Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Research Articles

What is the most appropriate lipid profile ratio predictor for insulin resistance in each sex? A cross-sectional study in Korean populations (The Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey).

BackgroundInsulin resistance (IR) reduces reactivity of the target organ to blood insulin. Researchers have attempted to evaluate IR using various serum lipid concentration ratios. We aimed to determine the most strongly IR-predictive lipid profile ratios for each sex by studying associations between lipid concentration ratios and IR using data from the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-1) 2010.MethodsOverall, 8958 individuals participated in health interview and examination surveys. Among them, 1910 individuals who completed physical examinations and 8-h fasting blood tests and were older than 20 years of age were enrolled (929 men and 981 women). The lipid-ratio-related study outcomes were the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C), triglyceride (TG)/HDL-C, and non-HDL-C (LDL-C + TG/5)/HDL-C ratios. We divided subjects into 4 groups according to lipid profile ratio quartiles for a comparison of homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-IR values. Regression analyses were performed after adjusting for the confounding factors of age, body mass index, and diabetes mellitus history.ResultsHOMA-IR values tended to increase significantly along with LDL-C/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, and non-HDL-C/HDL-C ratios in both sexes. In men, multiple linear regression analyses showed that after adjusting for confounding factors, a significant positive association remained only with the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (p = 0.0238, R2 = 0.3605, root mean squared error [MSE] =0.3512). In women, multiple linear regression analyses showed that after adjusting for confounding factors, significant positive associations remained with the LDL-C/HDL-C (p < 0.0001, R-square = 0.2329, root MSE = 0.3776), TG/HDL-C (p = 0.0001, R2 = 0.2373, root MSE = 0.3766), and non-HDL-C/HDL-C ratios (p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.2456, root MSE = 0.3745).ConclusionThe LDL-C/HDL-C ratio in men and LDL-C/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, and non-HDL-C/HDL-C ratios in women might be clinically significant predictors of IR in healthy Korean adults. However, additional large-scale studies are required to confirm these findings.

Hypolipidemic effect of porphyran extracted from Pyropia yezoensis in ICR mice with high fatty diet

Porphyran is a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from Pyropia, a genus of marine red algae. In this study, the biological activity of porphyran from Pyropia yezoensis as an oral hypolipidemic agent in Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice was investigated. Porphyran lowered serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C) ratio 28 days after administration. Porphyran at a dose of 200 mg kg−1 d−1 can decrease the percentage of body weight gain (BWG) and serum lipid profiles of mice significantly, similar to Zhibituo (a hypolipidemic drug approved by the China Food and Drug Administration in 2009). The mice that have taken porphyran showed an obvious increase in the fecal TC and TG compared with the blank control group. The liver weight, lipid composition (TG and TC), liver damage index (serum alanine aminotransferase, ALT; aspartate aminotransaminase, AST; and alkaline phosphatase, ALP), and hepatocyte morphology results in mice on a high-fat diet imply that dietary administration of porphyran can alleviate liver damage induced by the diet. Therefore, porphyran may be useful as a functional food additive, hypolipidemic, and liver-protective agent.

Prognostic value of LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio in patients undergoing coronary stenting

Objectives: This study aimed to appraise the role of a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol /high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c/HDL-c) ratio as predictors of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Could mean platelet volume among complete blood count parameters be a surrogate marker of metabolic syndrome in pre-pubertal children?

Interest in childhood metabolic syndrome (MetS) has increased substantially due to the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity on a global scale. Early recognition of MetS is critical in order to delay the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study, we evaluated the relationship between complete blood count (CBC) parameters and MetS among pre-pubertal children which may provide evidence in support of using low cost, readily available clinical haematological parameters for the detection of MetS. A retrospective analysis was carried out on 330 (125 lean vs. 205 overweight) Turkish pre-pubertal children who attend to a paediatric outpatient clinic. Age, gender, puberty, body mass index, CBC parameters, cardiometabolic risk factors including lipid profiles, high sensitive serum reactive protein (hsCRP) and insulin resistance index calculated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) were evaluated and compared among lean, overweight children and children with MetS. The mean age of the study population was 7.4 ± 1.9 years. In both gender, the mean values of mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were significantly lower and red blood cell (RBC), platelet (PLT) counts were significantly higher in overweight children. Overall, 8.4% (n = 28) of patients met the criteria of MetS. Children with MetS had higher levels of PLT and lower levels of mean platelet volume (MPV). Of all the haematological parameters analysed, PLT was positively, whereas MPV was negatively correlated with MetS in girls. In addition, MPV was inversely correlated with fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C) ratio in girls after adjusting for confounding factors. The risk analyses of MetS in terms of MPV quartiles showed that the adjusted OR (95% CI) for the lowest vs. the highest quartile was 7.71 (1.45–40.89) in girls. These data might suggest that MPV could be another feature of MetS in pre-pubertal girls and might be used as a surrogate marker for MetS in clinical settings.

Impact of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio as a risk factor of cardiovascular event after percutaneous coronary intervention in men

Background: Some clinical studies have demonstrated that Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol/High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C) ratio was an excellent predictor of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to determine whether the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio may affect the outcomes after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI). Methods: Eight-hundred-seventy-seven male patients, who underwent successful PCI, were divided into the following three groups: those with LDL-C/HDL-C≤1.5 (n=178), 1.5-2.0 (n=261), >2.0 (n=438). In these groups, the incidence of Major Adverse Cardiac Events (MACE) was measured during the five years after PCI. MACE was defined as cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, new stenosis and restenosis. Results: Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that patients with LDL-C/HDL-C≤1.5 had a significantly lower incidence of MACE than those with LDL-C/HDL-C>2.0 and also those with LDL-C/HDL-C of between 1.5 and 2 (P<0.001). In addition, Cox proportional hazards model indicated the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio was an independent risk factor of MACE. ![Figure][1] Cumulative incidence of MACE Conclusion: The LDL-C/HDL-C ratio was a valuable predictor of cardiovascular events in male patients. Furthermore, it is desirable to maintain the LDL-C/HDL-C raito to be less than 1.5 for secondary prevention after PCI. [1]: pending:yes

Effects of Chinese Liquors on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Healthy Young Humans

Objectives. To elucidate whether consumption of two Chinese liquors, tea-flavor liquor (TFL) and traditional Chinese liquor (TCL) have protective effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in healthy human subjects. Methods. Forty-five healthy subjects (23 men, 22 women), aged 23–28, were recruited and randomized into two groups: TFL and TCL, and consumed 30 mL/day (45% (v/v) alcohol) of either liquor for 28 days. Results. Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C/LDL-C) and apolipoprotein A1 were significantly increased, and total cholesterol (TC) and TC/HDL-C were significantly decreased after the intervention in both groups (P < 0.05). Serum uric acid (P = 0.004 for TFL, P = 0.001 for TCL), glucose (P < 0.001 for TFL, P < 0.001 for TCL) and endothelial adhesion molecules (P < 0.05) were significantly decreased after the intervention. ADP-induced whole blood platelet aggregation was also significantly decreased after the intervention in both TFL and TCL groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions. TFL and TCL consumption had protective effects on CVD risk factors in young humans. However, the results were valid only for 28 days, and that the possibility of adverse effect (liver, kidney) of chronic alcohol consumption should be considered.

Serum cholesterol ratios and periodontal infection: results of the Health 2000 Survey

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate whether serum total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL) ratio and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL/HDL) ratio are associated with periodontal infection. This study was based on a subpopulation of the Health 2000 Survey, which included dentate, non-diabetic subjects who had never smoked and who were aged between 30 and 49 years (n=1297). The numbers of teeth with deepened (4 mm deep or deeper) and with deep (6 mm deep or deeper) periodontal pockets were used as outcome variables, as well as the presence of gingival bleeding. We found no consistent associations between TC/HDL or LDL/HDL ratios and the number of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets or the presence of gingival bleeding among normal weight subjects. Nor were there any consistent associations between TC/HDL or LDL/HDL ratios and the number of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets or the presence of gingival bleeding among subjects whose body mass index was 25 or more. This study does not provide evidence that unfavourable lipid composition can be considered as an important risk for periodontal infection in a general adult population.

The lipid triad in type 2 diabetes - prevalence and relevance of hypertriglyceridaemia/low high-density lipoprotein syndrome in type 2 diabetes.

Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Among the established risk factors, the lipid triad (elevated triglycerides, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) is a powerful risk factor for atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) in type 2 diabetes is two to three times higher than in non-diabetics. The Copenhagen Male study, the AMORIS study, and several other trials showed hypertriglyceridaemia to be an independent predictor of coronary heart disease (CHD). HTG may promote risk both directly and indirectly through association with alterations of lipoprotein size and composition. The Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial (VA-HIT) demonstrated that raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in patients with low (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is associated with a significant reduction in CHD risk. It was shown in the Diabetes Intervention Study, AFCAPS/TexCAPS, and PROCAM studies that decreased HDL-C and elevated triglycerides are independent risk factors for atherosclerosis, particularly in patients with diabetes mellitus. Several epidemiological studies demonstrated that total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) ratios or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C) ratios could be better predictors of atherosclerosis than any single lipid parameter. Intima-media thickness (IMT), a well established marker of early atherosclerosis, is associated with HTG/low HDL-cholesterol. In the Risk factors in IGT for Atherosclerosis and Diabetes (RIAD) study total and HDL-cholesterol were independent determinants of IMT in subjects at risk for type 2 diabetes. Postprandial HTG was also shown to be correlated with increased IMT in type 2 diabetic patients.

Description of a large pedigree with an adverse lipoprotein cholesterol phenotype: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

A large pedigree (N = 356) with a high prevalence of heart disease and associated adverse lipoprotein phenotype was studied. The adverse lipoprotein phenotype is characterized by both low levels of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) alone (16.3%) and in combination with other adverse lipoprotein levels (12.8%). In all, 44.2% of all pedigree members had at least one adverse lipoprotein level. Analysis of mating types showed that all lipids and lipoproteins possess familial clustering with 25-36% of offspring above median levels when both parents had levels below the median, while 67-83% had levels above the median when both parents had levels above the median. Using adjusted lipid and lipoprotein levels, a statistically significant linear trend was found between the degree of relationship to pedigree members with heart disease, and both the low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C) ratio (P less than .05), and the very-low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C; P less than .01) level. A similar analysis using the prevalence of adverse lipoprotein levels as the dependent variable and degree of relationship to heart diseased pedigree numbers as the independent variable showed significant (P less than .05) relationships with VLDL-C and the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio. Further genetic analyses of this pedigree may reveal genetic mechanisms responsible for the familiality of lipoprotein levels in this pedigree.