BackgroundEndometriosis affects approximately 10% of women of reproductive age and is associated with increased risks of infertility and miscarriage. Although the spontaneous miscarriage rate in women with endometriosis is higher than in the general population, specific risk factors and predictive markers for early pregnancy loss in this population remain poorly understood, particularly for women with smaller endometriomas who achieve natural conception. This study aimed to investigate risk factors for early spontaneous miscarriage in women with endometriosis with natural conception and evaluate the predictive value of uterine artery blood flow parameters and serum CA125 levels.MethodsThis retrospective case-control study was conducted at the Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital and included 209 women with ovarian endometriomas smaller than 4 cm who achieved natural conception and intrauterine pregnancy between January 2022 and June 2024. Patients were divided into spontaneous miscarriage group (n = 61, 29.19%) and non-miscarriage group (n = 148, 70.81%) based on early pregnancy outcomes. All patients underwent follicular monitoring, endometrial assessment, and uterine artery blood flow evaluation starting from cycle days 9–10. All patients received uniform luteal support with dydrogesterone (20 mg daily from post-ovulation until 10 weeks of gestation). Variables analyzed included demographic characteristics, dysmenorrhea visual analog scale (VAS) scores, CA125 levels, baseline endocrine hormones, ovarian endometrioma characteristics, and uterine artery blood flow parameters including bilateral mean pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), and systolic/diastolic ratio (S/D).ResultsNo significant differences were observed between groups regarding age (29.08 ± 4.64 vs. 30.42 ± 5.09, P = 0.078), body mass index (23.15 ± 2.37 vs. 23.54 ± 2.80, P = 0.333), parity, or baseline endocrine parameters. The miscarriage group showed significantly higher CA125 levels (33.53 ± 11.87 vs. 25.57 ± 10.54, P < 0.001), bilateral mean S/D ratio (7.90 ± 3.26 vs. 5.56 ± 2.06, P < 0.001), bilateral mean PI (2.51 ± 0.43 vs. 2.22 ± 0.45, P < 0.001), and VAS scores (median 3.00 vs. 1.00, P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that bilateral mean S/D ratio (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.15–1.66, P < 0.001) and CA125 levels (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.04–1.12, P < 0.001) were independently associated with increased risk of early spontaneous miscarriage. ROC analysis demonstrated good predictive value for S/D ratio (AUC = 0.75, cutoff = 6.49) and CA125 (AUC = 0.76, cutoff = 23.55), with improved diagnostic accuracy when combined (AUC = 0.85, sensitivity = 0.87, specificity = 0.72).ConclusionsElevated serum CA125 levels and increased uterine artery S/D ratio are independently associated with increased risk of early spontaneous miscarriage in women with endometriosis with ovarian endometriomas smaller than 4 cm who conceive naturally. The combined assessment of CA125 levels and uterine artery S/D ratio during early pregnancy provides useful risk stratification for identifying high-risk patients, potentially enabling targeted interventions to improve pregnancy outcomes in these women.

Sjogren's syndrome is systemic autoimmune disorder affecting multiple systems. It predominantly affects females and is characterized by dryness of eyes and mouth. It is association with pregnancy may result in Neonatal Lupus presenting prenatally, postnatally or both. Complications may include congenital heart block (CHB), cutaneous lesions and hematological abnormalities. Usually, titre of anti Ro/SS-A and anti La/SS-B antibodies in maternal serum are proportional to fetal outcomes. However, these antibodies can affect fetus even in asymptomatic mothers. We hereby report the first case of an adult female with asymptomatic Primary Sjogren's syndrome, presenting with recurrent miscarriages due to trans-placental passage of auto-antibodies resulting in CHB. Knowledge of this disorder can help in early diagnosis and prevention of pregnancy associated morbidity and mortality.

BackgroundUnexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (URPL) and thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) have received considerable attention. However, the association between TAI and subsequent infertility or pregnancy outcomes among euthyroid women with URPL remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify these relationships.MethodsFrom September 2019 to December 2022, we prospectively enrolled women with URPL at the Lanzhou University Second Hospital and collected pre-pregnancy and first-trimester data. Participants were divided into two groups: TAI and non-TAI, based on their thyroid antibody status. Changes in thyroid function parameters from pre-pregnancy to the first trimester were compared between the two groups. We assessed the incidence of infertility, subsequent pregnancy loss, and pregnancy complications. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the associations between TAI and infertility, subsequent pregnancy loss, and adverse pregnancy outcomes, after adjusting for maternal age, body mass index, gravidity, number of pregnancy losses, and concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4).ResultsOf the 576 euthyroid women with URPL included, 101 (17.5%) were classified as TAI, and 475 (82.5%) as non-TAI. Subsequently, 110 (19.1%) patients were diagnosed with infertility and 466 (80.9%) patients conceived. The mean TSH concentrations in the TAI group were higher than those in the non-TAI group both pre-pregnancy (2.3 ± 0.8 vs. 2.2 ± 0.9 mIU/L, P = 0.085) and in the first trimester (2.1 ± 1.2 vs. 1.7 ± 0.9 mIU/L, P = 0.014). The mean fT4 concentration in the first trimester was lower in the TAI group (14.2 ± 2.8 vs. 14.9 ± 1.9 ng/ml, P = 0.024). Logistic regression analysis showed that TAI was independently associated with increased risks of subsequent pregnancy loss (OR 2.953, 95%CI 1.142–3.693), hypothyroidism during pregnancy (OR 5.567, 95%CI 3.035–10.210), premature rupture of membranes (OR 2.198, 95%CI 1.051–4.595), and preterm birth (OR 2.865, 95%CI 1.132–7.249).ConclusionsAmong euthyroid women with URPL, TAI is independently associated with increased risks of subsequent pregnancy loss, hypothyroidism during pregnancy, premature rupture of membranes, and preterm birth, underscoring the need for pre-pregnancy attention.

Women with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) present a higher rate of obstetric adverse events including perinatal losses (PL). The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of both complicated grief (CG) following PL and resilience in women with ARDs and compare it to a control group. We performed an analytical, comparative, cross-sectional study from November 2022 to July 2024. Women with and without an ARD diagnosis with a history of PL who completed a self-report survey including the Perinatal Grief Scale (PGS) and the Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale (RS) were selected. We analyzed sociodemographic data, clinical characteristics, and scale scores with SPSS Version 25. Ninety participants were enrolled in this study. Thirty-three women met criteria for CG following PL, 22 (66.7%) belonged to the control group and 11 (33.3%) to the ARD group (p = 0.016). The RS median score was 138.00 (IQR 117–163). A logistic regression revealed that having an ARD is independently associated with not presenting CG (OR = 0.338; p = 0.018, 95% CI = 0.138–0.829), suggesting that women with ARDs are 2.95 times less likely to develop CG. Women with ARDs had a lower frequency of CG following PL than the control group. We found no significant difference between groups regarding resilience capacity. The logistic regression suggests that ARDs serve as a protective factor for developing CG following PL. Screening for CG following PL in women with and without ARDs may help optimize maternal and infant health. Not applicable.

Reprometabolic syndrome is associated with relative hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, reduced fecundability, and increased pregnancy loss in women with obesity. Does a eucaloric, high-fat diet (HFD) decrease gonadotropins, urinary estrogen and progesterone metabolites, characteristic of Reprometabolic Syndrome, in healthy women of normal BMI? Interventional study. University Medical Center. 18 healthy, eumenorrheic women with normal BMI (18-24.9kg/m²), age 29.1±6.3. A four-month study including a prescribed 30-day, eucaloric, HFD (48% calories from fat). Women collected daily first-voided morning urine for 4 menstrual cycles: pre-diet, on-diet, and 2 post-diet. Urinary LH, FSH, estrone conjugate (E1c) and pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (Pdg) levels were measured daily before, during and after HFD. Cycles were aligned by LH peak and standardized to a 28-day cycle. Peak and integrated hormone levels were compared across cycles using generalized estimating equations. Participants were weight-stable with no change in BMI. Peak E1c, Pdg, FSH and LH were significantly lower during and after the HFD compared to pre-diet levels (p< 0.05). Post-diet luteal phase urinary FSH and LH (area under the curve) were also significantly lower than pre-diet (p< 0.01). No significant changes in menstrual cycle length were observed. Consumption of a one-month HFD was sufficient to induce a significant and sustained reduction in LH and FSH, and lower E1c and Pdg characteristic of the Reprometabolic Syndrome of obesity, in normal weight, eumenorrheic women. This indicates that dietary intervention may be an effective strategy to mitigate reproductive hormone deficiencies in women with obesity-related subfertility.

Ultrasound diagnosis of early pregnancy loss in an in vitro fertilization population.

Should a history of pregnancy loss call for an assessment of the ovarian reserve in women 35 years of age or younger?

Objective:To evaluate the early pregnancy loss (EPL) rates in women with and without low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) treatment during early pregnancy.Methods:A retrospective, non-randomized study was conducted at Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center between June 2019 and March 2022, involving women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). All participants conceived following standard preconception care and voluntarily chose either the control group or the LMWH intervention group during the first month of pregnancy. The intervention was administered throughout the entire first trimester. Early and final pregnancy outcomes were recorded, with a particular focus on EPL rates. In addition, venous blood samples and clinical data were collected to compare hormonal profiles, blood lipid levels, and anthropometric parameters between the two groups. Statistical analyses included the two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, Chi-square test, and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. A value of P < 0.050 was considered statistically significant.Results:Thirty-eight women in the LMWH group and 102 women in the control group were included. The EPL rates in the LMWH and control groups were 5.3% (2/38) and 26.5% (27/102), respectively (χ2 = 7.582, P = 0.006, odds ratio (OR) = 0.154, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.035-0.685). The age (P = 0.005), PCOS subtype (P = 0.012), and levels of total cholesterol (P = 0.003), and high-density lipoprotein (P = 0.018) were significantly different between these two groups. Continued follow-up was performed to observe the long-time effects of LMWH treatment in early pregnancy. Seventy-three patients were successfully delivered, 23 patients in the LMWH group and 50 patients in the control group. There was no significant difference between the LMWH and control groups in gestation length, bleeding during delivery, birth weight, gender of the newborn, or mode of delivery. In addition, Kaplan-Meier curve analysis revealed that LMWH treatment may decrease the risk of EPL in PCOS patients in the first trimester (χ2 = 4.144, P = 0.040).Conclusion:LMWH treatment during early pregnancy may reduce the EPL rate in women with PCOS.

Antivimentin/cardiolipin antibodies (aVim/CL) have emerged as potential diagnostic markers for antiphospholipid syndrome, However, their association with pregnancy outcomes remains unclear. This study explores the clinical significance of aVim/CL in pregnancy loss. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 429 pregnant women with at least one spontaneous miscarriage at The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (October 2019- August 2022). Multivariable logistic regression and stratified analyses were utilized to assess the relationship between aVim/CL levels and pregnancy loss. Among the 429 participants, 79 experienced pregnancy loss, while 350 had live births. Elevated aVim/CL levels were associated with an increased risk of pregnancy loss, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.108 (95% CI, 1.037-1.185). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 62.8, with a sensitivity of 77.2% and a specificity of 44%. A nonlinear L-shaped relationship was identified, with a threshold of 6.86 ng/mL, below which the risk of pregnancy loss significantly increased. No correlations were found between aVim/CL and coagulation or immune biomarkers. Elevated aVim/CL levels were identified as independent predictors of pregnancy loss in women with a history of spontaneous miscarriage. The threshold of 6.86 ng/mL may provide valuable clinical insights for risk stratification.

Hyperemesis gravidarum is a condition characterized by excessive vomiting, which may lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, acid-base disturbances, and significant weight loss in pregnant women. Management of hyperemesis gravidarum requires controlling nausea and vomiting to prevent active fluid loss. One potential complementary intervention is the use of Zingiber officinale (ginger) herbal therapy.This study aims to describe complementary nursing care focused on managing hypovolemia in a patient with hyperemesis gravidarum through the use of Zingiber officinale herbal therapy. The research employed a descriptive case study design to identify nursing care problems in a patient diagnosed with hyperemesis gravidarum. The subject was Mrs. S, a G1P0A0H0 patient at 9 weeks of gestation. The identified nursing diagnosis was hypovolemia related to active fluid loss, evidenced by nausea and vomiting more than five times per day, weakness, dizziness, dry lip mucosa, capillary refill time (CRT) &gt; 2 seconds, urine ketones 3+, and decreased blood pressure (100/60 mmHg). The nursing intervention focused on managing hypovolemia and reducing nausea and vomiting through the administration of Zingiber officinale herbal therapy twice daily. After 72 hours (3×24 hours) of nursing care, the evaluation showed improvement in the patient’s condition: no more vomiting or dizziness, CRT &lt; 2 seconds, moist mucous membranes, negative urine ketones, improved fluid intake, and stable blood pressure (110/70 mmHg). This study concludes that Zingiber officinale herbal therapy is effective in reducing nausea and vomiting and may help prevent potential complications during pregnancy. Keywords : Hyperemesis gravidarum, Hypovolemia, Zingiber officinale

Abstract Background Venous thrombosis may be the cause of a complicated obstetric and gynecological history in women. One of the types of disorders in the hemostasis system is gestational thrombophilia, which can lead to various pregnancy complications. Therefore, it is important to understand the etiopathogenesis of this pathological condition, including the contribution of hereditary factors. The aim of our work Is to analyze the association of eight genetic variants (F2 20210G &gt; A, F5 1691G &gt; A, F7 10976G &gt; A, F13 G &gt; T, ITGA2 807C &gt; T, ITGB3 1565 T &gt; C, PAI-1 -675 5G &gt; 4G) of the hemostasis system genes in women with pregnancy loss. Design and methods. The study included 311 women aged 20 to 38 years, who have had at least one pregnancy end in miscarriage, and 225 women in the control group. The study of the genotypes of the selected genetic variants was carried out by real-time PCR with melting curve analysis. Results A positive association was found for 4 genetic variants: F2: 20,210 G &gt; A (OR = 11.03, CI 2.60–46.81, P &lt; 0.001); F5 1691G &gt; A (OR = 6.02, CI 2.52–14.38, P &lt; 0.001); FGB: -455 G &gt; A (OR = 5.65, CI 3.05–10.45, P &lt; 0.001) and PAI-1 -675 5G &gt; 4G (OR = 2.28, CI 1.54–3.39, P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion Thus, we established an association of four genetic variants of plasma hemostatic factor genes with pregnancy loss in women.

Context: There is no gold standard method for quantifying the volume of blood loss in surgical settings. Aims: To investigate the effects of anemia treatment on the differences between measured blood loss (MBL) and calculated blood loss (CBL) in pregnant women who underwent cesarean delivery, considering the nonlinear association between body mass and estimated circulating blood volume. Settings and Design: Single-center retrospective study. Methods and Material: Patients aged ≥20 years who underwent cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia and had hematocrit data measured within 1 month from the date of surgery and postoperative day 1 were included. MBL is the sum of intraoperative and postoperative blood loss. CBL was calculated as follows: estimated circulating blood volume * (preoperative hematocrit–postoperative hematocrit)/preoperative hematocrit. The estimated circulating blood volume was corrected using the body mass index. Our primary outcome was the correlation coefficient between MBL and CBL between pregnant women with and without anemia treatment. Statistical Analysis Used: Fisher’s method and t-test. Results: Of the 989 pregnant women included in the final analysis, 18.9% received iron treatment for anemia before cesarean delivery. A statistically significant but weak correlation was found between MBL and CBL in both pregnant women without anemia treatment (r = 0.37, P &lt; 0.001) and those with anemia treatment (r = 0.28, P &lt; 0.001). However, these correlation coefficients were not statistically significant (P = 0.25). Conclusions: There was no statistical difference in the correlation between MBL and CBL based on whether anemia was treated before cesarean delivery.

Abstract Study question How the reproductive-aged women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) through exposure to emerging contaminants such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has not been evaluated Summary answer This is the first comprehensive investigation exploring the relationship between various lifestyle exposure characteristics of PFAS and the occurrence of RPL in the Taiwanese women. What is known already Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL) refers to a clinically diagnosed medical condition in the women with a history of two or more consecutive miscarriages characterized by the termination of pregnancy before 20 weeks of gestation. Although the exact mechanism underlying RPL occurrence still needs to be evaluated, previous studies have suggested various associated mechanisms including the interactions between immunological, environmental, and genetic responses leading to RPL complications. Environmental exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as PFAS has been known to cause adverse pregnancy outcomes in women. However, their association with RPL occurrence based on the exposure characteristics in Taiwanese remains unclear. Study design, size, duration The study constituted a case-control design from an established Taiwan Recurrent Pregnancy Loss and Environmental Study (TREPLES) cohort (August 2013 – October 2023) in Taiwan (N = 446) comprised of clinically diagnosed female (aged 20-50 years) RPL patients (n = 342) and health controls (n = 104) during their obstetric consultation. Urine samples were collected from participants to quantify PFAS and exposure characteristics including demographic information and lifestyle habits were collected using a retrospective questionnaire. Participants/materials, setting, methods Urine samples collected from participants (N = 446) were used to quantify 21 PFAS and their metabolites using the LC-MS/MS platform following stringent quality control procedures. Exposure characteristics of participants comprising their demographic information, lifestyle, and dietary habits acquired through questionnaires were used to compare their associations between RPL and control group. Descriptive statistics, group-wise comparison, and multivariate regression models were employed to evaluate the relationship between various exposure characteristics of PFAS and RPL occurrence among Taiwanese. Main results and the role of chance Participants in the RPL group had a significantly higher (p = 0.025) mean age (years), 34.8±4.42 vs. control 33.9±4.79. BMI (Kg/m2) also varied significantly (p = 0.036) between RPL 22.8(3.51) vs. control 23.3±3.16. About 59% of women in RPL group underwent treatment for infertility compared to the control group (25%), (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Among various lifestyle factors, the response (yes/no) against passive smoking status and personal care products (PCPs) usage varied significantly between the RPL (p = 0.026), vs. control (p = 0.026) respectively. Among the dietary habits, high consumption of unpeeled fruits (p = 0.004), melons (p = 0.002), dried tofu (p = 0.037), and nuts (p = 0.001) varied significantly in RPL vs. control. A significant association between median (P25,P75) PFDA levels (ng/mL) [0.31(0.21,0.39)] was observed for individuals with coffee drinking while levels of PFBA and 3-PFOS were significantly associated with packed hot food consumption in cartons [0.11(0.05,0.17)] and [0.93(ND,2.20)] respectively. Levels of PFBS and PFHxS were significantly associated with the use of PCPs [0.28(0.12,0.43)] and [1.89(0.94,2.66)] respectively. While body wash usage was significantly associated with PFBA [0.12(0.05,0.17)], PFHpA [0.16(0.06,0.25)], and PFNA [0.65(0.52,0.75)]. PFDoDA, 4-PFOS and 6-PFOS levels were in a significant relationship with use of lotion [0.18(0.06,0.31)], [0.29(ND,1.93)], and [0.44(ND,1.89)] respectively and cosmetic usage was significantly associated with high PFHpA [0.14(0.06,0.24) and PFHxS [1.55(0.85,2.39)]. Limitations, reasons for caution The study’s case-control design limits establishing causal relationships between various exposure characteristics, PFAS exposure, and RPL occurrence in Taiwanese women. Relying on the single-spot urine may infer bias in the result’s interpretation. Further, the concurrent effects of various other unknown EDCs and their effects on RPL should not be ignored. Wider implications of the findings Findings from the study emphasize the need for more comprehensive investigations involving multiple tests and large sample sizes to elucidate the results. The results also highlight the need for developing public health strategies to minimize PFAS exposure among reproductive-aged women along with the potential implications in policies for chemical regulations. Trial registration number No

Abstract Study question • Does adenomyosis increase risk of euploid pregnancy loss (PL)? • Is there a correlation of euploid PL and direct and/or indirect features of adenomyosis? Summary answer No increased risk of euploid PL was observed in women with ultrasonographic signs of adenomyosis according to the revised MUSA (Morphological Uterus Sonographic Assessment) criteria. What is known already Adenomyosis is defined by benign invasion of the endometrium into the myometrium and disruption of the uterine anatomy. Diagnosis by histology is the gold standard, usually after hysterectomy. Recently, focus on non-invasive diagnostics has increased with the revised MUSA criteria for using transvaginal ultrasound for the diagnosis of adenomyosis. The impact of adenomyosis on fertility is conflicting as current literature range from showing no effect to lower live birth rates after in vitro fertilization and increased risk of PL in women with adenomyosis. Study design, size, duration The included patients are from an ongoing prospective cohort study in Denmark focused on PL from year 2020-2025, n = 2800. In a random sample of 375 women, two trained sonographers conducted a retrospective analysis of 3D ultrasound uterine volumes without Doppler. A questionnaire on physical health symptoms was answered 14 days after the pregnancy loss including questions on menstrual pain Participants/materials, setting, methods Women were included at the time of PL diagnosis. The ploidy status of the fetus, aneuploid or euploid, was determined using cell free fetal DNA analysis or direct sequencing of fetal tissue. 3D ultrasound uterine volumes without Doppler were performed four to eight weeks post-pregnancy loss. The revised MUSA-criteria were applied to describe adenomyosis by 3D ultrasonography by two sonographers. Main results and the role of chance Women in the cohort were aged 20-45 years, with a mean BMI of 23.7 and with a mean gestational age of 9.3 weeks at time of the PL. In the evaluated 375 3D ultrasonographic scans, we did not observe any significant difference in the amount of direct and indirect MUSA features between women with euploid and aneuploid PL. Women with two or more PLs had a higher prevalence of irregular (OR = 1.57, p = 0.04) and disrupted junction zones (OR = 1.63, p = 0.03), compared to women with only one PL. Globular uterus tended to be more frequent in women with more than one PL (OR 1.7, p = 0.09), however insignificantly. Higher cumulative number of MUSA features was associated with higher age of the women, r-value 0.16 (p = 0.001). Women with severe menstrual pain more often experienced euploid PL, OR 1.44 (p = 0.03). Limitations, reasons for caution The 3D-volumes were without Doppler, resulting in unassessed translesional vascularity, risking underestimating the effect of adenomyosis. Wider implications of the findings Junctional-zone changes are more frequent in women with more than two PLs, indicating that changes in the junctional zone could be involved in the pathogenesis of some PL increasing the recurrence risk. The amount of direct and indirect MUSA features were comparable in women with euploid vs. aneuploid PL. Trial registration number No

Fetal loss is one of the most important problems of the woman’s health, which significantly affects her psychological status. It has different causes, so there is no unique method for its diagnosis and treatment.The objective: to evaluate the enoxaparin effect in pregnancy with recurrent fetal loss related to genital infections.Materials and methods: a cross-sectional study 205 included pregnant women with fetal loss in the history who were managed at Hospital from January 1st, 2022, to October31st, 2023. Serodiagnosis of IgG and IgM against cytomegalovirus (CMV) was performed by using ELISA. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) was diagnosed by microscopic examination of vaginal discharges. Also, fibrinogen level was determined. Enoxaparin (low molecular weight heparin) was prescribed to all infected patients.Results. It was found that the largest proportion of the study population was women aged 21–25 years, 70.65% of patients lived in rural areas. Among 205 women with a history of fetal loss, 81% were diagnosed with BV and CMV infection, and 19% had no infectious diseases. 95.8% of patients with CMV infection and BV responded positively to enoxaparin therapy, which was manifested by normalization of fibrinogen level and a favorable course of pregnancy. At the same time, 4.19% of women did not have an adequate response to treatment, which was associated with lower fibrinogen level.Conclusions. The presence of an infectious process leads to an increased level of inflammatory cytokines in the placenta, which can lead to the formation of blood clots, atherosclerotic changes with or without increased blood clotting factors, in particular fibrinogen, which reduce blood transport to the fetus. This, in turn, can lead to miscarriage, preeclampsia and premature birth. Enoxaparin is a safe and effective medication for preventing fetal loss in pregnant women with genital infectious diseases. Furthermore, it helps to reduce the frequency of fetal loss. However, studies on the effectiveness and safety of enoxaparin for the prevention of thromboembolic complications and thrombosis are currently insufficient, which requires further scientific observations.

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) affects 1% to 5% of women of reproductive age, Even after thoroughly evaluating recurrent pregnancy loss etiology and risk factors about 75% of cases remaining unexplained. While the roles of hormonal imbalances, infections, and anatomical anomalies have been investigated, liver enzyme dysregulation and placenta previa remain poorly understood in their potential contributions to RPL. This study investigates these associations to improve outcomes for women with RPL. This study investigates the correlation between placenta previa, liver enzyme alterations, and recurrent pregnancy loss in a cohort of women from Telafar City. In a cross-sectional, case-control study, 80 non-pregnant women with a history of RPL were compared with 60 healthy controls without a history of miscarriage. Placental status was clinically assessed, and liver function was evaluated by measuring serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). The study found that 79% of women with RPL exhibited placenta previa, a condition not observed in the control group. Additionally, women with RPL demonstrated significantly elevated levels of AST (19.7750 ± 5.5 U/L), ALT (17.7 ± 7.7 U/L), and GGT (21.9375 ± 9.5 U/L) compared to controls, while ALP levels were notably reduced in the RPL group (95.5250±35.5U/L vs. 124.650±19.6U/L). According to these results, placenta previa and liver enzyme dysregulation may play a role in the pathophysiology of recurrent pregnancy loss. In addition to the importance of being aware of the status of the placenta and liver function to avoid another miscarriage.

Background. Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) remains a significant challenge in obstetric practice, impacting the physical and psychological well-being of affected women. Hyperprolactinemia, a common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age, is associated with an increased risk of early pregnancy loss. Research Objective. To evaluate inhibin A as a biomarker for predicting recurrent pregnancy loss in women suffering from hyperprolactinemia and to highlight its diagnostic significance in early gestation. The article presents a comprehensive review of clinical and experimental findings related to inhibin A secretion dynamics, its role in endocrine regulation, and its diagnostic relevance in early pregnancy complications. The relationship between hyperprolactinemia and impairments in endometrial receptivity, luteal phase function, and hormonal support of early pregnancy is discussed in detail. Additionally, comparative analyses of inhibin A levels in normal versus complicated pregnancies are examined, with attention to its fluctuations across gestational trimesters.

Nausea and vomiting are one of the discomforts experienced by pregnant women in the first trimester which occurs in almost 50% of pregnant women. Nausea and vomiting that occurs continuously can cause dehydration and even weight loss in pregnant women and have bad consequences for pregnant women and the fetus. Non-pharmacological methods can be used as one of the efforts that can be done to reduce nausea and vomiting, one of which is ginger decoction and lime juice. The purpose of this study was to determine the Effectiveness of Giving Ginger Decoction and Lime Juice with Honey on Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnant Women in the First Trimester at PMB R Pandeglang in 2024. This type of research uses a case study conducted for 7 days. In this study, the sampling selection was carried out using the simple purposive sampling method with a sample size of 2 people. The results of this study indicate that there was a decrease in the degree of emesis gravidarum in the intervention of ginger decoction and lime juice from the 2nd visit with moderate emesis gravidarum, then decreased at the 3rd visit to mild. In conclusion, there is a comparison of the decrease in the frequency of nausea and vomiting in respondents with the intervention of ginger decoction with lime juice with honey. It is hoped that health workers will increasingly develop natural methods to overcome complaints in pregnant women

Association between low basal serum total testosterone levels and the risk of recurrent pregnancy loss in women with infertility.

Aim. To study clinicopathological risk factors for early pregnancy loss in women with obesity.Materials and Meth­ods. Here we examined 130 patients with early pregnancy loss: 69 women with obesity and 61 patients with healthy body weight.Results. Early menarche onset, smoking during pregnancy, no gynecologic visits for &gt; 2 years, iron deficien­cy anemia, and past medical history of intrauterine interven­tions were the primary risk factors of early pregnancy loss in women with obesity.Conclusion. Obese patients with low compliance need better preconception care under the close supervision of an obstetrician-gynecologist to reduce the risk of early pregnancy loss.