Loss Allocation Research Articles

A novel methodology for the management of distribution network based on neutral losses allocation factors

A multi-phase losses allocation method is proposed to provide explicit information about losses allocated to the neutral conductor. This information from the proposed methodology can be utilized by distribution system operators in the identification of highly unbalanced nodes in a network and consequently, allows them to implement suitable unbalance compensation schemes at these nodes in order to improve network balancing. The newly developed approach, based upon neutral losses allocation factors, reduces the unbalance in a network by switching single-phase loads across phases of highly unbalanced nodes. Two-phase switching algorithms, based upon individual and combined load commutation, are proposed to achieve this objective. The developed technique is implemented on a real LV Italian distribution network by adopting real customer’s power profiles. Results indicate a significant improvement in network balancing and losses reduction, which clearly represent the positive active role that neutral losses allocation factors can play in the assessment and management of distribution networks.

Loss allocation for radial distribution networks including DGs using Shapley value sampling estimation

This study focuses on the equitable loss allocation method for radial distribution networks integrated with distributed generators (DGs). As the traditional Shapley value method may cause a combinational explosion problem, the authors propose a sampling method for estimating the actual Shapley value. They use a stratified sampling method (SSM) to reduce the number of samples of Shapley value method with the subject to the overall equilibrium constraint. To determine the number of samples drawn from each stratum, they use the Neyman optimum allocation to minimise the variance of the sample mean. A reinforcement learning algorithm is introduced to estimate the standard deviations of the strata needed for the optimal stratified sampling. The proposed method is applied to a modified 17-bus distribution network and an actual distribution network in Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China. The simulation results show that the proposed method can not only resolve the combinational explosion problem of Shapley value method but retain its desirable characteristics. The proposed method can dramatically reduce computational time by implementing a SSM. Therefore, the efficiency and superiority of the proposed method with regards to loss allocation are verified for radial distribution networks that include DGs.

Reply to Kim et al. (2019): Commentary on “Correction to: On the Calculation of fuel savings through lightweight design in automotive life cycle Assessments” by Koffler and Rohde-Brandenburger (2018)

In addition, the reply contains several arguments that speak against the allocation of engine friction losses in the context of automotive lightweighting. In conclusion, the authors cannot follow Kim et al's proposed solution and maintain their recommendation to follow the approach published in their 2010 methodology paper to assess the fuel savings due to automotive lightweighting for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.

A Circuit Theory-Based Loss Allocation Method for Active Distribution Systems

The integration of optimally placed distributed generation (DG) units in a distribution system can contribute significantly in loss reduction among distribution feeders. In practice, this loss reduction may provide associated benefit to load points (consumers) though they are not contributing for the same. The loss allocation strategy should be such as to benefit DG owners who have actually contributed toward loss reduction. This paper presents a new circuit theory-based loss allocation method for active distribution systems. The method first employs branch-oriented approach to decompose cross-terms of power loss among contributing load points. Thereafter, the contributing currents of DGs are determined using superposition principle to allocate their remuneration/penalty. The proposed method is applied to 33-bus test distribution system. The application results highlight the importance of the proposed method.

Eu and National approaches to Passing on and Causation in Competition Damages Cases: A Doctrine in Search of Balance

In dealing with defences raised in damages claims following competition infringements, national courts have often adopted an openly “legal approach” to passing on, rather than a more economic approach which would, in theory, lead to a more accurate allocation of losses between different levels of the production or distribution chain affected by a competition infringement. This article examines whether such “legal approaches” infringe the rules on passing on and the principle of full compensation set out in EU law, e.g. the EU Damages Directive. Legal approaches to passing on must comply with European law, and must not be such as to make it practically impossible or excessively difficult to rely on passing on. As this article shows, there is nothing to prevent such an objective from being achieved through the deployment of national doctrines on the calculation of damages or on the basis of national rules of evidence and causation, as national courts have been doing.

Modified penalized quoted cost method for transmission loss allocation including reactive power demand in deregulated electricity market

Abstract Transmission loss/cost allocation to the individual buses in a fair way is an essential issue in restructured electricity market. This paper splits active power transmission loss into two components namely real and reactive loss component. The real and reactive loss components are due to the real power transaction from the generator to the load and reactive power demand of the load respectively. The active power loss changes due to the reactive power loads and this increase in loss are allocated to the relevant loads based on load sensitivity factor (LSF). The loss allocation using LSF is a valid approach as it is derived from solved load flow solution. The cost allocation of real loss component to a transaction and reactive loss component to loads is based on the loss contribution fraction (LCF) and LSF respectively. The highlight of this paper is to allocate real loss component to the respective buses equally and to allocate the cost of reactive loss component to the respective loads in a fair way. This paper also presents a detailed discussion on impact of mathematical loss and comparison with four existing loss allocation methods. All the methods are discussed by considering with and without reactive power load. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated using a sample four bus and 30 bus IEEE system.

Loss Allocation in Distribution Networks Based on Aumann–Shapley

This paper outlines a procedure for loss allocation in both radial and meshed distribution networks with distributed generation that could be regulated in various ways. The method is analytically developed based on the theory of electrical circuits combined with game theory based on Aumann–Shapley, which guarantees both the electrical principles and the fair axioms of game theory. The proposed method obtains unitary participation coefficients for each network user based on the currents demanded/injected by each user and the network topology. The proposed allocation method based on Aumann–Shapley has been compared with other traditional allocation methods, is adaptable to distribution networks, and shows great potential and ease of implementation. Moreover, it can be applied to any kind of distribution network (radial or meshed) with distributed energy resources.

A Technical Approach to the Energy Blockchain in Microgrids

The present paper considers some technical issues related to the “energy blockchain” paradigm applied to microgrids. In particular, what appears from the study is that the superposition of energy transactions in a microgrid creates a variation of the power losses in all the branches of the microgrid. Traditional power losses allocation in distribution systems takes into account only generators while, in this paper, a real-time attribution of power losses to each transaction involving one generator and one load node is done by defining some suitable indices. Besides, the presence of P–V nodes increases the level of reactive flows and provides a more complex technical perspective. For this reason, reactive power generation for voltage support at P–V nodes poses a further problem of reactive power flow exchange, which is worth of investigation in future works in order to define a possible way of remuneration. The experimental section of the paper considers a medium voltage microgrid and two different operational scenarios.

자연재해로 인한 총 피해액의 위험 측정과 지역별 분배 - Copula 기법 적용

자연재해로 인한 총 피해액의 위험 측정과 지역별 분배 - Copula 기법 적용

KeySpan, Honeywell and the Primacy of Choice of Law in Environmental Insurance Coverage Disputes

Recent New York and New Jersey cases have taken different positions on allocating environmental loss that takes place over many years. Thus, choice of law and forum become important issues for obtaining a particular result. The allocation of loss among insurers, and back to the policyholder for certain years, is at stake. This article explores the findings in two most recent examples of 2018 cases, KeySpan v. Munich Reinsurance and Continental Insurance Co. v. Honeywell International, Inc.

Graph theory based topology design and energy routing control of the energy internet

As a core of energy internet, the energy router (ER) controlled by information flows can better realise the large scale utilisation of renewable energy. In order to build a cost-effective energy internet, a modified minimum spanning tree algorithm is proposed to optimise the cable layout among ERs, i.e. topology design. Considering the real-time and the asynchrony of power transmission in the above topology determined energy internet, an energy routing control method based on Dijkstra algorithm is put forward for source-and-load pairs to find a no-congestion minimum loss path. Besides, the loss allocation and congestion managements are realised at the same time. Finally, the simulation results prove the feasibility and effectiveness of proposed optimisation algorithms.

A Game-Theoretic Loss Allocation Approach in Power Distribution Systems with High Penetration of Distributed Generations

Allocation of the power losses to distributed generators and consumers has been a challenging concern for decades in restructured power systems. This paper proposes a promising approach for loss allocation in power distribution systems based on a cooperative concept of game-theory, named Shapley Value allocation. The proposed solution is a generic approach, applicable to both radial and meshed distribution systems as well as those with high penetration of renewables and DG units. With several different methods for distribution system loss allocation, the suggested method has been shown to be a straight-forward and efficient criterion for performance comparisons. The suggested loss allocation approach is numerically investigated, the results of which are presented for two distribution systems and its performance is compared with those obtained by other methodologies.

A New Approach for Determining the Cost Allocation by Considering Transmission Line Mutual Inductance for Multilateral Contracts

<p>Addressing loss due to transmission and its cost allocation in deregulated electricity market is an essential issue. Independent System Operator (ISO) provides the active power loss from the generators and the associated cost is allocated to the concerned parties in a fair way. The generators and loads participate in the loss/cost allocation process. The highlight of the paper is that the effect of mutual inductance (MI) that exists on transmission line in transmission loss/cost allocation process for multlateral contracts is illustrated. To demonstrate the effect of mutual inductance, the results of existing loss allocation methods like penalized quoted cost (PQC) based approach are discussed. Effect of mutual inductance is presented using an IEEE 30 bus system. The simulation results are carried out using MATLAB R2014a. The result shows that mutual inductance has a significant impact on transmission loss and hence cannot be ignored.</p>

Energetic and exergetic analysis of an innovative plant for the production of electricity and substitute natural gas

The increasing penetration of intermittent and aleatory RES such as photovoltaics and wind power poses new challenges in terms of grid stabilization. Surplus electric energy needs to be stored, if not curtailed. From this point of view, chemical storage can pave the way for a long-term shift between demand and production, together with sector interconnection. Hydrogen as an energy vector has been deeply studied but it has difficulties in asserting itself due to its low energy density at environmental conditions and lack of infrastructure. In previous papers, an innovative plant for the conversion of biomass and fluctuating electric power into substitute natural gas and stable electricity has been designed and analysed in terms of its overall performances. The adoption of an electrolyser for hydrogen production allows to use part of the oxygen for the biomass gasification and the syngas oxy-combustion. The resulting combustion products have high carbon dioxide concentration, which avoids energy consuming separation equipment. This paper analyses in detail the plant performances in terms of energetic and exergetic efficiencies, components by components. The plant is simulated with the commercial software AspenONE® V9. Losses allocation and optimum operating conditions are identified. The proposed heat recovery strategies allow consistent energy savings, making this plant competitive with other energy storage conversion devices in terms of energy efficiency.

Energy Loss Allocation in Smart Distribution Systems with Electric Vehicle Integration

This paper presents a three-phase loss allocation procedure for distribution networks. The key contribution of the paper is the computation of specific marginal loss coefficients (MLCs) per bus and per phase expressly considering non-linear load models for Electric Vehicles (EV). The method was applied in a unbalanced 12.47 kV feeder with 12,780 households and 1000 EVs under peak and off-peak load conditions. Results obtained were also compared with the traditional roll-in embedded allocation procedure (pro rata) using non-linear and standard constant power models. Results show the influence of the non-linear load model in the energy losses allocated. This result highlights the importance of considering an appropriate EV load model to appraise the overall losses encouraging the use and further development of the methodology

Comparison of Transmission Loss Allocation by Proportional Sharing Principle Method and Aumann Shapley Method

In the current scenario of the electricity market in the world the cost allocation became the thematic part and the essential usage to individual distributor and to the consumer. Allocation is nothing but a share of anything that been shared in the equal amount to the assigned terms of the quantity. Here in the power sector, losses and the respective costs have been shared among the generators and the loads. To achieve the linear nature and invariant characteristics, allocation of losses is done. To such allocation of losses there are many methods, popular methods of them named, Proportional Sharing Principle Method and Aumann-Shapley Method are compared in this paper based on loss and cost allocation, and results are verified through Mat lab platform.

Allocation of transmission active losses through a novel power tracing‐based technique

One of the challenging issues in a restructured power system is fair allocation of transmission losses to its users. This study proposes two new algorithms to trace the active power produced (consumed) by the generators (loads) for assigning active losses to the generators or loads separately. In the proposed methods, there is no need to convert the study system to a system for which the active power at both ends of each transmission line are the same. In these algorithms, based on AC power flow calculations, new matrices called outflow-line and inflow-line are first created. Then, according to the properties of these matrices, four other matrices, which express active power flows of the transmission lines in terms of active power productions (consumptions) of the generators (loads), are then derived. These matrices are employed not only to allocate the active loss of every transmission line to each generator or load, but also to determine the contribution of each generator to the active power consumption of each load. The results obtained by implementing the proposed algorithms on a five-bus system and two IEEE standard systems indicate its superiority over some earlier methods.

Exact Cross-Term Decomposition Method for Loss Allocation in Contemporary Distribution Systems

High penetration of distributed generation (DG) units in contemporary distribution systems can contribute significantly towards loss reduction in distribution feeders. The loss allocation method should reward the benefit of loss reduction to DG owners (DGOs), instead of diverting the same to the load points which actually never contribute towards loss reduction. This paper presents an exact cross-term decomposition method that decomposes each crossed term of power loss/remuneration among contributing network users while independently addressing their active and reactive power transactions. Separate allocation factors are proposed to decompose each individual crossed term involved. The allocation factors are not based upon heuristic, as in several existing methods, but are derived analytically. The method employs superposition principle to evaluate contributing currents of DGs. Thereafter, the losses/remunerations are allocated fairly among network users by suggesting a suitable remuneration strategy for DGOs. The proposed method is investigated on standard test distribution system. The application results are promising compared with other established methods.

The Grounds of Tort, Part I: Private Wrongs and Practical Reasoning

Tort theory is widely thought to split cleanly into two seams. Some trace tort's foundations to a deontic form of morality; others to an instrumental, policy-oriented system of loss allocation. Civil Recourse Theory (CRT) resists this binary. It argues that torts comprise a basic legal category, and that this category constitutes an autonomous domain of normativity. But while the theory rightly rejects the binary between corrective justice theory on the one hand and the law-and-economics framework on the other, its insistence on tort law's deontic character is more difficult to sustain, and ultimately cannot be vindicated by doctrinal, historical, or institutional arguments considered apart from their philosophical foundations. Using the familiar question whether tort directives are guidance rules or liability rules as a kind of lens, or prism, this paper shows how requirements of practical reasoning undermine CRT's account of private wrongs. If tort's directives are reasons for action, placing them within the normative domain is not something we can do for free: if we are going to claim that they exert robust normative force, we must account for the grounds of this force and why we need to posit it in the face of simpler, less extravagant explanations of a relatively straightforward system of dispute resolution. CRT tries to satisfy its explanatory burden by co-opting Hart's internal point of view, but this leveraging strategy cannot succeed. The internal point of view interprets legal directives as guides to action, but in tort law, as in private law more generally, legal directives merely demand conformity, not compliance. With the connection between its interpretation of tort directives and the internal point of view thus severed, CRT faces a dilemma: it is either critically incomplete in its account of the grounds of private wrongs, or it is insufficiently responsive to the realities of legal practice. In closing, I suggest that the theory's proponents do better by resisting the temptations of middle-of-the-road metaphysics and instead recognize either the moral or the positivist roots of private wrongs.

Transmission loss allocation in bilateral or multilateral transaction-based markets

In this paper, the problem of transmission loss allocation has been studied and a new method for loss allocation in transaction-based markets has been proposed. To further this end, first transmission line loss equations were used with respect to bus injected currents. The share of each bus from the mentioned transmission line losses was determined. Then, this method was applied to the total network transmission lines. While considering the available transactions, the share of each bus from the total losses was acquired. The proposed method is based on the main network relations and no simplifying assumption has been used. Finally, the proposed method is based on a typical network.