Loss Ratio Research Articles

Effect of Microbial Degradation Treatments on Lignocellulose, Cellulose, and Water-Holding Capacity of Four Typical Forest Fuels from Northeast China

Since forest fuel decomposes slowly and increases the risk of forest fires by accumulating over the years, forest fuel management to accelerate the decomposition process is essential to prevent forest fires and protect forest resources. In this study, we conducted experiments on forest fuels (Pinus sylvestris var. mongholica, Larix gmelinii, Quercus mongolica and Fraxinus mandshurica) in four typical plantation forests in northeast China by adding Trichoderma spp. to investigate the decomposition process and the changes in cellulose, hemicellulose and the water-holding capacity of the fuels. The addition of Trichoderma spp. accelerated the decomposition of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in the fuel. Trichoderma spp. promoted the ratio of water absorption and loss, as well as the water-holding capacity of the fuels. The ratio of water absorption and loss reached equilibrium when the decomposition time was up to 35 days, and the addition of Trichoderma spp. increased the maximal water-holding capacity of the fuel. The residual ratio of the four types of fuel degraded by the different treatments was inversely proportional to their maximal water-holding capacities and to the residual ratios of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The residual ratios of degradation of the four fuels under different treatments were linearly related to their maximum water-holding capacity, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin residual ratios. Trichoderma spp. had a positive effect on the degradation effect and water-holding capacity of fuel on the ground surface of four typical plantation forests. The study is of positive significance for the decomposition of fuel in forests, it promotes the development of biological fire prevention technology and provides a basis for the reinforcement of the management of fuel in forests and the protection of forest resources.

Ultra-broadband and high extinction ratio silicon TM-pass polarizer based on grating-assisted antisymmetric multimode waveguide

We propose an all-silicon TM-pass polarizer using a grating-assisted antisymmetric multimode waveguide (GAMW). The GAMW design facilitates the conversion of the undesired TE0 mode into the back-reflected TE1 mode, enabling efficient transmission of the desired TM0 mode with low insertion loss (IL) and high extinction ratio (ER). Furthermore, by cascading multiple GAMW structures, the device can filter TE0 mode over a broader spectral range effectively. The simulation results indicate that the single-GAMW-based polarizer achieves IL < 0.17 dB and ER > 40 dB in the wavelength range from 1480 nm to 1620 nm. When cascaded, the device expands the bandwidth to 275 nm (1435 nm–1710 nm), maintaining IL < 1 dB and ER > 40 dB simultaneously. The bandwidth can be further improved by cascading more GAMW structures working at different central Bragg wavelength. Limited by the measuring equipment, the measured wavelength range is between [1470 nm, 1630 nm]. The results of experiment demonstrate that the fabricated single-GAMW-based polarizer achieves IL < 0.65 dB and ER > 28.4 dB in 144 nm bandwidth ranging from 1470 nm to 1614 nm. For the cascaded-GAMW-based polarizer, IL < 0.83 dB and ER > 28.8 dB is achieved throughout the entire measuring wavelength range.

Inverse design of highly-efficient and broadband polarization beam splitter on SOI platform

Polarization beam splitters (PBSs) are essential components in integrated optics, particularly for applications demanding high polarization purity. However, most existing PBS designs rely on complex forward design methods, often constrained by large size and limited performance. In this study, we introduce an inverse design approach based on shape optimization to develop a high-performance PBS on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. By optimizing the boundary shape, the proposed PBS exhibits low insertion loss (<1.4 dB) and high extinction ratio (>9.2 dB) across a bandwidth range of 65 nm (1500 nm–1565 nm), as confirmed by experimental results. The footprint of the device measures 1.7 × 16 μm2, and the entire structure can be fabricated through a single lithography step. This work holds great promise for the convenient and efficient design of on-chip PBSs.

Actuarial implications of prevented planting coverage

AbstractWithin the Federal Crop Insurance Program (FCIP), prevented planting (PP) coverage provides payments for pre‐planting costs associated with crops that ultimately cannot be planted due to adverse weather. PP indemnities, which are not considered production losses within the FCIP rating methodology, influence premium rates differently than typical losses. This study utilizes a panel data set consisting of approximately 77,697 county level observations from RMA's summary of business to identify the relationship between the prevalence of prevent plant use and a number of actuarial related outcomes. Overall, we find that increases in the share of total indemnities attributable to PP claims over the preceding 10 years produce generally negligible changes to loss ratios, but can significantly increase loss ratios among subsets of the FCIP that heavily utilize PP coverage (greater than 20% of total indemnities). This suggests that, despite loss ratios being robust to typical rates of PP claims, actuarial performance can degrade when PP payments are high relative to indemnities from all other perils. Additionally, a simulation is conducted in which prevent plant indemnities are counterfactually treated as production losses when pricing FCIP contracts as opposed to current practice of recovering prevent plant costs via a fixed rate load. Doing so suggests significant improvements in loss ratios for crops that have historically had high shares of prevent plant indemnities, however, these improvements come at the expense of higher premiums and reduced demand for crop insurance.

Lightweight CNN combined with knowledge distillation for the accurate determination of black tea fermentation degree

Black tea is the second most common type of tea in China. Fermentation is one of the most critical processes in its production, and it affects the quality of the finished product, whether it is insufficient or excessive. At present, the determination of black tea fermentation degree completely relies on artificial experience. It leads to inconsistent quality of black tea. To solve this problem, we use machine vision technology to distinguish the degree of fermentation of black tea based on images, this paper proposes a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN) combined with knowledge distillation to discriminate the degree of fermentation of black tea. After comparing 12 kinds of CNN models, taking into account the size of the model and the performance of discrimination, as well as the selection principle of teacher models, Shufflenet_v2_x1.0 is selected as the student model, and Efficientnet_v2 is selected as the teacher model. Then, CrossEntropy Loss is replaced by Focal Loss. Finally, for Distillation Loss ratios of 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, Soft Target Knowledge Distillation (ST), Masked Generative Distillation (MGD), Similarity-Preserving Knowledge Distillation (SPKD), and Attention Transfer (AT) four knowledge distillation methods are tested for their performance in distilling knowledge from the Shufflenet_v2_x1.0 model. The results show that the model discrimination performance after distillation is the best when the Distillation Loss ratio is 0.8 and the MGD method is used. This setup effectively improves the discrimination performance without increasing the number of parameters and computation volume. The model’s P, R and F1 values reach 0.9208, 0.9190 and 0.9192, respectively. It achieves precise discrimination of the fermentation degree of black tea. This meets the requirements of objective black tea fermentation judgment and provides technical support for the intelligent processing of black tea.

29. Increased cell saver to blood loss ratio is associated with a higher risk of pulmonary embolism after adult spinal deformity surgery

29. Increased cell saver to blood loss ratio is associated with a higher risk of pulmonary embolism after adult spinal deformity surgery

Selective removal of iron from sulfuric acid leaching solution of aerospace magnetic material scraps by jarosite process

Aerospace magnetic material scraps are abundant in cobalt and nickel. Sulfuric acid leaching process is an efficient method for extracting them. But it is a non-selective process, a significant amount of iron dissolves in the solution. This study focuses on the selective removal of iron from this solution using the jarosite process. Eh-pH diagram of K-S-Fe-H2O system was established. Based on thermodynamic analysis, H2O2 is used to oxidize Fe2+ into Fe3+, achieving efficient and selective removal of iron from the solution containing cobalt and nickel. The optimal conditions are as follows: temperature 95°C, K2SO4 dosage coefficient 1.5, seed dosage 10 g/L, time 90 min, pH 1.76, and endpoint pH controlled at approximately 3. Under these conditions, the iron removal efficiency is above 99%, while the loss ratios of cobalt and nickel are below 2%. The product is characterized by XRD and SEM-EDS. Results indicate that the product is jarosite ((K,H3O)Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6), exhibiting an ellipsoid structure with the mean particle size in the range of 0.2–5.0 μm. Temperature, pH value and seed dosage significantly affect reaction rate, particle size and crystallinity, and K2SO4 dosage mainly affects reaction rate and the morphology of jarosite. The jarosite crystallization kinetics can be described by the Avrami equation, with an Avrami index (n) of approximately 2.5 and the apparent activation energy of 42.68 kJ/mol.

Performance Comparison of CC AODV and Optimized AODV K-Means Clustering Using NS3

Nowadays, many studies have been interested in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks because of their low cost, when there is a need to communicate using a network without any infrastructure. Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is a routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) and other wireless ad hoc networks. AODV was co-developed in July 2003 at the NOKIA Research Center, University of California, Santa Barbara and University of Cincinnati by C. Perkins, E. Belding-Rover an S.Das. AODV is a routing protocol used by ZigBee - a low power wireless ad hoc network with low data rates. AODV is included in the proactive routing protocol. The advantage of using this routing protocol is that it has economical resources, because resources are not needed to store information about routes to other nodes. However, this AODV has a drawback, namely the packet that will be sent has a long delay in anti-node origin waiting for the protocol to find the path to be passed. There are many papers that optimize AODV, including CC AODV and K Means Clustering AODV. Based on the paper “CC-AODV: An effective multiple paths congestion control AODV”, a control scheme called CC AODV has been created, namely managing routing conditions by significantly increasing packet sending rates while reducing packet drop rates, and based on the paper “An Energy Efficient Clustering Using K-Means and AODV Routing Protocol in Ad hoc Networks”. Based on both paper, in this study the objectives to be achieved are: a) Analyze the performance of using CC AODV and K Means Clustering AODV based on the number of nodes. b) how much influence the number of nodes has on the performance of CC AODV and K Means clustering AODV c) Performance analysis is performed on throughput, end to end delay, packet loss, packet delivery ratio. This paper begins by looking at the literature covering MANET, AODV, CC AODV, and K-Means Clustering AODV. On the result section the test results such as end to end delay, throughput, packet delivery ratio, and packet loss ratio are documented. The conclusion summarizes key points and is followed by the references.

Circularly Polarized Modified Minkowski Metasurface-Based Hybrid Dielectric Resonator Antenna for 5G n79 Wireless Applications

This paper presents a circularly polarized hybrid cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (HCDRA) over a modified Minkowski unit-cell-based metasurface for 5G n79 band (4.4–5 GHz) and IEEE 802.11n WLAN (5 GHz) applications. The location of the perturbed probe feed mechanism and the asymmetric nature of the metasurface are the factors that influence the circularly polarized (CP) radiation within the DR element. The magnitude of E-field distribution and parametric study of the antenna to obtain the optimized feed location are the pieces of evidence of CP radiation. The return loss (RL) and axial ratio (AR) bandwidths produced by the proposed antenna are 1.837 GHz and 750 MHz with a peak gain of 7.04 dBic. The gain obtained is more than 5 dBic across the offered bandwidth of the proposed antenna. The proposed antenna is fabricated and tested in an anechoic chamber for measured results, and these results closely match with the simulation results.

Non-Rigid Registration Via Intelligent Adaptive Feedback Control.

Preserving features or local shape characteristics of a mesh using conventional non-rigid registration methods is always difficult, as the preservation and deformation are competing with each other. The challenge is to find a balance between these two terms in the process of the registration, especially in presence of artefacts in the mesh. We present a non-rigid Iterative Closest Points (ICP) algorithm which addresses the challenge as a control problem. An adaptive feedback control scheme with global asymptotic stability is derived to control the stiffness ratio for maximum feature preservation and minimum mesh quality loss during the registration process. A cost function is formulated with the distance term and the stiffness term where the initial stiffness ratio value is defined by an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)-based predictor regarding the source mesh and the target mesh topology, and the distance between the correspondences. During the registration process, the stiffness ratio of each vertex is continuously adjusted by the intrinsic information, represented by shape descriptors, of the surrounding surface as well as the steps in the registration process. Besides, the estimated process-dependent stiffness ratios are used as dynamic weights for establishing the correspondences in each step of the registration. Experiments on simple geometric shapes as well as 3D scanning datasets indicated that the proposed approach outperforms current methodologies, especially for the regions where features are not eminent and/or there exist interferences between/among features, due to its ability to embed the inherent properties of the surface in the process of the mesh registration.

Outcomes of Muscle versus Fasciocutaneous Free Flap Reconstruction in Acute Burns: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Free flap reconstruction in acute burns is high risk but often required for limb salvage and coverage of vital structures. Prior studies have shown a flap loss rate up to 44%. This study aimed to compare the complications associated with muscle and fasciocutaneous free flaps in acute burn reconstruction. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines and registered on the PROSPERO database (CDR42023471088). The databases accessed were Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. The primary outcome was free flap failure rate based on flap type. Secondary outcomes included venous congestion, arterial thrombosis, amputation, and need for reintervention. Twelve studies with 181 free flaps were included: 87 muscle flaps and 94 fasciocutaneous flaps. Muscle flaps had a higher risk ratio (RR) for total flap loss [RR: 2.32, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-5.32, P = 0.04], arterial thrombosis (RR: 3.13, 95% CI: 1.17-8.42, P = 0.02), and amputations (RR: 8.89, 95% CI: 1.27-70.13, P = 0.03) compared with fasciocutaneous flaps. No significant differences were found in venous thrombosis (RR: 1.33, 95% CI: 0.37-4.78, P = 0.65) or need for reinterventions (RR: 1.34, 95% CI: 0.77-2.32, P = 0.29). Muscle flaps in burn injuries are associated with higher risks of flap failure, arterial thrombosis, and amputations. Fasciocutaneous free flaps in acute burns seem to be safer with better outcomes, though further research is needed to confirm these findings.

Do fairness concerns matter for ESG decision-making? Strategic interactions in digital twin-enabled sustainable semiconductor supply chain

Spatial-temporal visibility and traceability in the digital twin enable semiconductor supply chain great transparency and efficacy, but also poses challenges to information disclosure. There is growing evidence that investment in digital twin technology is becoming crucial for improving environmental, social, and governance (ESG) ratings and mitigating risks within a sustainable semiconductor supply chain. Nonetheless, how fairness concerns impact the decision-making processes among different stakeholders remains inadequately understood. This paper presents an analytical analysis of the dynamic strategic interplay among semiconductor manufacturers, consumers, and government regulatory agencies (GRAs) utilizing the evolutionary game model. The aim is to investigate how long-term ESG strategies and fairness-oriented behaviors respond to government incentives. The findings imply that substantial investment demands can dissuade semiconductor manufacturers from delivering ESG services, while low tax rates may lead to their complacency and a subsequent lack of investment in ESG initiatives. Meanwhile, semiconductor manufacturers are more inclined to provide ESG services when the order loss ratio is low, and the tax rate is high, with strict regulations further amplifying this probability. Furthermore, consumers valuing fairness and equity tend to give positive feedback for basic services but is critical of ESG services due to issues with transparency in digital twin technologies. Addressing these issues extends beyond the scope of market incentives alone, requiring interventions from third parties such as government regulations, policy incentives, and enhanced data security measures.

Deep separation of Bi and Pb from leaching solution of molybdenite-bismuthinite mixed ore by solvent extraction method

A novel lead and bismuth deep-separation extraction-stripping system is proposed for the leaching solution of molybdenite-bismuthinite mixed ore, which creates perfect conditions for the preparation of high-purity bismuth-based materials. Based on the activity and ionic strength theories, the forms of bismuth and lead present in the solution were predicted according to the thermodynamic models of different systems. The results showed that N235 + 2-octyl alcohol + kerosene formed a synergistic extraction system, which realized the synergistic extraction of bismuth, iron and lead with solvent extraction ratios of 98.74 %, 9.34 % and 46.24 %, respectively. In addition, the FTIR spectra of bismuth and lead before and after extraction were recorded to better understand the extraction and vaporization mechanisms. When stripping with water, the stripping ratios of iron and lead were 99.87 % and 99.74 %, respectively, while the loss ratio of bismuth was only 0.01 %. In conclusion, this study will be a key link in the comprehensive recycling process of bismuth resources.

Secure and efficient device‐to‐device communication in IoT: The DMBSOA‐enhanced MQTT protocol

AbstractThe Internet of Things (IoT) plays a crucial role in enhancing technology by facilitating data transfer, storage, control, and management across networks. Secure communication within IoT environments remains a significant challenge. This research aims to enhance IoT security by integrating Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and MQTT‐Sensor Network (MQTT‐SN) protocols with the Dual Mutation‐Based Seagull Optimization Algorithm (DMBSOA). MQTT, known for its lightweight and dependable messaging, is widely used in the IoT community but is vulnerable to cyber‐attacks, particularly concerning privacy and authentication. DMBSOA, inspired by seagulls' foraging behavior, optimizes MQTT settings to enhance security, reliability, and performance. The proposed model dynamically adjusts key parameters such as transmission frequency, Quality of service (QoS) levels, and message size to improve energy consumption, throughput, end‐to‐end delay, and packet delivery ratio. A comprehensive system model is presented, comprising publisher, subscriber, and broker nodes, with security mechanisms integrated into the broker to ensure data integrity, authentication, and encryption. MQTT operates over Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), while MQTT‐SN uses User Datagram Protocol (UDP), catering to resource‐constrained devices and low‐power modes. The proposed technique attained throughput (68 kB), energy consumption (120 mJ), security level (96%), energy efficiency (98.80%), path loss (22 dB), end‐to‐end delay (35 ms), processing time (230 s) and packet delivery ratio (0.98). The DMBSOA‐optimized MQTT protocol demonstrates superior performance compared to these models, highlighting its potential to meet the evolving demands of IoT security. This research underscores the effectiveness of DMBSOA in enhancing MQTT protocol security and efficiency, providing a promising solution for secure IoT communication.

Bioefficacy of Mucana pruriens extracts against Rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

In the agricultural sector, the rice weevil, Sitophilous oryzae L. is one of the most damaging pests, causing significant economic losses worldwide. It is an internal feeder of grains. The female rice weevil causes damage to the grain by creating a hole in it and laying her eggs inside. The main purpose of our study was to investigate the biological effect of an aqueous extract of Mucana prurienson rice weevil under laboratory conditions. To assess the biological activities, data like number of the days to adult emergence, total adult emergence, percent infestation, weight loss, adult longevity, and adult sex ratio were recorded. The findings showed that, in the case of a 100 mg/ml plant extract, the maximum number of days needed for the adult emergence of rice was 66 and 72 days for wheat weevil, and the minimum number of days required was 20 and 25 in case control of both rice and wheat grains. When rice grains were treated with 0 mg/ml aqueous extracts, the maximum number of adult emergences observed was 72 on rice grains, while 66.00 occurred on wheat grains. The highest percentage of infestation (40.00%) was found in rice grains, while the highest percentage (39.78%) was found in wheat grains treated with 0 mg/ml aqueous extracts. The lowest weight loss (7.99%) was observed in rice grains and the highest weight loss (16.66%) in wheat grains treated with 100 mg/ml extracts; on the other hand, the lowest weight loss (13.33%) was observed in rice grains and the highest in wheat grains treated with 0 mg/ml aqueous extracts. When weevils were raised on untreated rice and wheat grains, the longest recorded adult lifespan was achieved overall. For rice weevil control that is safer, plant aqueous extracts with concentrations of 100 mg/ml and 75 mg/ml ought to be utilized. The present studies were carried out to examine the environmentally friendly aqueous extracts of Mucana pruriens and their pesticidal efficacy in controlling rice weevil. The study anticipates that Mucana pruriens extracts will exhibit significant insecticidal properties, potentially providing a natural alternative to synthetic insecticides. This study contributes to sustainable pest management strategies for stored grains.

Do Enterprise Risk Management and Good Corporate Governance affect the Performance of Insurance Companies in ASEAN-5 Countries?

This study aims to analyze the influence of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) and Good Corporate Governance (GCG) on the performance and profitability of companies among 30 insurance companies in the ASEAN-5 countries during the period of 2018-2022. The Panel Data Regression method is utilized to analyze data obtained from financial reports and corporate sustainability reports. The results of the analysis indicate that the simultaneous implementation of ERM and GCG does not have a significant positive influence on the financial performance of insurance companies, measured by indicators such as Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Loss Ratio, Combine Ratio, and Tobins Q. It is noteworthy that some individual parameters show a positive influence on company performance. This suggests that ERM and GCG play a crucial role in enhancing performance and profitability in the context of insurance companies in the ASEAN region during the research period.

Lattice boltzmann investigation of droplet interactions with non-uniform chemically patterned surfaces

In this study, we employed a non-orthogonal, three-dimensional, multi-relaxation-time pseudo-potential lattice Boltzmann method, and investigate the behaviors of droplets impacting chemically patterned surfaces. We considered two interfaces: a hydrophobic/neutral strip on a hydrophilic wall (surface A), and a hydrophilic strip on a hydrophobic wall (surface B). The dynamics of impact, including the evolution of the morphology and the droplet spreading factor, were investigated under the influence of the difference in wettability, Weber number (We), and strip width. An increase in the wettability difference of surface A delayed droplet detachment and reduced the amplitude of oscillations, where this can be attributed to the surface tension and viscous dissipation, which had more time to weaken the strength of the jet. The magnitude of droplet detachment time initially increased with We but eventually decreased. As We is further increased, the ratio of viscous loss to the initial kinetic energy of the droplet is decreased and resulted in a shorter detachment time. The unbalanced Young's force significantly affected the evolution of the droplet on surface B. The mass of the droplet accumulated near the borderline of the strip and expanded along the y-axis under the influence of the inertial force, where this led to a larger spreading factor along the y-axis. In addition, the mass of the droplet on the hydrophobic wall affected the strength of the unbalanced Young's force. As the strip width increased, the spreading factor initially increased but then decreased along the y-axis owing to the combined action of inertial forces.

Adsorption mechanism of Cd2+ on solid waste–based PRB composite filler and pore structure dynamic evolution laws

In this study, a composite granular filler (CGF) was prepared primarily using steel slag, fly ash, and desulphurization gypsum to remedy the default of expensive, passivation, and ease of failure for the traditional permeable reactive barrier (PRB). The adsorption characteristics of the CGF on Cd2+ were investigated by the static adsorption, and the strength loss and scatter ratio were clarified with an immersion test. Dynamic adsorption and visualization modeling were used to determine the primary factors influencing adsorption and the evolution laws of material corrosion and pore clogging. Various characterization methods were used to research the adsorption mechanism. The results showed that the CGF fit with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model, and the optimal adsorption capacity reached 8.64 mg/g; the minimum ratio of scatter and strength loss were 4.95% and 6.16%, respectively. The pump speed greatly influenced the breakthrough curves. The maximum dynamic adsorption capacity reached 1.81 mg/g, and the Thomas model described the adsorption behavior well. After adsorption, the porosity increased by 7.79%, and clogging in the middle of the column was not serious. The connected pores still accounted for 99.48%, and the pore network model (PNM) maintained excellent connectivity. Hydration products generated in the CGF ensured strength and durability, and they also benefited the adsorption of Cd2+ through ion exchange, co-precipitation, and surface adsorption. This research provides a new solid-waste resource utilization method for heavy metal removal in groundwater and a theoretical basis for the long-term purification of PRB with good potential for application and economic benefits.

Compact high extinction ratio high-order mode pass filter based on inverse-designed ultra-compact unidirectional mode converter.

Mode division multiplexing (MDM) technology provides a pathway to enhance channel capacity beyond wavelength division multiplexing, positioning it as a pivotal advancement for next generation optical communications. Mode filters are essential for the low-loss transmission of specific modes and the reduction of modal crosstalk, thereby enhancing the feasibility of MDM systems. Although suppressing high-order mode is relatively straightforward, effectively blocking low-order modes poses a more intricate challenge. In this paper, we introduce a high-order mode pass strategy, effectively blocking low-order modes using the unidirectional mode converters. Specifically, a TE1 high-order mode pass filter (HOMPF) is demonstrated on a silicon-on-insulator platform, utilizing a unique inverse-designed ultra-compact unidirectional TE0-TE1 mode converter. Experimental results show the TE1-TE1 insertion loss of the HOMPF of below 1.0 dB and an average TE0-TE0 extinction ratio of 36.8 dB (42.1 dB for 2-cascaded HOMPF) within the C-band range of 1525-1565 nm. Additionally, the scalability of the HOMPF structure is explored, with simulations demonstrating a TE2 HOMPF. The proposed HOMPFs feature simplicity, compactness, low loss, and high extinction ratio, making them promising components for mode manipulation in MDM systems.

Porous-multilayered Ti3C2Tx MXene hybrid carbon foams for tunable and efficient electromagnetic wave absorption

The rapid development of modern wireless communication technology makes electromagnetic wave pollution increasingly serious, necessitating the development of high-performance electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials. This study introduces a Ti3C2Tx MXene hybrid carbon foam (HCF) that exhibits a tunable and efficient electromagnetic wave absorption performance. The HCF features a porous, multilayered structure, which enhances its multi-reflection properties, and a heterogeneous interface between the carbon foam and MXene boosting its dielectric loss. By regulating the content of MXene, the ratio of polarization loss to conduction loss can be regulated to achieve better impedance matching. As a result, the HCF demonstrated superb electromagnetic wave absorption performance with RLmin = −72.25 dB and EABmax = 6.55 GHz. Furthermore, the minimum absorption frequency domain could be tuned within 8–14 GHz by varying the MXene content. The performance in radar wave absorption and electromagnetic-thermal conversion (ramp rate 85.81 °C/s from RT to 200 °C) proves that HCF is an efficient and reliable electromagnetic wave absorber, suitable for radar technology, microwave heating, and communication systems applications.