Longifolia Extract Research Articles

Protective effect of Eurycoma Longifolia Extract on High-Fat Diet- induced histopathological changes in the Islets of Langerhans and Kidneys of Rats

Obesity has emerged as public health problems, potentially guiding to many diseases such as diabetes mellitus type 2 and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aims of the present investigation were to explore possible protective effect of Eurycoma longifolia (EL) extract on the islets of Langerhans and kidneys of high-fat diet (HFD) fed rats. Twenty four healthy adult male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomized into four groups (n=6) and treated for 12 weeks; normal control (ND) group received only normal diet, Group NDEL was received normal diet and EL, Group HFD received HFD only, Group HFDEL received HFD and EL extracts. The animals were scarified at the end of the 12th week; the kidneys and pancreatic tissues were fixed in 10% formal saline and processed for histological studies. The HFD group revealed hypertrophy of the pancreatic islets with congested blood vessels, vacuolization and injured cells. The kidney sections from the HFD treated group exhibited sever damage in the renal corpuscle and tubules. Treatment with EL extract produced an enhancement in tissue damage produced by HFD feeding in the kidneys and pancreatic islets. These observations confirmed positive valuable outcomes of EL extract against the HFD induced-cellular oxidative injury in the pancreatic islets and the kidneys.

Supplementation of sperm cooling medium with Eurycoma longifolia extract enhances native Thai chicken sperm quality and fertility potential.

Cooled semen storage methods result in oxidative stress generated by an imbalance between oxidation rates, specifically reactive oxygen species production, and sperm cell antioxidants, leading to degradation of semen quality. We aimed to investigate the impact of adding Eurycoma longifolia (EL) extract as an antioxidant supplement in semen storage medium (IGGKPh semen extender) on semen quality and fertility potential. EL extract at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/mL was assessed for its antioxidant capacity in IGGKPh semen extender. Our findings revealed that the total phenolic content in the EL extract did not vary significantly across the various concentrations and temperatures tested. However, incubation at 5°C was found to be the most effective temperature for increasing the EL extract antioxidant capacity as assessed via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl inhibition assay in a dose-dependent manner. Supplementation of the IGGKPh semen extender with 15 mg/mL EL extract was found to enhance semen quality during cold storage for up to 48 h (p < 0.05), as evidenced by decreased malondialdehyde levels in cooled semen (p < 0.05). However, antioxidant enzyme activities showed no significant differences among the various experimental groups (p > 0.05). The fertility test showed that the 15 mg/mL EL extract group stored for 24 h had a higher percentage than the control group (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in percentage between the two groups at 48 h of storage (p > 0.05). The hatchability showed no significant difference in both 24 and 48-h storage periods (p > 0.05). Our results indicated that supplementing the IGGKPh semen extender with 15 mg/mL EL extract may positively influence semen quality during storage, suggesting potential applications for enhancing semen quality.

Pretreatment of Melanoma Cells with Aqueous Ethanol Extract from Madhuca longifolia Bark Strongly Potentiates the Activity of a Low Dose of Dacarbazine.

Madhuca longifolia is an evergreen tree distributed in India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. This tree is commonly known as Mahua and is used in traditional medicine. It was demonstrated that ethanol extract from the bark of M. longifolia possessed potent cytotoxic activity towards two melanoma cell lines, in contrast to aqueous extract that exhibited no activity. Apart from being selectively cytotoxic to cancer cells (with no activity towards non-cancerous fibroblasts), the studied extract induced apoptosis and increased reactive oxygen species generation in melanoma cells. Additionally, the use of the extract together with dacarbazine (both in non-toxic concentrations) resulted in the enhancement of their anticancer activity. Moreover, the pretreatment of melanoma cells with M. longifolia extract potentiated the activity of a low dose of dacarbazine to an even higher extent. It was concluded that ethanol extract of M. longifolia sensitized human melanoma cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. It can therefore be interesting as a promising source of compounds for prospective combination therapy.

Investigation of Eurycoma longifolia Extract on Alleviating Steatosis by Using In Vivo and In Vitro Steatotic Models: Mechanisms Through Activation of AMPK and Autophagic Flux

Investigation of Eurycoma longifolia Extract on Alleviating Steatosis by Using In Vivo and In Vitro Steatotic Models: Mechanisms Through Activation of AMPK and Autophagic Flux

Pleiotropic effects of Mentha longifolia L. extract on the regulation of genes involved in inflammation and apoptosis induced by Clostridioides difficile ribotype 001.

The dramatic increase in multidrug-resistance of Clostridioides difficile isolates has led to the search for new complementary medicines against C. difficile infection (CDI). In this study, we aimed to examine the inhibitory effects of hydroethanolic extract of Mentha longifolia L. (ETOH-ML) on the growth of C. difficile RT001 and its toxigenic cell-free supernatant (Tox-S)-induced inflammation and apoptosis. The active phytochemical components of ETOH-ML were detected using GC and HPLC. The antimicrobial properties of the extract were examined against C. difficile RT001. Furthermore, cell viability and cytotoxicity of Caco-2 and Vero cells treated with various concentrations of ETOH-ML, Tox-S of C. difficile RT001, and their combination were assessed. Anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities of ETOH-ML were explored in Tox-S stimulated Caco-2 cells using RT-qPCR. Based on our results, rosmarinic acid was the main phytochemical component of ETOH-ML. The extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against C. difficile RT001 by agar dilution and broth microdilution methods. Moreover, ETOH-ML at concentrations of <25 μg/ml had no significant effect on cell viability compared to untreated cells. Treatment cells with the extract (10 or 25 μg/ml) significantly increased the cell viability and reduced the percentage of cell rounding in Caco-2 and Vero cells treated by Tox-S, respectively (P < 0.0001). Co-treatment of Tox-S stimulated Caco-2 cells with ETOH-ML showed significant anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities by downregulating the gene expression level of IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, TGF-β, NF-κB, Bax, and caspase-3, while upregulating the expression level of Bcl-2. Our results demonstrated for the first time the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects of M. longifolia extract on C. difficile RT001 and its Tox-S. However, further research is needed to evaluate the potential application of M. longifolia extract on CDI treatment in clinical setting.

Efficacy of various extracting solvents on phytochemical composition, and biological properties of Mentha longifolia L. leaf extracts

The current work attempts to explore the influence of three extraction solvents on phytochemical composition, content of polyphenols, antioxidant potential, and antibacterial capacity of hydroethanolic, acetonic, and aqueous extracts from Moroccan Mentha longifolia leaves. To achieve this goal, the chemical composition was identified using an HPLC–DAD examination. The contents of polyphenols were assessed, while the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the DPPH test, and the reducing power test (RP) were utilized to determine antioxidant capacity. To assess the antibacterial activity, the microdilution technique was carried out to calculate the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of extracts against four nosocomial bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus). Additionally, the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of all tested extracts were examined in silico against the proteins NADPH oxidase and Bacillus cereus phospholipase C. Study reveals that M. longifolia extracts contain high phenolic and flavonoids. Additionally, the hydroethanolic extract contained the highest amounts of phenolic and flavonoid content, with values of 23.52 ± 0.14 mg Gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight and 17.62 ± 0.36 mg Quercetin Equivalent/g dry weight, respectively compared to the other two extracts. The same extract showed the best antioxidant capacity (IC50 = 39 µg/mL ± 0.00), and the higher RP (EC50 of 0.261 ± 0.00 mg/mL), compared to the acetonic and aqueous extract regarding these tests. Furthermore, the hydroethanolic and acetonic extracts expressed the highest TAC (74.40 ± 1.34, and 52.40 ± 0.20 mg EAA/g DW respectively), compared with the aqueous extract. Regarding antibacterial activity, the MIC value ranges between 1.17 and 12.50 mg/mL. The in-silico results showed that the antibacterial activity of all extracts is principally attributed to kaempferol and ferulic acid, while antioxidant capacity is attributed to ferulic acid.

Antibacterial properties of Pyrrosia longifolia extracts

Background: Pyrrosia longifolia is an epiphytic plant found in tropical forests. This plant is known to have antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties and is widely used in traditional medicine. Pyrrosia longifolia is one of the species used in traditional medicine, but no evidence of antibacterial activity has been found. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of various P. longifolia extracts. Methods: The plant was macerated with methanol and separated based on its polarity. The well diffusion method was used to determine the plant’s antibacterial activity through the inhibition zones - minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of bacterial growth against seven bacteria pathogens. Results: The antibacterial activity of the extracts showed various inhibitions of the bacteria tested. Dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts showed intermediate inhibitory activity on Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19659, B. cereus ATCC 10876, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 142028, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802. Conclusion: The extract of P. longifolia is susceptible to the test bacteria, and additional testing is necessary to determine its antibacterial activity.

Phytochemical Constituents and In-Vitro Anticancer Activity of some Medicinal Plant Extracts against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-435 Human Breast Cancer Cell L

Breast cancer (BC) is a malignancy, considered as a global and local health hazard. Searching for new naturally occurring anticancer medications with few adverse effects is attracting attention worldwide. This study aimed to screen the phytochemical components of ethanol extracts of eight Sudanese medicinal plants (Ocimum basilicum leaves, Mentha longifolia leaves, Linum usitatissimum seeds, Allium sativum L bulb, Nigella sativa seeds, Piper nigrum L. fruits, Zingiber officinale rhizome, and Foeniculum vulgare seeds), to evaluate and compare their cytotoxic effects against two types of BC cell lines and to estimate their safety toward normal cell lines. The extracts of the chosen plants were obtained using an ultrasonic-aided extraction process, and their components were characterized by GC-MS. The cytotoxic effects of ethanol extracts were tested in vitro against human breast estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7, triple negative MDA-MB-435, and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) normal cell lines using the MTT assay. The ethanol extracts were found to be rich in varied phytochemical components. Mentha longifolia and Ocimum basilicum ethanol extracts exerted the greatest activity against MDA-MB-435 with IC50 equal to 0.7437±0.31 and 16.78±2.47µg/ml, respectively. While Linum usitatissimum, Allium sativum, and Nigella sativa ethanol extracts exhibited significant cytotoxic effects on estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 type of BC cell line with comparable IC50 values of 2.008±0.18, 8.661±0.25 and 10.072±0.18µg/ml, respectively. All ethanol extracts showed weak cytotoxic effects (IC50 ˃ 100µg/ml) against HUVEC with high selectivity index (SI) values. These findings potentiate the need for further in vivo anti-cancer assessments for the active extracts and their components.

Comparison of the Anti-asthmatic Potential of Himalayan Plants Lonicera obovata Royle and Morina longifolia Wall: An in vivo Study

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,2,384-391.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.2.041Published:February 2023Type:Original Article Authors:Pooja Boora, Richa Puri, Sushila Rani, Monika Mehta, and Dechan Angmo Author(s) affiliations:Pooja Boora*, Richa Puri, Sushila Rani, Monika Mehta, Dechan Angmo Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, INDIA. Abstract:Background: Asthma is a very common and chronic disease in which there is an inflammation of the lungs. Inflammatory airways and narrowing, spasms, over-secretion of mucus, bronchoconstriction, and eosinophilic airway inflammation are generally seen in the asthmatic condition. Globally, its prevalence is rising constantly. The extracts of Lonicera obovata and Morina longifolia of the Caprifoliaceae family were traditionally used by the Himalayan local people to treat asthmatic and inflammatory conditions. Objectives: The goal of this experimental study was to identify the phytochemicals of the plants through GC-MS. To investigate and compare the anti-asthmatic potential of methanolic whole plant extracts of L. obovata and methanolic root extracts of M. longifolia through in-vivo experiments. Materials and Methods: The anti-asthmatic potential of extracts was determined by the method of leukocytosis and eosinophilia induced by milk in the Swiss albino mice model. Results: Various secondary active phytoconstituents were detected through the GC-MS screening method, some of which have anti-allergic (anti-asthmatic) and antihistaminic properties. The in vivo experiment result showed that in the case of increased leukocyte count, M. longifolia shows better results than L. obovata, and in the case of increased eosinophil count, L. obovata shows better results than M. longifolia to reduce the increased count. Conclusion: The anti-asthmatic potential of plant extracts could be due to the presence of the phytoconstituents like 1-Monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether in the L. obovata extracts and Octadec-9-enoic acid and Cis-vaccenic acid in both L. obovata and M. longifolia extracts. Hence, through the experiments, the unexplored anti-asthmatic properties were revealed and justifies the traditional usage of both plants to treat asthma. Keywords:Anti-asthmatic, Eosinophilia, in vivo, leukocytosis, Lonicera obovata, Morina longifolia.View:PDF (366.66 KB)

Anti-inflammatory and collagenation effects of zinc oxide-based nanocomposites biosynthesised with Mentha longifolia leaf extract.

The integration of nanomaterials and herbal medicine has led to the design of new nanocomposites, which are therapeutically more effective. The purpose of this study was to prepare different zinc oxide (ZnO)-based nanoparticles (NPs) via Mentha longifolia extract based on gauze linen fibre and study its effects on wound healing. The textural properties, morphology, thermal stability, purity, spectroscopic and phase structure of nanoparticles were investigated. Subsequently, male Wistar rats were subjected to wounds in six different treatment groups: Group I: control; group II: ZnO/W prepared in water (W); group III: ZnO/M synthesised with Mentha longifolia (M) extract; group IV: ZnO/copper(II) oxide (CuO)/M nanocomposite synthesised with M extract; group IV: treated with ZnO/silver (Ag)/M nanocomposite; group V: treated with ZnO/Ag/M nanocomposite; and finally, group VI: treated with ZnO/CuO/Ag/M nanocomposite. In all groups, the wounds were treated for 21 days with prepared samples. Every seven days, after measuring the decreasing rate of the wound size, tissue samples from each group were taken for histopathological analysis. The prepared tissue sections were assessed by haematoxylin and eosin staining for the formation of the epidermis, dermis and muscular tissue, and Masson's Trichrome staining for the formation of collagen fibres. The results showed that the ZnO/CuO/Ag/M nanocomposite was a significantly more effective wound healing material in comparison with other samples (p<0.05). In this study, the integration of ZnO/CuO/Ag nanocomposites with secondary metabolites of Mentha longifolia gave rise to a superior combination, which could support different phases of wound healing via the regulation of cytokines and growth factors in the course of healing.

Supplementation with Eurycoma longifolia Extract Modulates Diurnal Body Temperature Fluctuation and Sleep Rhythm in Mice.

Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali; TA) is a traditional medicinal herb, commonly known as Malaysian ginseng. The root tea has been traditionally applied to treat fevers, aches, sexual dysfunction and other ailments. We evaluated the effects of TA extract supplementation on diurnal core body temperature (BT) and sleep architecture in model mice. Dietary supplementation with TA extract for 4 wk resulted in significantly and moderately reduced BT during the rest and active phases, respectively. A high dose delayed the onset of BT elevation at the start of the active phase, indicating that the effect was dose-dependent. Electroencephalography findings revealed that dietary supplementation with TA extract changed sleep rhythms and delta power during the inactive phase of NREM sleep, indicating improved sleep quality. Our findings suggested that dietary TA extract could be a promising natural aid that alleviates sleep problems via thermoregulation.

Green biosynthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles using Mentha longifolia for imatinib mesylate delivery.

In this work, the rapid, facile, and eco‐friendly green process was introduced in the preparation of β‐cyclodextrin/magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles by using the aqueous Mentha longifolia extracts of Mentha longifolia. The obtained nanoparticles were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, and thermogravimetric analysis. Also, effective factors on the synthesis of magnetic nanocomposites including temperature, concentration of the Mentha longifolia extract, and concentration of FeSO4 solution were optimised by Taguchi design. Moreover, important effective parameters on the adsorption efficiency; such as adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, and temperature were investigated. The prepared magnetic nanocomposite was applied as a nanocarrier for imatinib mesylate delivery. In vitro studies confirmed imatinib mesylate release over 6 h. The nanocarrier showed pH‐dependent imatinib mesylate release with higher drug release at simulated cancer fluid (pH = 5.6) compared to neural fluid (pH = 7.4). Moreover, the sorption isotherms and kinetics for the magnetic nanocomposite were fitted into Langmuir and pseudo‐second order models, respectively. Based on the thermodynamic results, the adsorption of imatinib mesylate onto the nanoadsorbent was found to be spontaneous and exothermic.

Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase inhibition of Pyrrosia longifolia extracts

Background: Pyrrosia longifolia is a fern species belonging to the Polypodiaceae family. Three Pyrrosia species, P. lingua, P. sheareri, and P. petiolosa, are included in the Chinese Pharmacopeia as sources of traditional medicine for ailments such as for patients with diabetes mellitus. Objectives: This study examined the inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase in different P. longifolia extracts, as well as their antioxidant activity and toxicity levels. Methods: This species was extracted via maceration in methanol and partitioning according to polarity levels (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and water). Antioxidant activity was measured by scavenging free radicals against the DPPH radical, antidiabetic activity was determined using an in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory test, and toxicity was determined using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Results: Antioxidant activity using radical DPPH showed ethyl acetate extract had the highest inhibitory activity with IC50 28.22 ppm and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity showed that all the extracts showed very weak activity at concentrations of 500 ppm. Additional toxicity analysis revealed that none of the extracts was harmful to Artemia salina. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that this species has strong antioxidant activity, and that additional analysis is required. It also identifies the chemicals that are responsible for the antioxidant activity.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of alkaloids in Eurycoma longifolia by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS combined with UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS

A sensitive and efficient method was established and validated for qualitative and quantitative analysis of total alkaloids from the extract of Eurycoma longifolia by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(HPLC-Q-TOF-MS) combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS). The HPLC-Q-TOF-MS conditions are as follows: Welch Ultimate XB-C_(18) column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) with acetonitrile(containing 0.1% formic acid)-0.1% formic acid in water as mobile phase for gradient elution. The UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS conditions are as below: Agilent Eclipse Plus C_(18) column(2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.8 μm) with acetonitrile(containing 0.1% formic acid) and 0.1% formic acid in water as mobile phase for gradient elution. MS data were collected by electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. According to the comparison with reference standards and the accurate masses of molecules, a total of 17 alkaloids in E. longifolia extract were identified by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS quantitative analysis result of 3 alkaloids showed that the linear ranges of them were good(r≥0.999 7) and the overall recoveries ranged from 108.8%-110.2%, with RSDs of 2.9%-5.3%. The method is accurate, reliable, and efficient, which can comprehensively reflect the constituents and content of alkaloids in E. longifolia. The result can serve as a reference for further elucidating its therapeutic material basis and quality control.

Attenuating effect of polyalthia longifolia on cadmium sulfate- induced testicular toxicity

Polyalthia longifolia extract has numerous beneficial effects on human health. They have been reported to have antiviral, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour and antioxidant activities. Cadmium is used in the production of nickel cadmium batteries, pigments ceramics, plastic stabilizers, and fertilizers. Cigarette smoke is one of the most important sources of cadmium exposure in the general non-occupationally exposed population. In nonsmokers, the main source of cadmium is food, particularly cereals such as rice and wheat, green leafy vegetables, potato, and offal products such as liver and kidney. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Group A were orally treated with distilled water for twenty eight days, Group B were intraperitoneal treated with cadmium sulfate for three days and sacrificed twenty four hours later, Group C received oral administration of Polyalthia longifolia for twenty eight days and Group D received cadmium sulfate intraperitoneally for three days and post treated orally with Polyalthia longifolia for twenty five days. On the 29th day the animals were sacrificed through cervical dislocation, the right testis was excised and processed histologically, while the left testis was processed for semen analysis. The histological observation showed that Polyalthia longifolia administration improved the histoarchitectural distortion of the testis in the cadmium sulphate treated group. Polyalthia longifolia administration restored the alteration on the sperm parameters of the damaged testes. The result suggested that Polyalthia longifolia restored testicular toxicity induced by cadmium sulphate and may be used as sub fertility drug.

LC-PDA-MS/MS-Based Characterization of Key Phytochemicals in Eurycoma Longifolia Roots.

The objective of the study was to fractionate the crude extract of Eurycoma longifolia (E. longifolia) roots and identify the intense peaks using HPLC-PDA-MS/MS, UPLC-MS/MS and H-NMR. Column chromatography was used to fractionate the crude extract into individual fractions using six solvent systems ranged from ethyl acetate, methanol and water in increasing polarity. Two fractions with nearly pure and intense peaks were selected for compound identification. Chromenone (coumarin) and chromone derivatives were putatively identified, besides several previously reported quassinoid glycosides (eurycomanone derived glycoside, 2,3-dehydro-4α-hydroxylongilactone glucoside, eurycomanol glycoside and eurycomanol trimer) in the fraction 11 of 100% methanol. A newly reported compound, namely hydroxyl glyyunanprosapogenin D (838g/mol) was proposed to be the compound detected in the fraction 11 of 50% ethyl acetate and 50% methanol. This is also the first study to report the identification of chromenones and chromones in E. longifolia extract.

Nutritional Responses of the Black Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.), Larvae under Toxicity Effects of Five Wild Botanical Extracts from Sinai, Egypt

Aims: To identify the chemical components of five wild Botanical oils (BOs) and their larvicidal influences on the anti-nutritional indices of the 4th instar larvae of Agrotis ipsilon.&#x0D; Study Design: A comparative study with the randomized design, using five plant Extracts replicated five times.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Mentha longifolia, Artemisia judaica, Majorana hortensis, Origanum syriacum, and Achillea santolina were collected from the Sinai desert, Egypt. Study procedures were done at the Laboratory of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Egypt, between December 2018 and June 2020.&#x0D; Methodology: An analysis of the tested BOs components was done using a Shimadzu GC-9A gas chromatograph. Five sub-lethal concentrations of each plant were prepared (5 replicate/treatment) to evaluate medium lethality against A. ipsilon larvae (20 larvae/replicate). Untreated larvae were used distilled water only as a control. Ten larvae of each treatment were treated with only one LC50 to estimate the effect of different tested BOs on anti-nutritional Activities.&#x0D; Results: The main component of the M. longifolia and A. judaica oil was Piperitone at 39.79 and 37.55%, respectively; whereas the M. hortensis, O. syriacum, and A. santolina oil was Terpinen-4-ol, Thymol, and Fragranyl acetate at 29.82, 31.21, and 25.67%, respectively. According to LC50 of the tested BOs, the toxicity of A. judaica, M. longifolia, O. syriacum, respectively, were the most effective oils, while M. hortensis and A. santolina oils were the least susceptibilities. The more toxic oils reduced food consumption, causing a significant decrease in relative consumption rate (RCR), growth rate (RGR), and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI)/digested (ECD). The previous oils also showed a significant increase in metabolic cost (MC) and anti-feeding activities against A. ipsilon larvae compared to M. hortensis and A. santolina.&#x0D; Conclusion: It is suggested that A. judaica and M. longifolia extracts contain high Piperitone content and could be accepted as toxicants to control A. ipsilon.

Enhanced Antioxidant Efficacy of Nano-Encapsulated Protorhus Longifolia Methanol Extract Stabilized with Eudragit

This study describes the synthesis of Protorhus longifolia methanolic leaf extract-loaded Eudragit nanoparticles (NPs) and assessment of their antioxidant activity comparative to the free methanolic extract. The latter was also analyzed for its total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The extract-loaded NPs were obtained through the emulsification solvent evaporation process and systematically characterized using the dynamic light scattering, entrapment efficiency, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The antioxidant power was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) in vitro model systems. Screening of the different classes of secondary metabolites was carried out through chemical reaction tests. Identification of the potential antioxidants was performed using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique and the database of National Institute Standard and Technology (NIST). The characterization techniques showed spherical-like particles having an average size of 150[Formula: see text]nm and zeta potential of [Formula: see text]22[Formula: see text]mV. The percentage of entrapped methanolic extract was determined to be 83%. The antioxidant assay demonstrated that this methodology persuaded an efficient concentration-dependent potential. This study indicates that nanoformulation of the Protorhus longifolia extracts leads to a suitable system for the enhancement of antioxidant activity. The appraisal of other pharmacological activities of the nano-encapsulated Protorhus longifolia methanol extract is under process.

Ex-Vivo Study, The Effect of Standardized Eurycoma longifolia Extract on The Enzyme Activity of Rosiglitazone N-Demethylase

Eurycoma longifolia (E. longifolia) or also known as Earth Pasak in Indonesia, has been used widely, especially to increase stamina in men. The use of herbal medicines in the long run opens up the opportunities for the influence of herbal medicines on metabolic process of other substances. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of E. longifolia extract on rosiglitazone metabolism after oral administration for one and fourteen days, and its effect on rat body weight. The rats were divided into two groups, group for one day treatment (divided into 8 subgroups with n = 6: I (control), II to VIII (were given extract at doses of 1 to 1000 mg / kg BW) and 14 days (rats divided into 4 subgroups, n = 6 : I (control), II to IV (treated with extracts of doses 5, 25 and 50 mg / kg BW). At the end of the experiment, test animals were sacrificed and rosiglitazone N-demethylase activity in hepatocytes was determined by measuring the amount of formaldehid formed at 415 nm. The rosiglitazone N-demethylase activity in all groups was analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey Test (P &lt;0.05). The percentage of the changing in the body weight in the 14 days treatment group was compared to the control group. The results showed there was a significant increased in the rosiglitazone N-demethylase activity after rats were treated with E. longifolia extract at doses of 5 to 1000 mg / kg BB, but was not significantly different at a dose of 1 mg / kg BW when compared with control group. For the 14 days treatment, there was no significant difference between the treatment group and the control group, both for the rosiglitazone N-demethylase enzyme activity or the changed of rat body weight.

Modulatory effect of Polyalthia longifolia leaves against cadmium-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in rats.

Background Cadmium serves as a major pollutant in the environment and it has been documented for its widespread harmful effects. This study sought to investigate the prophylactic and the curative effects of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of Polyalthia longifolia against cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods Animals in group I served as the normal control and administered distilled water only for 14 days, group II was administered cadmium (4 mg/kg/body weight) for 7 days, groups III and IV rats served as the prophylactic group and were pre-treated with P. longifolia aqueous and methanolic leaf extract for 7 days and then exposed to cadmium for another 7 days, serving as pre-treatment group, groups V, VI, VII, and VIII served as curative groups and were first exposed to cadmium for 7 days and then post-treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract and 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of methanolic extract P. longifolia for another 7 days. Results Pre- and post-treatment with both extracts of P. longifolia revealed a significant hepatoprotective ability by decreasing the alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, acid phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase enzymatic activities were elevated due to cadmium intoxication. Pre- and post-treatment with aqueous and methanolic extract of P. longifolia extract significantly decreased hepatic malondialdehyde levels, together with an improvement in the antioxidant status of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and reduced glutathione of rats exposed to cadmium. Histopathology examinations also confirm the above biochemical findings. Conclusion The findings from this work suggested that P. longifolia may be beneficial in ameliorating the cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats.