Electroencephalography (EEG) data comes with a large size due to the data's high sampling rate. Therefore, compressing EEG data is very important for storing the EEG files efficiently with less space and bandwidth capacity requirement. This research develops an efficient system for EEG data compression. The recorded EEG data are preprocessed and scaled using certain Resolution Factor and truncated to integer numbers, then the scaled EEG samples are classified into small and large vectors using a proposed adaptive thresholding which is based on using three computed factors: Standard deviation, Average of samples (Mean), and the multiplier factor (α). Then, each sample is passed through one of three procedures, then saved into the output file using multi-shift coding algorithm The best values are chosen as the tradeoff between the compression ratio and the processing time. The results indicated that the value of α parameter is significantly affects the threshold calculation, where the best-proven value for α is 1.30; the system achieves a compression gain of 65% while managing a reasonable processing time of 4.007 Second. The resolution factor affected the Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MEA) significantly, but it had a slight effect on the Compression Ratio (Cr). The α parameter has a great effect on Cr and a slight on MSE. The findings show a consistent trend whereby, as the resolution factor gradually decreases from 2 to 0.1, a concurrent decrease is observed in the MAE, MSE, Bitrate, Cr, and the overall processing time.

Ultrasound computed tomography (USCT) using ring array technology has shown great potential in breast diagnosis. This study addresses the problems of low imaging resolution and long acquisition time in USCT for breast diagnosis by proposing a frequency domain imaging method based on a ring array and multi-subarray synthetic aperture. This method achieves omnidirectional transmission and reception through beam focusing synthesis, enabling tomographic scanning, supporting complete 3D CT reconstruction, and simulating the performance of a large-aperture system with a small array, achieving sub-millimeter-level imaging resolution. By combining a frequency delay-compensated beamforming method and a designed adjustment strategy, effective signal components are filtered from the large amount of data received by the ring array, completing lossless signal conversion between the time and frequency domains, reducing the reconstruction time to less than 6 seconds, a 7.4-fold improvement over traditional time-domain methods and approximately 2.6 times faster than existing clinical breast CT systems. Experiments show that The breast tissue membrane reconstruction demonstrates high fidelity, and Preliminary clinical pilot study and MRI results are trend-level agreement in boundary, and spatial distribution, validating the effectiveness and accuracy of this method in clinical practice.

Abstract In a timbre recognition system, the representation of functional sounds is the foundation of timbre frequency recognition correlation analysis and is crucial for the overall performance of the system. In order to obtain more accurate tone frequency points, this study adopts a dual tone multi frequency (DTMF) signal processing system based on A/D converter, which can effectively extract key information from audio signals. Furthermore, utilizing envelope function based electronic synthesis technology, an analog signal processing module has been developed to optimize the quality of audio signals. Next the analog signal is converted into a digital signal through an A/D converter for subsequent digital signal processing and recognition. Accurate detection of DTMF signals is a crucial step in the application of technology in signal processing, which directly affects the effectiveness of timbre recognition. With the continuous development of music signal recognition and electronic synthesis technology, the role of lossless signal transmission technology is becoming increasingly prominent. The research in this article shows that lossless signal transmission technology has achieved significant results in piano timbre recognition, with an accuracy of 89.32%, which is 22.54% higher than traditional transmission technology. This achievement not only provides new ideas for the improvement and development of musical instruments, but also provides technical support for the development of robot bands. In summary, the application of lossless signal transmission technology in piano timbre recognition has broad prospects and practical application value.

The magnetoelectric (ME) antenna based on the piezoelectric resonance principle can solve the problems of large size and high power consumption of traditional low-frequency electrical antennas. However, the acoustic impedance mismatch between the adhesive layer in the magnetoelectric composite and the piezoelectric and ferromagnetic phases significantly hinders the stress transfer in the magneto-mechanical-electric coupling process, ultimately limiting the magnetic radiation intensity of the magnetoelectric composite. To improve the magnetic emission performance of the PZT MFC/Metglas magnetoelectric composite, in this work, the two-dimensional filler MoS<sub>2</sub> is adopted to fill and modify the adhesive layer of the PZT MFC/Metglas magnetoelectric composite, aiming to improve the acoustic impedance match between the adhesive layer and the ferroelectric and ferromagnetic phases. The influence of the MoS<sub>2</sub> content on the magnetic emission intensity of the PZT MFC/Metglas magnetoelectric composite is systematically studied. The results show that when the filling weight percent of MoS<sub>2</sub> is 1%, the magnetic emission intensity of the PZT MFC/Metglas magnetoelectric composite can reach 331 μT under the optimal bias, which is 1.5 times higher than that of the magnetoelectric composite without MoS<sub>2</sub> filling. At a distance of 1 m, the magnetic emission intensity can reach 2.7 nT. The stress wave transfer mechanism in the electro-mechanical-magnetic coupling is discussed in conjunction with acoustic impedance matching theory. In addition, the amplitude shift keying modulation method demonstrates the lossless signal transmission capability of the magnetoelectric antenna composed of MoS<sub>2</sub>-modified PZT MFC/Metglas magnetoelectric composite. This method of optimizing the interfacial adhesive layer is simple and effective to expand the magnetoelectric response by increasing the stress wave transfer efficiency. Meanwhile, it provides a feasible solution for communication systems such as low-frequency underwater communication, underground sensing, and distributed wireless networks.

When detecting micro-distortion of lidar scanning signals, current hardwires and algorithms have low compatibility, resulting in slow detection speed, high energy consumption, and poor performance against interference. A geometric statistics-based micro-distortion detection technology for lidar scanning signals was proposed. The proposed method built the overall framework of the technology, used TCD1209DG (made by TOSHIBA, Tokyo, Japan) to implement a linear array CCD (charge-coupled device) module for photoelectric conversion, signal charge storage, and transfer. Chip FPGA was used as the core component of the signal processing module for signal preprocessing of TCD1209DG output. Signal transmission units were designed with chip C8051, FT232, and RS-485 to perform lossless signal transmission between the host and any slave. The signal distortion feature matching algorithm based on geometric statistics was adopted. Micro-distortion detection of lidar scanning signals was achieved by extracting, counting, and matching the distorted signals. The correction of distorted signals was implemented with the proposed method. Experimental results showed that the proposed method had faster detection speed, lower detection energy consumption, and stronger anti-interference ability, which effectively improved micro-distortion correction.

The fibre-optic microwave photonic link has become one of the basic building blocks for microwave photonics. Increasing the optical power at the receiver is the best way to improve all link performance metrics including gain, noise figure and dynamic range. Even though lasers can produce and photodetectors can receive optical powers on the order of a Watt or more, the power-handling capability of optical fibres is orders-of-magnitude lower. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate the use of few-mode fibres to bridge this power-handling gap, exploiting their unique features of small acousto-optic effective area, large effective areas of optical modes, as well as orthogonality and walk-off among spatial modes. Using specially designed few-mode fibres, we demonstrate order-of-magnitude improvements in link performances for single-channel and multiplexed transmission. This work represents the first step in few-mode microwave photonics. The spatial degrees of freedom can also offer other functionalities such as large, tunable delays based on modal dispersion and wavelength-independent lossless signal combining, which are indispensable in microwave photonics.

Sound propagates much faster and over larger distances in water than in air, mainly because of differences in the density of these media. This raises the question of whether terrestrial (land mammals, birds) and (semi-)aquatic animals (frogs, fishes, cetaceans) differ fundamentally in the way they communicate acoustically. Terrestrial vertebrates primarily produce sounds by vibrating vocal tissue (folds) directly in an airflow. This mechanism has been modified in frogs and cetaceans, whereas fishes generate sounds in quite different ways mainly by utilizing the swimbladder or pectoral fins. On land, vertebrates pick up sounds with light tympana, whereas other mechanisms have had to evolve underwater. Furthermore, fishes differ from all other vertebrates by not having an inner ear end organ devoted exclusively to hearing. Comparing acoustic communication within and between aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates reveals that there is no 'aquatic way' of sound communication, as compared with a more uniform terrestrial one. Birds and mammals display rich acoustic communication behaviour, which reflects their highly developed cognitive and social capabilities. In contrast, acoustic signaling seems to be the exception in fishes, and is obviously limited to short distances and to substrate-breeding species, whereas all cetaceans communicate acoustically and, because of their predominantly pelagic lifestyle, exploit the benefits of sound propagation in a dense, obstacle-free medium that provides fast and almost lossless signal transmission.

We introduce and experimentally characterize a general purpose device for signal processing in circuit quantum electrodynamics systems. The device is a broadband two-port microwave circuit element with three modes of operation: it can transmit, reflect, or invert incident signals between 4 and 8 GHz. This property makes it a versatile tool for lossless signal processing at cryogenic temperatures. In particular, rapid switching (≤15 ns) between these operation modes enables several multiplexing readout protocols for superconducting qubits. We report the device's performance in a two-channel code domain multiplexing demonstration. The multiplexed data are recovered with fast readout times (up to 400 ns) and infidelities ≤10−2 for probe powers ≥7 fW, in agreement with the expectation for binary signaling with Gaussian noise.

Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) wireless communication system have been analysed by 2×2 structure for minimal complexity. This paper employs 4×4 MIMO system with Quasi-Orthogonal Space Time Block Codes (Q-OSTBC) to overcome the complexity and offer high flexibility for antenna selection. Besides, the firefly optimisation algorithm is proposed in this paper for Rayleigh channel optimal range selection that results in bandwidth losses by providing the best fitness value. Subsequently, it receives a lossless signal at the receiver using Long-Term Evolution (LTE) scheduling technique. The experimental result outperforms the existing techniques in terms of time, Bit Error Rate (BER), and Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF). FFOAS based MIMO system efficiently reduces the slope of CDF, BER and time complexity compared to traditional OSTBC and TAS/MRC based MIMO system. The comparative analysis of FFOAS with OSTBC and TAS/MRC shows that the FFOAS offers higher flexibility in the design of transmission systems.

The synchronization of a two-dimensional (2D) neuronal network is investigated, based on the dynamical model of Hindmarsh-Rose neuron. In order to know the effects of different types of coupling on the synchronization of a network, we propose three coupling schemes. They are the general feedback coupling, the hierarchical feedback couplings with and without local mean field. The numerical results show that when the neighbor coupling strength is small, the hierarchical feedback couplings with and without local mean field can achieve local and global synchronizations of the network, whereas the general feedback coupling cannot achieve global synchronization. Different couplings generate different patterns in the corresponding network, so that the processes of the transition from asynchronization to synchronization in the networks are different. With the increase of coupling strength, the synchronization in the network with the general feedback or hierarchical feedback couplings is suddenly established, and the networks exhibit different coherent patterns that are aperiodic before the global synchronization occurs. However, the network with hierarchical feedback couplings and local mean field exhibits the different synchronous processes. The neurons in the same layer first achieve the transition from bursting synchronization to global synchronization, leading to the formation of target wave. Then, the synchronization region gradually expands from the center of the network. Finally, the whole networks can achieve synchronization. These results show that the lossless signal transmission can be achieved only if the appropriate coupling is applied. In addition, we find that the hierarchical feedback coupling with local mean field can facilitate synchronization.

Photonics offers a solution to data communication between logic devices in computing systems; however, the integration of photonic components into electronic chips is rather limited due to their size incompatibility. Dimensions of photonic components are therefore being forced to be scaled down dramatically to achieve a much higher system performance. To integrate these nano-photonic components, surface plasmon-polaritons and/or energy transfer mechanisms are used to form plasmonic chips. In this paper, the operating principle of plasmonic waveguide devices is reviewed within the mid-infrared spectral region at the 2 µm to 5 µm range, including lossless signal propagation by introducing gain. Experimental results demonstrate that these plasmonic devices, of sizes approximately half of the operating free-space wavelengths, require less gain to achieve lossless propagation. Through optimization of device performance by means of methods such as the use of new plasmonic waveguide materials that exhibit a much lower minimal loss value, these plasmonic devices can significantly impact electronic systems used in data communications, signal processing, and sensors industries.

Integer transform plays an important role in lossless signal compression. In order to achieve high accuracy to its corresponding theoretical transform, the rounding number should be as low as possible. At the same time, the matrix factorization for reversible integer mapping should be handled with care, especially when the processing block length is high (N>16). In this correspondence, a new method for realizing reversible integer discrete cosine transform type IV (DCT-IV) is proposed that is a key component used in audio compression. The proposed method exhibits low rounding number (2.5N) and low complexity O(Nlog/sub 2/N) as well as well as accurately represents its counterpart floating-point DCT-IV transformation.

Reduced pyramids, including in particular pyramids without analysis filters, are known to produce excellent results when used for lossless signal and image compression. The present paper presents a methodology for the optimal construction of such pyramids by selecting the interpolation synthesis post-filters so as to minimize the error variance at each level of the pyramid. This establishes optimally efficient interpolative pyramidal lossless compression. It also has the added advantage of producing lossy replicas of the original which, at lower resolutions, retain as much similarity to the original as possible. This is highly useful for the progressive coding of signals or images needed for many applications such as fast browsing through image databases or hybrid lossless/lossy medical image coding. The general optimization methodology is developed first, for a general family of reduced pyramids. Subsequently, this is applied to the optimization of pyramids in this family formed using separable, two-dimensional (2-D) quincunx and three-dimensional (3-D) face-centered orthorhombic lattice sampling matrices. It is shown that this family includes in particular the well known 2-D and 3-D "hierarchical interpolation" (HINT) techniques which have been particularly popular for the lossless compression of medical records. Optimal versions of these techniques are determined for 2-D and 3-D images characterized by separable or isotropic correlation functions. The advantages of the developed methods are demonstrated by experimental evaluation. It is shown that the method outperforms the HINT method for the lossless compression of 3-D images. It is also shown to outperform all other known interpolative coders and to produce results comparable to the best predictive lossless coder of 2-D images.

The output characteristics were examined for a new type of thin-film head employing a permeability change at UHF. Impedance matching was selected as the optimum technique for connecting the head with other circuits. A high output can be obtained even for a narrow track head because of its large voltage change ratio, a lossless signal transmission, and a boosting effect. Outputs of 20.5 mVV/sub pp///spl mu/m and 127 mV/sub pp///spl mu/m and bandwidths of 80 MHz and 35 MHz were achieved for 50 /spl Omega/ and 1 k/spl Omega/ matching, respectively. The bandwidth was estimated to >100 MHz by adopting a sophisticated mounting technique and multisection /spl lambda//4 matching circuits.

The first integrated optical amplifying acoustically tunable wavelength filter in Er-doped LiNbO/sub 3/ is reported. At the signal wavelength of /spl lambda//sub s/=1531 nm a maximum gain of 4.8 dB has been obtained with a coupled pump power of 160 mW (/spl lambda//sub p/=1484 nm). Lossless signal transmittance has been achieved with a pump power as low as 13.5 mW for /spl lambda//sub s/>1561 nm. >

The potential of a new technology, based on the superconducting Josephson tunneling effect, has been assessed for use in high-speed computer systems. Josephson tunneling circuits for memory and logic functions can be switched at sub-nanosecond delay, do not require standby power, and dissipate extremely low energy, typically less than 10-13joule during fast switching operation. High-speed circuits with high packing densities, not limited by power dissipation problems, can therefore be expected. Low thermal noise at cryogenic temperatures ensures reliable operation despite the low energy switching signal. Practically lossless signal transmission via superconducting lines can be exploited for high-speed operation even when sizeable memory and logic modules are assembled. Two random access memory modules have been designed on the basis of single device experiments. Operational characteristics leading to the conclusion that 30 Mbit capacity, less than 1 watt refrigeration requirement (at 3.6° K) and cycle times of 40 ns (in one case) and 15 ns (in the second case), can be achieved are presented.