Clinician-level variation in lipid management for secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Opportunities for practice improvement.

Real-world management of familial hypercholesterolemia in paediatric patients: a 3-year follow-up from the LIPIGEN registry.

Non-HDL cholesterol and remnant cholesterol are better indicators of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk than LDL cholesterol in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Introduction: Lipids form an important constituent of the human cell membrane with wide functional importance. The alterations in lipid levels can result in an imbalance of the homeostatic reserve and, therefore, can result in a diseased state. Aim: To analyse and compare lipid profiles between diabetic and non diabetic individuals amongst the study group and find an association between diabetic status and lipid parameters. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Outpatient Department (OPD) of a primary care health setting, Sakthi Multi-speciality clinic, Poonamallee, Chennai, South India, between July 2024 to September 2024. The present study included 55 patients who attended a primary health care setting. A convenient consecutive sampling technique was followed in recruiting both male and female patients above 18 years of age with or without co-morbid illness. The elements of lipid profile analysis were presented as median and interquartile range. The Mann-Whitney U test was employed for comparing continuous variables between diabetic and non diabetic groups and Fisher’s exact test for associations between categorical variables. Kendall’s Tau-B correlation was used to assess associations among continuous variables within the diabetic subgroup. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the total 55 participants who consented to participate in the study, 41 were males and 14 were females. Among them, 11 participants were known cases of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). A total of 44 participants with capillary blood glucose levels less than 126 mg/dL and no prior history of co-morbid illness were considered to be apparently normal. The median and Interquartile range of Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and ratio of cholesterol to HDL were found to be 160 (IQR=40), 105 (IQR=37.5), 34 (IQR=8), 108 (IQR=54.5), 21 (IQR=7.5), 4.7 (IQR=0.0), respectively. The analysis revealed a significant difference in the LDL (p-value <0.01) and ratio of cholesterol to HDL (p-value-0.054) in the diabetic group compared to the non diabetic group. The association between diabetic status and independent variables revealed a significant association between diabetic status and LDL. TC/HDL was moderately correlated with Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) (τ=0.59, p-value=0.03) and Postprandial Blood Sugar (PPBS) (τ=0.57, p-value=0.03). A positive correlation was observed between FBS and TC (τ=0.41, p-value=0.08), TGs (τ=0.44, p-value=0.06), HDL cholesterol (τ=0.41, p-value=0.08), LDL cholesterol (τ=0.55, p-value=0.02) and VLDL (τ=0.44, p-value=0.06) although not statistically significant. Conclusion: Strong association between altered lipid parameters and Diabetic status, with the presence of moderate effect sizes, suggests potentially meaningful relationships that warrant a greater insight into the discernment of the disease. The current pilot study may direct future research to comprehensively understand the metabolic derangements playing a causative role in the pathogenesis of DM and Metabolic Syndrome.

Integrative metabolomics and lipidomics reveal Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen formula improves adenine-induced CKD rats by regulating intrarenal glycolipid metabolism.

Differences in the effects of HIIT versus aerobic training on intervening in dyslipidemia in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Secondary stroke prevention focuses on managing vascular risk factors such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. However, the impact of exercise training regimens (ETR) on these factors post-stroke remains unclear. We conducted a network meta-analysis (NMA) to compare the effects of different ETR on vascular risk factors and adverse events in patients following stroke or transient ischemic attacks (TIA). We performed a systematic review following PRISMA criteria, searching multiple databases until March 2024. The outcomes of interest included systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and body mass index (BMI). A Bayesian network meta-analysis approach was used to estimate mean differences (MD) and 95% credible intervals (CrI). We analyzed 20 randomized clinical trials involving 1653 patients. Moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and comprehensive training program (CTP) showed the greatest effects on SBP and DBP. Resistance training (RT) was most effective for improving lipid profiles. ETR had no significant effect on post-stroke FBG and BMI. For secondary stroke prevention, MICT and CTP may be beneficial for managing hypertension, while RT could be the primary strategy for improving lipid profiles.Trial Registration: CRD42024554934.

Dose-Response Effects of Pecan Consumption on Blood Lipid Profiles in Adults with Excess Body Weight and/or Dyslipidemia: a Randomized Controlled Trial.

The effectiveness of financial incentives on clinical outcomes of cardiovascular disease risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Risk-associated and clinically informative biomarkers for cardiovascular risk stratification in metabolic dysfunction-Associated steatotic liver disease.

Impact of Pitavastatin on Carotid Plaque Regression in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia.

PCSK9 is a predictive biomarker of major adverse events after acute myocardial infarction.

Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and acute pancreatitis (AP). Early detection and treatment are important to prevent such complications. This review briefly outlines the etiology and novel treatments of HTG and recent findings from contemporary HTG registries. HTG is associated with an increased prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors, including obesity, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis. Novel ribonucleic acid-based treatments for HTG have shown a substantial reduction in plasma triglycerides and a lower incidence of AP. A recent trial confirmed such benefit in patients with triglycerides >500 mg/dl (5.6 mmol/l), albeit with an increase in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, a reduction in remnant cholesterol and no change in apolipoprotein B. There is a need to harmonize the definitions of HTG and improve the care of individuals with severe HTG and familial chylomicronemia syndrome. New and evolving international registries are beginning to provide useful real-world data. Patient registries for HTG have provided valuable data for understanding the link between HTG and other cardiometabolic disorders; they can inform the planning of clinical services and the translation of the findings of new and future clinical trials of triglyceride-lowering therapies.

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is linked to adverse changes in lipid metabolism and cardiac function, increasing cardiovascular risk. The major cardiovascular changes that occur in hypothyroidism include a decrease in cardiac output and cardiac contractility, a reduction in heart rate, and an increase in peripheral vascular resistance. Carotid intima-media Thickness (CIMT) is an established marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. Aim: To evaluate the correlation between CIMT and cardiovascular parameters in patients with hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India (General Medicine Department, Inpatients and Outpatients) between December 2022 and May 2024. A total of 100 patients with established primary hypothyroidism were enrolled. Data collected included demographics (age, sex), Body Mass Index (BMI) and Blood Pressure (BP), thyroid function tests {Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Free Thyroxine (FT4), anti-Thyroid Peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibody}, lipid profile, liver and renal function tests, fasting glucose and HbA1c, Complete Blood Count (CBC), 12- lead ECG, Two-dimensional Echocardiography (2D ECHO), and carotid Doppler ultrasound to measure CIMT and carotid artery flow velocities. Statistical analyses (Pearson’s correlation, Chi-square test and Student’s t-test) were performed using appropriate software, with p<0.05 considered significant. Results: Of the 100 patients, 54% were female. Most (82%) had overt hypothyroidism and 18% had subclinical hypothyroidism. Mean±SD body mass index was 26.2±2.8 kg/m², and mean diastolic blood pressure was 89.4±3.0 mmHg. Mean±SD total cholesterol was 197±33 mg/dL, triglycerides 188±71 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 116±95 mg/dL, and highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol 46.93±4.9365 mg/dL. Sinus bradycardia was present in 43%, and diastolic dysfunction (grade I–II) on echocardiography was observed in 42% of patients. The mean common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-CIMT) was 0.62±0.13 mm (right) and 0.60±0.14 mm (left). The corresponding mean internal carotid artery CIMT (ICA-CIMT) values were 0.60±0.14 mm (right) and 0.62±0.14 mm (left). Crucially, CIMT showed significant positive correlations with total cholesterol (r=0.72, p<0.001), triglycerides (r=0.69, p<0.001), LDL-cholesterol (r=0.20, p=0.05), peak systolic velocities in the right and left common carotid arteries (p<0.001 for both), and TSH (r=0.25, p=0.01), and a significant negative correlation with HDL-cholesterol (r=-0.26, p=0.008). Conclusion: In patients with hypothyroidism, CIMT is positively correlated with atherogenic lipid parameters and TSH. These findings suggest that increased CIMT reflects subclinical atherosclerotic and cardiovascular risk in hypothyroid patients and underlines the importance of early cardiovascular evaluation in this population.

Structural characterization, physicochemical properties and hypolipidemic activity of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) protein hydrolysates prepared via enzyme-microbial synergy.

To investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) circadian rhythm in patients with essential hypertension, and to analyze differences in lipid profiles and carotid plaque prevalence across different dipping patterns. A total of 443 patients with essential hypertension were enrolled from the Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, between July 1, 2024, and July 30, 2025. Based on 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), they were categorized into four groups: dippers (n = 79), nondippers (n = 224), reverse-dippers (n = 127), and extreme-dippers (n = 13). Clinical data were collected to analyze the associations between BP circadian rhythm, BMI, blood lipid profiles, and carotid plaque formation. Significant differences were observed among the four groups in BMI (P = 0.038, η2 = 0.019), total cholesterol (P = 0.040, η2 = 0.019), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (P = 0.028, η2 = 0.021), and triglyceride levels (P = 0.025). The prevalence of carotid intima-media thickening (P < 0.05, Cramer's V = 0.265) and carotid plaque formation (P < 0.05, Cramer's V = 0.303) also significantly differed among the groups. The reverse-dipper group had a higher detection rate of carotid intima-media thickening (85, 66.9%) than the dipper (27, 34.2%) and nondipper (90, 40.2%) groups. The detection rate of carotid plaque formation in the reverse-dipper group (80, 63%) was higher than in the other three groups. BMI levels were significantly higher in the nondipper group (26.43 ± 4.30) and the reverse-dipper group (26.25 ± 4.41) compared with the dipper group (24.82 ± 4.48) (P < 0.05). Total cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the nondipper group (4.89 ± 1.09) than in the dipper group (4.52 ± 1.03) (P = 0.006). LDL-C levels were significantly elevated in the nondipper group (3.06 ± 0.84) and the extreme-dipper group (3.38 ± 0.93) compared with the dipper group (2.77 ± 0.82) (P < 0.05). Triglyceride levels were significantly higher in the nondipper group (1.79 [1.38, 2.53]) than in the dipper group (1.44 [0.95, 2.36]) (P = 0.015). Logistic regression analysis indicated that BMI and the presence of carotid plaque were independent risk factors for an abnormal BP circadian rhythm (P < 0.05). Advanced age, an abnormal BP circadian rhythm, and comorbid coronary heart disease were identified as risk factors for carotid plaque formation (P < 0.05). In patients with essential hypertension, elevated BMI levels and carotid plaque formation may be associated with abnormal circadian BP rhythms. Patients with abnormal circadian BP rhythms exhibit varying degrees of elevated blood lipid levels, which may also be correlated with carotid plaque formation.

This study investigates the expression of ependymin-related protein 1 (EPDR1) and neuregulin 4 (NRG4) in the serum of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and their relationship with glucose and lipid metabolism in order to explore the pathogenesis of PCOS and provide new theoretical basis for its treatment. A total of 282 PCOS patients were selected as the experimental group, and 60 healthy women were selected as the control group. The levels of EPDR1 and NRG4 in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), and prolactin (PRL) were also measured. All subjects underwent tests for triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) as well as insulin release test (IRT) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The PCOS group was further divided into obese and non-obese subgroups based on body mass index (BMI) and into insulin resistance (PCOS-IR) and non-insulin resistance (PCOS-non-IR) subgroups based on HOMA-IR values. Further stratification was performed based on BMI and HOMA-IR to divide the PCOS group into PCOS obese IR, PCOS obese non-IR, PCOS non-IR non-obese, and PCOS-IR non-obese subgroups to clarify the relationship between NRG4, EPDR1, and PCOS. The BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), LH, LH/FSH, T, HOMA-IR, TC, TG, and LDL-C levels in the PCOS group were significantly higher than those in the control group, while HDL-C, EPDR1 and NRG4 levels were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The HOMA-IR, BMI, WHR, TC, TG, and LDL-C levels in the PCOS obese subgroup were significantly higher than those in the non-obese subgroup, while HDL-C, NRG4, and EPDR1 levels were significantly lower than those in the non-obese subgroup (P < 0.05). The BMI, WHR, TC, TG, and LDL-C levels in the PCOS-IR subgroup were significantly higher than those in the PCOS-non-IR subgroup, while NRG4 and EPDR1 levels were significantly lower than those in the PCOS-non-IR subgroup (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that NRG4 was negatively correlated with BMI, IR, T, LH/FSH, TC, and EPDR1 (P < 0.05); EPDR1 was negatively correlated with BMI, LH/FSH, and TC (P < 0.05). In the PCOS group, NRG4 was negatively correlated with BMI, IR, LDL-C, and EPDR1 (P < 0.05); EPDR1 was negatively correlated with BMI, IR, LH/FSH, TC, and LDL-C and positively correlated with HDL-C (P < 0.05). Serum levels of EPDR1 and NRG4 were significantly decreased in PCOS patients and showed significant correlations with key metabolic and endocrine parameters (BMI, T, HOMA-IR, LH/FSH ratio, and lipid profiles). These findings highlight their potential value as diagnostic biomarkers for PCOS, reflecting the associated metabolic disturbances.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most common inborn metabolic disease, characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and increased risk for premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are promising biomarkers in CVD, but their role in pediatric FH remains unclear. We investigated circulating ncRNAs in pediatric heterozygous FH (heFH), focusing on lipid-lowering regimens and cardiovascular risk. Fifty-one heFH patients and 17 controls (age 5-19 years) were prospectively enrolled and fasting serum and clinical data, including carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and echocardiography, collected. Small RNA sequencing was followed by targeted qPCR validation of candidate ncRNAs. Subgroup analyses compared newly diagnosed, diet-treated, and pharmacological lipid-lowering therapy (LLT)-obtaining patients. Additionally, miRNAs formerly described as atherosclerosis-associated were assessed. MiR-182-5p (p = 0.012) and hsa-piR-28004 (p = 0.024) were significantly downregulated in newly diagnosed heFH patients vs. controls. MiR-122-5p was significantly upregulated in patients under LLT compared to both newly diagnosed patients (p = 0.037) and controls (p = 0.013). Hsa-piR-28004 expression levels correlated with oxidized LDL (r = 0.345, p = 0.005), HDL-C (r = -0.282; p = 0.023) and cIMT (r ≈ -0.34, p = < 0.01). MiR-182-5p and hsa-piR-28004 may serve as early indicators of disease, independent of traditional risk factors. Upregulation of miR-122-5p under LLT suggests involvement in treatment response. This is the first comprehensive profiling of both microRNAs (miRNAs) and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (heFH). Circulating miR-182-5p, miR-122-5p and hsa-piR-28004 are potential early indicators of disease and treatment response in pediatric heFH. MiRNAs identified to be associated with atherosclerosis in adults are not robustly expressed in pediatric heFH, underscoring age-specific molecular differences. These findings support the potential of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as non-invasive biomarkers for improved diagnosis, monitoring, and personalized risk assessment in children and adolescents with heFH beyond traditional lipid metrics.

Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Cusp Thickening and Reduced Cusp Motion after the Ozaki Procedure.

Barriers and Facilitators to Implementing Guideline Recommendations for Key Aspects of Familial Hypercholesterolemia Management in Australia: Primary Care Integration, Paediatric Management, and Treatment Adherence.