCH Monograph. Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Bonn, Germany. McDonald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD, Morgan CA, Sinclair LA, Wilkinson RG, 7th ed., 2011. Animal Nutrition,. Pearson education limited. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2002a. Consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of sugar beet: key food and feed nutrients and anti-nutrients. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds, No. 3. ENV/JM/MONO(2002)4 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2002b. Consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of maize (Zea maize): key food and feed nutrients, anti-nutrients and secondary plant metabolites. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds, No 11. ENV/JM/MONO(2004)16. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2009. Consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense): key food and feed nutrients and anti-nutrients. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds, No 11. ENV/JM/MONO(2004)16. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2011. Revised consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of low erucic acid rapeseed (Canola): key food and feed nutrients, anti-nutrients and toxicants. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds, No. 24. ENV/JM/MONO (2011)55. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2012. Revised consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of soybean [Glycine max (L.) merr.]: Key food and feed nutrients, anti-nutrients, toxicants and allergens. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds, No. 25. ENV/JM/MONO(2012)24 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2015. Safety assessment of foods and feeds derived from transgenic crops, Volume 1, novel food and feed safety, OECD publishing, Paris. Citing Literature Volume15, Issue1January 20181366E ReferencesRelatedInformation

Marker-assisted selection of low erucic acid quantity in short duration Brassica rapa

Low erucic acid (LEA) rapeseed, which has accumulated mutant fatty acid elongase genes at the BnFAE1.1 and BnFAE1.2 loci of the A- and C-genome, respectively, is an important oilseed crop. Short growing turnip rape (B. rapa) is also important as a catch crop in the continuous cropping of rice in Asia but there is no LEA B. rapa cultivar for cultivation in South Asia. In order to develop LEA turnip rape cultivars, high erucic acid turnip rape cultivars were interspecifically crossed as recurrent parents to a canola quality rapeseed. In the meantime, we monitored incorporation of the mutant bnfae1.1 (e1) gene into A-genome of turnip rape, using a dCAPS primer pair, which can amplify PCR fragment only for the mutant e1 gene from A-genome. The early backcross progenies showed poor seed set, but which was improved in advanced progenies. Finally, homozygous e1e1 genotypes were established in the selfed progenies of BC2–BC3, and their LEA content was confirmed by gas-chromatography analysis. Our results and promising lines will contribute to LEA-trait selection in turnip rape and rapeseed breeding.

Molecular evidence for blocking erucic acid synthesis in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by a two-base-pair deletion in FAE1 (fatty acid elongase 1)

DNA sequences of fatty acid elongase 1 genes FAE1.1 (EA) and FAE1.2 (EC) were isolated and characterized for 30 commercialized low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) cultivars in China. Four types of independent mutation leading to low erucic acid trait were found, i.e., a single-base transition (eA1), a two-base deletion (eC2) and four-base deletion (eC4) as well as single-base transition with a four-base deletion (eA*). Three genotypes, i.e., eA1eA1eC2eC2, eA1eA1eC4eC4 and eA*eA*eC4eC4 were responsible for LEA content in storage lipids of different rapeseed cultivars. Most of the LEAR cultivars had a genotype of eA1eA1eC2eC2, which were descended from the first LEAR cultivar, Oro. Yeast expression analysis revealed that two-base-pair (AA) deletion (eC2) at the base sites of 1422–1423 in the C genome FAE1 gene resulted in the absence of the condensing enzyme and led to the failure to produce erucic acid. Coexpression of FAE1 and ketoacyl-CoA reductase (KCR) or enoyl-CoA reductase (ECR) was found in high erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) but not in LEAR (eA1eA1eC2eC2 or eA1eA1eC4eC4). Moreover, KCR and ECR were still coordinately regulated in eA1eA1eC2eC2 or eA1eA1eC4eC4 genotypes, suggesting that the expression of two genes was tightly linked. In addition, specific detection methods were developed by high-resolution melting curve analysis in order to detect eA1 and eC4.

Influence of deep-frying using various commercial oils on acrylamide formation in French fries

This study investigated the effect of different types of commercial oils (rice bran oil, shortening oil, high-oleic rapeseed oil, low-erucic acid rapeseed oil, blend oil A and blend oil B) and frying cycles on acrylamide formation during the preparation of French fries by deep-frying. Frying was carried out in intermittent mode (two batches each for 12 min without any time lag) and repeated for 600 frying cycles. Results indicated that the French fries that were fried in oils having lower heat transfer coefficients contained lower acrylamide concentrations (913 µg kg–1), whereas those fried with oils having higher heat transfer coefficients contained higher acrylamide concentrations (1219 µg kg–1). Unlike the peroxide value, acrylamide levels in French fries did not change significantly with an increase in the number of frying cycles when tested for 600 frying cycles for every type of oil. This study clearly indicates that the contribution of frying oils to the formation of acrylamide should not be neglected due to their different heat transfer coefficients. On the other hand, continuous use of frying oil does not lead to a higher acrylamide concentration in French fries.

Nutritional and Antioxidant Properties of Rapeseed (<i>Brassica Napus</i>) Cultivars with High and Low Erucic Acid Content

Since consumers pay more and more attention to healthy food, and rapeseed germplasm provides a wide choice of new cultivars, their comprehensive nutraceutical properties are now under evaluation in order to select outstanding genotypes, which may link breeding and marketing. In this study, two genotypes of high-erucic acid rapeseed and three genotypes of low-erucic acid rapeseed grown in two locations were analyzed and compared for their fatty acid composition, lutein and tocopherol profiles, total phenolic contents as well as total soluble and insoluble bound sinapic acid and antioxidant capacities. The antioxidant properties were examined as their relative DPPH• scavenging capacity, oxygen radical absorbing capacity, and ferric reducing ability of plasma. The correlation between individual chemical composition and antioxidant properties was also determined. The results indicated that reducing erucic acid was associated with an increase of most measured bioactive components except α-tocopherol and insoluble-bound sinapic acid, as well as all the tested antioxidant capacities.

Rhizoremediation of Diesel-Contaminated Soil with Two Rapeseed Varieties and Petroleum degraders Reveals Different Responses of the Plant Defense Mechanisms

Plant-assisted bioremediation (rhizoremediation) stands out as a potential tool to inactivate or completely remove xenobiotics from the polluted environment. Therefore, it is of key importance to find an adequate combination of plant species and microorganisms that together enhance the clean-up process. To understand the response of plants upon bioaugmentation, the antioxidative and detoxification system was analyzed in high and low erucic acid rapeseed varieties (HEAR and LEAR, respectively), after 8 weeks of their treatment with petroleum degraders and 6000 mg diesel oil/kg dry soil. The oxidative stress was enhanced in LEAR being exposed to sole diesel oil, in comparison with HEAR. However, when LEAR plants were additionally inoculated with bacteria, suppression of total catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity were observed. Interestingly, glutathione transferase (GST) activity was found in these plants at a much higher level than in HEAR, which correlated with a more efficient diesel removal performed by LEAR in the polluted soil and upon bioaugmentation. A distinct profile of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was detected in leaves of these plants. Neither LEAR nor HEAR experienced any changes in the photosynthetic capacity upon diesel pollution and presence of petroleum degraders, which supports the usefulness of rhizoremediation with rapeseed.

Monte Carlo simulation based prediction of blended oil composition containing mustard, rapeseed and soybean oil

High erucic acid rapeseed and mustard seed (HEARM) oils are popular cooking oil in various southeast Asian countries (e.g. Nepal, India, Bangladesh) due to the preference of the local consumer for its strong pungency. Low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil having lower pungency is frequently mixed with the pungent HEARM oil to increase its sensory appeal to the local consumer. Moreover, these oils are also prone to be adulterated with the cheaper oil available in the local market like soybean oil for economical reasons. In order to detect this fraud in a quick and easy manner, a Monte Carlo simulation based approach was developed for the estimation of blend composition using only the fatty acid composition of the sample. The limits of detection (LODs) of soybean oil in HEARM oil and LEAR oil were 14% and 13%, respectively. The LODs of LEAR oil in HEARM oil and soybean oil were 11 and 9%, respectively. Similarly, the LODs of HEARM oil in LEAR oil and soybean oil were 9% and 3%, respectively. The prediction from the developed method was evaluated both in real oil blends (prepared in the laboratory) and in theoretically simulated blends. The method was applied on forty-nine samples (labeled as mustard/rapeseed oil) collected from the Nepalese market. Among them, twenty-seven samples were found to be adulterated with soybean oil. The predicted adulteration was further supported by their δ-tocopherol content and trans fatty acid content, as an indicator for the adulteration with refined oil. The developed Monte Carlo simulation method is based on a single analytical run of determining the fatty acid composition of the suspected oil blend and thus useful for a quick segregation of samples in routine analysis.

Bioaugmentation with Petroleum-Degrading Consortia Has a Selective Growth-Promoting Impact on Crop Plants Germinated in Diesel Oil-Contaminated Soil

Rhizoremediation is a complex type of green clean-up technology that involves both plants and the rhizosphere-associated microorganisms to decompose hazardous compounds. The success of the strategy strongly depends on plant tolerance towards the pollutant, as well as plant's interactions with the rhizospheric microbes. The microorganisms may be stimulated by the secreted root exudates, which results in an increased breakdown of contaminants in the rhizosphere. The main goal of this study was to establish a potential rhizoremediation combination for a diesel-polluted site. Inoculation of plant roots or seeds with indigenous rhizospheric populations is a common approach in the rhizoremediation. However, we introduced hydrocarbon-degrading consortia (M10, R3, and K52) that were previously isolated from crude oil-contaminated soil instead of indigenous microbes. Bioaugmentation with these petroleum degraders was applied to screen four high biomass crop species (Indian mustard, alfalfa, high erucic acid rapeseed, HEAR, and low erucic acid rapeseed, LEAR) for their tolerance towards diesel oil. At no pollution, a promoting effect of M10 bacteria could be observed on germination and root elongation of all plant species. Moreover, M10 consortiums increased the germination index at 6,000 mg diesel oil per kilogram dry soil in the case of Indian mustard, alfalfa, and HEAR. The latter species was found to increment its dry weight upon bioaugmentation with M10 bacteria and all diesel oil treatments (6,000 and 24,000 mg diesel oil per kilogram dry soil). The initial results indicate HEAR and the M10 bacterial consortium as a promising plant–microbe tandem for a long-term rhizoremediation process.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11270-013-1676-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Impact of antioxidants on oxidative stability of structured lipids

There is a growing interest among lipid technologists, lipid chemists, and nutritionistsconcerning structured lipids (SL) due to the physiological benefits these lipids offer.Compared to a mixture of medium- and long-chain TAG, SL provide improved absorptionof fatty acids and an increased delivery of total fat and essential fatty acids to the peripheraltissues [1], enhanced absorption of lipid-soluble vitamins and lipophilic antioxidants [2], andthey help to reduce muscle catabolism and improve nitrogen utilization during metabolicstress [3].Several authors have reported that SL are characterized by a lower oxidative stabilitycomparedtotheinitialoil/fatsources[4].SuchfindingshavebeenobservedforSLsynthesizedfromoliveoilandn-3PUFAorcaprylicacid,ricebranandcaprylicacid,saffloweroil,coconutoil, soybean oil, and fish oil [5–7]. According to Martin et al. [4], themethod employed in theproduction of SL is the main determinant of lipid oxidation. Yet, the results in the literatureare inconsistent. Sometimes the SL product from random chemical synthesis generates fasterandmoreextensivelipidoxidationthanlipase-mediatedsynthesisoftheSL.Atothertimestheoxidativestability ofSLrecoveredfromlipase preparationsisworsecomparedtotherandom-ized method [8].During the processing of SL, natural antioxidants present in the starting oils/fats aredegraded. The most serious concern is the loss oftocopherols and tocotrienols. This has beenobservedduringtheproductionofSLfromamixtureoflowerucicacidrapeseedoilandtallow[9], olive oil and caprylic acid [10], soybean and caprylic acid [11], as well as borage andevening primrose oils containing n-3 fatty acids [12]. According to Hamam and Shahidi [13],during the production of SL tocopherols react with carboxylic acids, giving rise to tocopherolesters. These reaction products can be removed from the reaction mixture during short-timedistillation.Byung and Akoh [14] reported that the oxidative stability of purified SL prepared fromroasted sesame oil and caprylic acid was lower than that of sesame oil itself. There were nodifferences in the contents of unsaponifiables, including tocopherols and phytosterols.However, total sesame lignans content was decreased in the SL due to the loss of sesamolwhen compared to sesame oil. A dramatic decrease of phenolic compounds in SL preparedfrom extra virgin olive oil and CLA or caprylic acid was described by Lee et al. [10].Among the food-grade antioxidants available to protect SL against oxidation,a-tocopherol is employed most often; it has been added at a level between 50 and1000 mg/kg to substrates for SL synthesis such as fish oil and caprylic acid, canola oil andcaprylicacid,soybeanoilandcaprylicacid,sunfloweroilandcaprylicacid,milkfatandlinseedoil, as well as olive oil and n-3 PUFA [11, 15, 16]. In the study of Turan et al. [11] on theoxidative stability of SL synthesized by a specific sn-1,3-lipase catalyzed interesterificationof soybean oil with caprylic acid, no significant difference was observed between theinduction time of SL and SL plus different a-tocopherol concentrations (ranging from50 to 1000 mg/kg). Antioxidant mixtures of a-tocopherol (50 mg/kg) and d-tocopherol(500 mg/kg) with ascorbyl palmitate and lecithin have been reported to effectively decreasethe peroxide value, conjugated diene content, and p-anisidine value during oxidation of SLat 60

Effect of Dehulling Treatment on the Oxidative Stability of Cold‐Pressed Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oil

AbstractThis study compared the oxidative stability of cold‐pressed rapeseed oil (CPRO) and dehulled cold‐pressed rapeseed oil (DCPRO) in the dark at 60 °C and monitored the evolution of minor constituents (tocopherols, phytosterols, phenolics). The results showed that dehulling significantly influenced the oxidative stability of the oils, the DCPRO was more easily oxidized. During the autoxidation, the peroxide value (PV) and anisidine value (p‐AV) of the DCPRO ranged from 2.38 to 95.97 mequiv O2 kg−1 and from 1.20 to 30.75, whereas those of the CPRO ranged from 3.80 to 46.17 mequiv O2 kg−1and from 2.69 to 14.87, respectively. Dehulling affected the contents and the rates of decrease of tocopherols and phytosterols of the cold‐pressed oils, and the rates of decrease of tocopherols and phytosterols of the CPRO were lower than those of the DCPRO (10% less, on average). The rancimat induction periods (IPs) were positively correlated with the concentrations of the total tocopherols (For DCPRO, R2 = 0.9622, For CPRO, R2 = 0.8334). The total phenolics contents as determined by spectrophotometry first increased and then decreased. Tocopherols and phytosterols had a greater effect on oxidative stability of the rapeseed oils during the first 30 days, and phenolics had a greater effect in the 30–40 day period.

Cloning and Functional Analysis of Enoyl-CoA Reductase Gene BnECR from Oilseed Rape ( Brassica napus L.)

Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are critical components in cuticular waxes, sphingolipids, and triacylglycerols in higher plants. Biosynthesis of VLCFAs is catalyzed by the fatty acyl-CoA elongase, a membrane-bound enzymatic complex containing 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS), 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase (KCR), 3-hydroxacyl-CoA dehydratase (HCD), and trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase (ECR). In this study, the primers were designed based on multiple alignments of trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase (ECR) gene sequences from Arabidopsis thaliana and other plants, and the full-length cDNA, here designated BnECR, and the corresponding genomic sequences were isolated from Brassica napus using rapid amplification of cDNA ends method (GenBank accession numbers FJ899705 and FJ899705). The sequence of BnECR cDNA was 1328 bp in length excluding the poly dA tail, and the corresponding genomic sequence was 2093 bp. BnECR was composed of 4 exons and contained a 163 bp 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) and a 233 bp 3′ UTR. The deduced BnECR protein was 310 amino acid in length with a molecular weight of 735.78 kD and an isoelectric point of 9.52. The critical functional sites K 144 and R 145 in AtECR were unchanged in BnECR. The G 225SGGYQIPR/HG 234, which presented a non-classical NADPH-binding motif, was found in the C-terminal of BnECR. NCBI Blastn, multiple alignments and conserved domain search showed that BnECR had the highest homology to A. thaliana AtECR. RT-PCR analysis showed that BnECR was ubiquitously expressed in B. napus and preferentially expressed in the stem. The transcript level of BnECR at mid and late stages of seed development in low erucic acid rapeseed cultivar was obviously lower than that in high erucic acid rapeseed cultivar, suggesting that BnECR was involved in biosynthesis of erucic acid. The 933 bp open reading frame of BnECR was subcloned into the yeast- Escherichia coli shuttle vector pYES2.0. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae wild type strain By4743 and the mutant strain YDL015c. With galactose as inducer, the transformant was cultured to induce the expression of BnECR. The gas chromatographic result indicated that BnECR was overexpressed effectively in S. cerevisiae, and the content of erucic acid reached 1.34% of the total fatty acid in the recombinant strain, an increase of 52% over the control. Functional complementation of BnECR in an ECR-deficient mutant yeast demonstrated that BnECR mediated the biosynthesis of VLCFAs. The results suggest that BnECR should be functional orthologue of AtECR.

Growth of infants fed formula rich in canola oil (low erucic acid rapeseed oil)

Canola oil is a variety of rapeseed oil low in erucic acid (<2%). For many years, canola oil has been widely used as an ingredient in infant formula in Europe, but not in North America due to safety concerns. A number of studies have used variable canola content of infant formulas to investigate the effects of linoleic acid: α-linolenic acid ratio on visual function of infants. However, little published data is available to compare the safety of canola versus non-canola containing infant formula. The aim of this study is to investigate whether infant formulas containing canola oil support normal growth in infants as assessed by weight and length gain. Re-analyses of data on infant weight and length gain from a prospective randomized double-blind trial in full-term infants in the German Infant Nutritional Intervention study (GINI). This analysis compared growth in infants receiving infant formulas with or without canola oil from week 4 to month 7. Absolute weight and length, weight and length gain in gram or cm per day and standardized weight and length measurements were analyzed by analyses of variance and a longitudinal random effects model. Standardization was conducted according to the new WHO 2006 age- and sex-specific child growth standards. Absolute and standardized weight and length measures did not differ between the formula groups with or without canola oil. This was true for both, analyses within each of the three anthropometric measurement periods (4-6 weeks, 3-4 months, 6-7 months) and for the longitudinal analyses over the whole period from 4 weeks to 7 months of life. Power analyses confirmed that sample size was sufficient to detect a difference of 3 g per day between 14 and 120 days between the two formula groups. Infant formula containing canola oil supports normal infant growth as assessed by weight and length gain.

Differentially Expressed Genes in Oleic Acid Synthesis of &lt;I&gt;Brassica napus&lt;/I&gt; by Detected Gene Chip

Oil from rapeseed with high oleic oil content is insensitive to oxidation and long shelf life.In daily diet with high oleic acid oil can reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in blood and prevent arteriosclerosis.In addition,high oleic acid content in edible oil is an important fat indicator.Oleic acid can be effectively converted to methyl ester,which is beneficial to produce biodiesel.Oleic acid content in conventional rapeseed is only 17%.However,oleic acid content in low erucic acid rapeseed reaches around 60%.Differential expressed genes of oleic acid have been found in the high oleic acid line(71.71%) and low oleic acid line(55.6%) of Brassica napus by gene chip technique.The results showed that there were 562 differential expressed genes relating to high and low oleic acid contents in rapeseed,among them 194 were up-regulated genes and 368 were down-regulated genes.The up-regulated gene NM_100489 and the down-regulated gene NM_130183 were then taken as the materials.Real time RT-PCR was further used to confirm the results of gene chip,and the results of real time RT-PCR analysis agreed with the results by gene chip.According to the results of gene chip,562 differentially expressed genes were annotated functionally using Go Annotation System.The molecular function of differential expressed genes mainly included catalysis of enzymes,binding,transcriptional regulation,metabolism and others with unknown functions.Some genes related to sugar metabolism and fatty acid synthesis were identified as differential expressed genes.They are pyruvate kinase,fructose diphosphate,acyl transfer/acyl-ACP S lipase,hydrolase acting on ester bond,Δ9 stearoyl acid-N-carrier protein desaturase(ADS1),Δ9 acyl-lipid desaturase 2(ADS2),ω-3 fatty acid desaturation enzymes(fad3) and so on.

Purified Canola Lutein Selectively Inhibits Specific Isoforms of Mammalian DNA Polymerases and Reduces Inflammatory Response

In the screening of DNA polymerase (pol) inhibitor, we isolated lutein, a carotenoid, from the crude (unrefined) pressed oil of canola (low erucic acid rapeseed, Brassica napus L.). Commercially prepared carotenoids such as lutein (1), zeaxanthin (2), beta-cryptoxanthin (3), astaxanthin (4), canthaxanthin (5), beta-carotene (6), lycopene (7), capsanthin (8), fucoxanthin (9) and fucoxanthinol (10), were investigated for the inhibitory activities of pols. Compounds 1, 2 and 8 exhibited strong inhibition of the activities of mammalian pols beta and lambda, which are DNA repair- and/or recombination-related pols. On the other hand, all carotenoids tested had no influence on the activity of a mammalian pol alpha, which is a DNA replicative pol. Lutein (1) was the strongest pol inhibitor of mammalian pols beta and lambda in the prepared ten carotenoids tested, but did not influence of the activities of mammalian pols alpha, gamma, delta and epsilon. The tendency for pols beta and lambda inhibition by these carotenoids showed a positive correlation with the suppression of TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate)-induced inflammation. These results suggest that cold pressed unrefined canola/rapeseed oil, or other oils with high levels of lutein and other carotenoids, may be useful for their anti-inflammatory properties.

Detection of lactobacillic acid in low erucic rapeseed oil—A note of caution when quantifying cyclic fatty acid monomers in vegetable oils

The purpose of this work was to identify an unknown component which has been detected during the analysis of cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAMs) in low erucic acid rapeseed oils (LEAR). A sample of crude LEAR was transformed into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and hydrogenated using PtO 2. The hydrogenated sample was fractionated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and the fraction containing the CFAMs transformed into picolinyl esters. Analysing these picolinyl derivatives by gas–liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) showed that the unknown product observed in LEAR is the 11,12-methylene-octadecanoic acid. This cyclic fatty acid was also found in crude LEAR and in the corresponding seeds but was not detected in crude soya and sunflower oils. As this acid is present in the same fraction as CFAMs, known to be formed during heat treatment, great care must therefore be taken for not including it when quantifying CFAMs. It is thus necessary to verify by mass spectrometry the structures of the CFAMs in the isolated cyclic fatty acid fraction prior to quantification.

Influence of Blending Canola, Palm, Soybean, and Sunflower Oil Methyl Esters on Fuel Properties of Biodiesel

Single, binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures of canola (low erucic acid rapeseed), palm, soybean, and sunflower (high oleic acid) oil methyl esters (CME, PME, SME, and SFME, respectively) were prepared, and important fuel properties were measured, such as oil stability index (OSI), cold filter plugging point (CFPP), cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), kinematic viscosity (40 °C), lubricity, acid value (AV), and iodine value (IV). The fuel properties of SME were improved through blending with CME, PME, and SFME to satisfy the IV (<120) and OSI (>6 h) specifications contained within EN 14214, the biodiesel standard from the European Committee for Standardization. SME was satisfactory according to ASTM D6751, the American biodiesel standard, with regard to OSI (>3 h). The CFPP of PME was improved by up to 15 °C through blending with CME. Statistically significant relationships were elucidated between OSI and IV, OSI and saturated fatty acid methyl ester (SFAME) content, OSI and CFPP, CFPP and IV, and CFPP and SFAME content. However, the only relationship of practical significance was that of CFPP versus SFAME content when SFAME content was greater than 12 wt %.

Effects of α‐Tocopherol on Oxidative Stability and Phytosterol Oxidation During Heating in Some Regular and High‐Oleic Vegetable Oils

AbstractThe first part of this study evaluated oxidative stability in high‐oleic rapeseed oil, palm olein, refined olive oil, low erucic acid rapeseed oil and sunflower oil. The results showed oxidative stability in the order: palm olein &gt; high‐oleic rapeseed oil &gt; refined olive oil &gt; low erucic acid rapeseed oil &gt; sunflower oil, as determined by the Rancimat method. Addition of α‐tocopherol at high levels of up to 0.2% increased the oxidative stability of refined olive oil, whereas the opposite effect was generally observed in the other oil samples. In the second part of the study, high‐oleic rapeseed oil, palm olein, refined olive oil and refined olive oil containing 0.2% α‐tocopherol were heated for 3, 6, 9 and 12 h at 180 °C. The peroxide and p‐anisidine values generally increased over time in the samples, including olive oil containing 0.2% α‐tocopherol. High‐oleic rapeseed oil contained the highest amount of total sterols and total phytosterol oxidation products (POPs), but during heating the total POPs content increased moderately (~10%), in contrast to the threefold increase after 12 h of heating in palm olein and refined olive oil. Very high levels of 6‐hydroxy derivatives of brassicastanol, campestanol and sitostanol and of 7‐ketobrassicasterol were observed in high‐oleic rapeseed oil samples. Addition of 0.2% α‐tocopherol during heating significantly decreased POPs formation in refined olive oil (P &lt; 0.05).

Breeding high-stearic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) with high- and low-erucic background using optimised promoter-gene constructs

Seed lipids of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) usually contain small proportions (<3%) of stearic acid. The objective of this study was to increase the content of stearic fatty␣acid in rapeseed oil. An antisense down-regulation of the endogenous stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD) catalysing the reaction step from stearic to oleic acid in two different genetic backgrounds was studied. The result of down-regulation of the SAD yielded an about 10-fold increase of stearic acid from 3.7% up to 32% in single seeds of transgenic low-erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR), while high-erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) showed a 4-fold increase of C18:0 from 1% up to 4%. It could be shown in pooled T2 seed material of LEAR rapeseed, that the stearic acid content is highly correlated with the down-regulation of SAD as indicated by the␣stearate desaturation proportion (SDP). The importance of the promoter strength for the alteration of a trait was confirmed in this study as no change in the fatty acid composition of transgenic plants was achieved with gene constructs controlled by the weak FatB4 seed-specific promoter from Cuphea lanceolata.