Longest Section Research Articles

Improved Productivity Justifies World Record Underbalanced Perforating Operation

Abstract A Dutch onshore gas well was drilled to a total depth of 5,136 m along hole (3,700 m true vertical depth) with a maximum deviation of 89 degrees. The well was completed with 193.7 mm (7 5/8 in.) 13 ﹪ chrome (Cr13) tubing with a 177.8 mm (7 in.) cemented liner across the reservoir providing fullore access to the pay zone. Due to the very stratified nature of the reservoir, the long-term sustained production depended on achieving vertical connectivity with all the layers. In order to achieve this and maximize productivity, a single run underbalanced perforating operation was required. Due to coiled tubing limitations in this deep, high pressure well, a hydraulic workover unit was selected to deploy and retrieve the guns. A total gross interval of 1,026 m was perforated in one run utilizing 85.725 mm (33/8 in.) deep penetrating guns and thereafter snubbed from the well under live conditions (46 MPa at surface). To date, it is understood that this is the longest section of guns conveyed, fired underbalanced, and deployed out of a live well. This paper addresses the perforating technique selection, the planning and execution process, the major operational learning points, and discusses final productivity results which demonstrate the validity of this technique. Introduction The Anjum reservoir is a Rotliegendes sandstone at a true vertical depth of 3,700 m. Reservoir pressure and temperature are high for onshore Netherlands at 56 MPa and 137 °CDATA[C, respectively. Following discovery of the prospect in 1992 with the Anjum 1 exploration well, Anjum 4 was drilled as the second well in the field. It was designed as a combined appraisal/development well with the objective of providing capacity in the region of six to seven million m3/day. The reservoir is of a highly stratified nature with a number of high permeability features, some of which are on a centimetre scale. The Upper-Slochteren gas-bearing interval is split up into six discrete units, which are correlatable across the whole of the North Netherlands area. The upper three sands dominate in terms of reservoir quality and productivity. There exist two significant and continuous high permeability streaks (HPS) which, if targeted, would provide initial high productivity. However, the longterm sustained production depends on achieving vertical connectivity with all reservoir zones. Therefore, in order to maximize exposure across all intervals, and to provide the maximum connectivity with the individual layers, a sub-horizontal well was designed. A cemented and perforated liner was selected, since it provided the opportunity to effectively bypass near wellbore drilling induced damage. Secondary benefits of this design are that it provides maximum selectivity (water shut off, stimulation etc.) and through the utilization of deep penetrating perforating guns reduces non-Darcy turbulent effects. The well was completed with a 177.8 mm (7 in.) Cr13 liner across the pay zone and a 193.7 mm (7 5/8 in.) Cr 13 monobore completion with a tubing retrievable safety valve to provide maximum wellbore access (Figure 1).

Books and Other Media Reviews

Every year, transportation disasters represent a large percentage of disasters and multiple casualty incidents throughout the world. Pages of every almanac are filled with lists of major incidents annually. They are the stuff of tragedy, the focus of the news media, the headline grabbers, the rare photo opportunity, the plots for movies, and the settings for heroism and folly. They are characterized by suddenness, occurring for the most part without notice, and thus create drama in their accounting and retelling. The amount of material on disasters in the air, on land, and on and under the sea is truly massive. In no way can anyone write a volume on such a vast topic without restricting the focus. To that end, Levinson and Granot have met the challenge and come up with a very readable sharing of their own experiences, as well as some from the annals of disaster history, to repeatedly come up with precepts and notions that repeat themselves enough so that lessons can be learned from these unfortunate events. The authors early on point out that although the focus is transportation, some of the best examples of their ideas may come from general types of disasters. The book perhaps should not be thought of as a handbook, which I generally associate with checklists, tables, examples of forms to use, and things to quickly look up in the heat of the moment, when one might otherwise start to founder at getting organized. Instead, this volume, as a first edition, should be thought of more as a textual reflection on the general and technical aspects of response to such situations. The volume is divided into several sections. Section 1 is an extended introduction to the spectrum of transport disasters and the size of the problem. Section 2, the longest section, discusses general aspects of disaster response, emphasizing disaster planning, and identifies the victims. Key components of the disaster response for transportation disasters are discussed, including the role of government; the need for planning for response capabilities; the roles of the private sector and the military; the role and functions of an Information Center; and the issues that arise when transportation events are the result of terrorism and criminality. True to the history of disaster research, many of the observations about disaster response and responders arise from the sociological aspects of the events that occur, and many of the behaviors that occur during responses can be predicted based on prior observations. Section 3 examines general response principles among communications sectors, police, fire and medical responses. The authors introduce the medical aspects of response with the reminders that medical care is planned in accordance with cultural norms and resource availability. Triage is discussed from the point of view of victim evacuation rather than priorities for care at the disaster site. The authors discuss the phenomenon of self-transfer to hospital by patients who are able to do so, often getting to the hospital before the most seriously injured can be triaged, stabilized and transported. Other subjects discussed include body removal, hospital reception and recording (registration), the media, personal protective equipment and decontamination of hazardous materials, victim tracking, and the walking wounded. The subject of medical equipment is superficial, with the discussion covering only the issue of caring for patients who don’t know the names of their medications, and who may have lost their eyeglasses. Field equipment needed for life-saving interventions is left unmentioned. Section 3 also covers mental health, treated in much greater depth than medical care issues, with several pages devoted to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), its history, recognition and management. Section 4, “Response to specific transportation disasters,” contains chapters on aviation, accidents at sea, and

M. IZZI DIEN, The Theory and the Practice of Market Law in Medieval Islam: A Study of Kitab Nisab al-Ihtisab of⊂Umar b. Muhammad al-Sunami (Cambridge: Gibb Memorial Trust, 1997), Pp. 254. $99 cloth.

This is a confused and confusing book. The subtitle clearly suggests that the monograph is a study of Nisab al-Ihtisab, a treatise on hisba written by the subcontinental Hanafite jurist Sunami. It turns out, however, that the monograph is for the most part a disappointing translation, with an even more disappointing short Introduction, which hardly constitutes a study. The first and longest section (eight pages of the Introduction) raises a number of questions about authorship, all of which are answered in a cursory and far less than satisfactory manner. The sections that follow, all of which are very short, deal with Sunami's education, social milieu, and presentation of the text. Thereafter, in the space of no more than two pages, the “value of the work” is considered, and this is followed by a chronological list of “known hisba treatises.” The issue of theory and practice, implicitly raised in the title, is addressed in fewer than two pages, and poorly at that, considering how fundamental an issue this is. In sum, little in this Introduction constitutes, properly speaking, a study of the text. At best, it provides background information about the treatise and its author, although it does so in a not altogether organized, thorough, or systematic fashion.

Facilitating Sustainable Agriculture: Participatory Learning and Adaptive Management in Times of Environmental Uncertainty

Facilitating Sustainable Agriculture: Participatory Learning and Adaptive Management in Times of Environmental Uncertainty

Comparison of the Frictional Properties of Several Popular Arborist Blocks

Commercial arborists spend much of the workday managing friction. In some places, friction is needed, but in others it can be a hindrance; the arborist block is one place friction is not wanted. This device is attached to the tree and supports a rope used to lower wood during pruning or removal operations. When a short section of rope is led from the wood to the block, then a much longer section from the block to the ground, friction will cause the force in the short leg to be larger. This short leg of rope, with limited rope fiber, is required to absorb more energy than the corresponding longer leg. In the extreme case, this may lead to failure of the rope, and hence motivates the desire to quantify the friction that may be present in this device. Three blocks were tested for the coefficient of static friction during raising and lowering. The friction coefficient was nonlinear with the load being managed, and ranged from 0.049 to 0.99 over all the loads and among the 3 blocks.

The centenary of the British Food Journal, 1899‐1999 – changing issues in food safety regulation and nutrition

Describes the life history of the British Food Journal, its changing editorial team, ownership and editorial focus. The authors have used much wider source material than the archives of the journal, now in its 100th year. The journal was always closely identified with the safety of food, its adulteration and the government’s duty to safeguard the public. The second section reviews the profession and role of the public analyst, in particular the history and development of the Society of Public Analysts. The next and longest section of the monograph is devoted to an interesting examination of food safety, nutrition and food manufacturing issues over the last 100 years. Many of the points raised are illustrated by excerpts from papers written in BFJ and included as Appendices to the monograph. Food irradiation was first raised as a subject in the journal in 1928! Bread and milk as staples in the British diet are looked at in some detail in terms of their ingredients and health properties. Some appendices have been included just for interest and provide brief snapshots of some of the main food concerns of the time, e.g. The Pure Food Society, the food we eat, food poisoning, a world food policy, the packaging of foods, food hygiene. Plus ça change ...

Balancing Sex and Love since the 1960s Sexual Revolution

The longing for an enduring intimate relationship and the longing for sex are connected, but not unproblematically. Throughout this century, a `sexualization of love' and an `eroticization of sex' have continued, but only since the Sexual Revolution the traditional lustbalance of a lust dominated sexuality for men and a complementary (romantic) love- or relationship-dominated sexuality for women has come under attack. The article describes and interprets these developments, focusing on the (difficulties accompanying) relational and psychical processes. It argues, for example, that the emancipation of women and their sexuality (complement of the accommodation of men and their sexuality) has intensified both erotic and sexual awareness as well as both types of longings. The article is divided into two longer sections. The first is subdivided according to the four phases that are distinguished. The second attempts to interpret and explain these changes by presenting them as regularities in all processes of integration and civilization.

The author of the Fonthill Letter

The Fonthill letter has recently been described as ‘one of the most interesting of the corpus of documents which illustrate the working of the Anglo-Saxon law’. It tells a story that is too complicated to summarize here, but the text is now readily accessible alongside a translation and wide-ranging commentary. For present purposes it may be sufficient to say that the letter was written to King Edward the Elder of Wessex (899–924) by the godfather of a troublesome character called Helmstan. The first and longest section of the letter begins with an allusion to Helmstan's theft of a belt and ends with his surrender to his godfather of five hides of land at Fonthill (Wiltshire). Helmstan gave up this land in return for his godfather's support in an oath that Helmstan had to take to defend his title to it against a third party. His godfather promised that Helmstan could continue to occupy the property for his lifetime, provided that he behaved himself. He thus held it under what was in effect a life-læn or lease. All this happened in the reign of King Alfred, some years before the letter was written. The story was told to Alfred's son and successor after the author had exchanged the Fonthill land with the bishop of Winchester and wanted the king to confirm the arrangement. The account is written in the first person but the godfather's name is not given. J. M. Kemble, however, took it that the author of the letter was a man called Ordlaf who is mentioned, in the third person, in the second section of the letter.

The Gender Division of Labor and Family Change in Industrial Societies: A Theoretical Accounting

This paper explores the reasons for the plethora of well-known changes that characterize the family as social institution in the closing decades of the twentieth century, changes sometimes labelled a second demographic transition (Lesthaeghe, 1992) . Our purpose is to develop theoretical explanation of the processes that link economic expansion in the decades since the end of World War II to number of family changes shared by industrial nations: to explain how macrostructural change affects individual decision making and the gender division of labor, resulting, at the aggregate level, in cross-nationally similar changes in the structure and functioning of the family as social institution. We will not be concerned with explaining differences among nations on any variables. Our central thesis is as follows. Since the post-World War II recovery, industrial nations have undergone profound transformations in their economies that have had the net impact of significantly expanding the demand for women's participation in the formal labor force, specifically in service occupations. The timing and extent of this transformation have been variable cross-nationally, but nearly all nations that were industrialized prior to that war had begun to experience it by the early 1970s. In turn, the array of family changes observed in recent decades is function of social psychological processes resulting from major shift in the gender division of labor by which women have come increasingly to resemble men in their rates of labor force participation, within context where men have not come to resemble women in their domestic/familial work. In the first section of this paper we present change data for 21 industrial nations for the decades 1960 to 1990 for variables concerning the labor force, post-secondary education and four family-related phenomena. These data will be used to demonstrate the fact that, regardless of cross-national variation in the extent and timing of change, there is overwhelming uniformity in the direction of change. In the second, longer section we develop process model that attempts to explain these uniformities among industrial nations. I. Documenting Change: 1960-1990 In this section, after describing the sample, we first examine percentage change in the sizes of four labor forces: total, total service in(ustry, [emale ana female service industry. We next present data on change in post-secondary school enrollment rates of women. Finally, change rates in the following family-related variables are presented: total fertility, first marriage and first birth rates for three age cohorts, and divorce rates. The Sample Our sample consists of 21 industrial nations. They comprise all those listed in the World Development Report as Industrial Market Economies, plus the highest three of those listed as Middle Income, for 1960 (World Bank, 1981: Tables 5, 6 and 7). National rankings were based on three measures: GNP/capita, GDP/capita and per capita energy consumption. In our tables, nations are listed in the rank order provided by this report. We chose the 1960 rank order because, wherever available, that year constitutes our base year for examining changes in labor force, education and family variables. It is likely that, with the exception of some nations that did not have market economies after World War II, virtually all nations that were substantially industrialized prior to that war are included in the sample. We have omitted all non-market economy nations because the available data are less reliable and because our later discussion presupposes level of individual freedom not generally available in those nations during the decades in question Labor Market Expansion and The Demand for Women's Labor Later in this paper we will argue that the impetus for family change originated in the expanding demand for women's labor that arises in industrial nations from economic expansion generally and from expansion of service occupations specifically. …

Helping people change—an ethical approach?

This paper is a normative analysis of an empowerment approach in health promotion. In particular it utilizes two increasingly influential idioms of normative analysis (analytic health care ethics and Foucauldian analysis) to evaluate the ethics of 'helping people change'. The HEA pack entitled 'Helping People Change' (HPC) is used as an exemplary case study and as a starting point for analysis; but the implications are intended to be more wide ranging and the purpose of the analysis is two-fold. First, ethical discussion is presented as an important dimension of the substantive evaluation of HPC-type interventions (i.e. interventions which emphasize support for voluntary change). Second, it is presented as a means of comparing and contrasting the role of the two normative idioms in such ethical evaluation. The aims and the underlying rationale of the HPC pack are set out Analytic health care ethics is represented by the well-known 'four principles' approach and the longest section of the paper applies each of these principles in turn (beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy and justice) to the HPC pack. It is argued that for each principle there are ethical difficulties attaching to HPC-type interventions. This is (albeit superficially) paradoxical given that such interventions are arguably exemplary and are self-consciously 'ethical'. It is here that a Foucauldian perspective presents a sharp contrast According to such

The Celtic languages Edited by Donald MacAulay (review)

REVIEWS565 The Celtic languages. Edited by Donald MacAulay. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Pp. xvii, 466. Reviewed by Nancy Stenson, University of Minnesota The ninth book in the Cambridge University Press Language Surveys series deals with the six Insular Celtic languages, with greatest attention given to the four languages surviving as community vernaculars—Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Breton, and Welsh—and shorter chapters on Cornish and Manx. The intent is to provide a descriptive overview of each modern language, a goal which is on the whole successfully achieved. The opening chapter, 'The Celtic languages: An overview', by Donald MacAulay (1-8), surveys the establishment of the Celts in their modern-day territories, their linguistic affiliations, and a few noteworthy typological features common to all the languages. Except for brief mention in the overview, Continental Celtic, or Gaulish, is not covered in this volume. The remaining chapters are 'The Irish language', by Cathair Ó Dochartaigh (11-99); 'The Manx language', by Robert L. Thomson (100-36); 'The Scottish Gaelic language', by Donald MacAulay (137-248); 'The Welsh language', by Alan R. Thomas (251-345); 'The Cornish language', by Alan R. Thomas (346-70); and 'The Breton language' by Elmar Ternes (371-452). Each chapter begins with fairly extensive, valuable sections entitled 'Historical and social perspective', covering external history of each language, areal distribution, sociolinguistic status, and dialect variation. Remaining sections are grouped under the headings 'Syntax ' (with subsections covering such topics as sentence types, word order, ellipsis, tense, aspect, and modality) 'Structure of the phrase' (constituentlevel syntax, with sections on NP, VP, and PP), 'Morphology' (inflectional and derivational), 'Sound system' (consonants, vowels, syllable structure, stress, pitch, and intonation), and 'Morphophonology' (mainly initial mutations, and a few language-specific alternations). The major strength of the volume is its presentation of comparative data for the six languages, since the grammatical information for any given language is readily available elsewhere, often in more detail. For a brief overview of the grammars, however, there is an advantage to having all six available in a single volume, with easy cross-reference, and this is what the book aims to provide. Chapters are arranged in parallel format, so that one can either read through all sections on a single language or find the six parallel sections on, say, inflected prepositions, or 'be', or vowel inventories, for immediate comparison. Some flexibility was permitted in following the chapter outlines, and this affects crosslanguage comparability in certain sections. Some departures from the common organization are justified by differences among the languages or by the lesser availability of data for Manx and Cornish, but others are harder to explain, such as the extensive reordering of the syntax sections in the Breton chapter and the complete absence of sections on ellipsis, aspect, complementation, and modality in Breton. The organizational structure itself sometimes obscures comparability. Authors clearly did not interpret all section titles uniformly, so that similar headings sometimes contain very different material, and similar 566LANGUAGE, VOLUME 70, NUMBER 3 (1994) phenomena across languages may appear in different sections. Thus, the subsection on noun morphology labelled 'Inherent classes' discusses gender in the Irish chapter and count/mass/collective distinctions in the Brittonic languages, and is omitted altogether from the Manx and Scottish Gaelic chapters, although the latter has separate sections for both gender and countability. Similarly, the syntax sections 'Parataxis and hypotaxis' all cover coordination (with and without overt conjunctions), but the Irish, Gaelic, and Breton chapters also briefly mention various forms of subordination. Ternes (Breton) and MacAulay (Gaelic) discuss the construction called 'absolute' in Breton (and introducing a nonfinite verb or verbless predicate) in this section, but the analogous construction in Irish is dealt with in the section 'Other sentential features'. The 'Verb phrases' section also produces very different results from language to language. The VP is variously identified as consisting of finite verb plus subject (Irish), auxiliary, verb, and inflection (Welsh), all major sentence constituents (Manx), and the verbal noun plus object of progressive constructions (Gaelic). Breton, the one language analyzed as SVO and thus easily describable in terms of VPs, has the longest section, covering a variety of verbal syntactic phenomena not mentioned for the other languages or covered elsewhere. Parallel structure...

Homelessness: A Prevention-Oriented Approach

The burgeoning literature on homelessness in America has been plagued by the elusiveness of a commonly accepted definition and a plethora of descriptive studies without adequate controls.Homelessness: A Prevention-Oriented Approachis a superb book, edited by Rene I. Jahiel, MD, PhD, that clearly details our historical and scholarly knowledge of this very painful consequence of persistent poverty in America. With somewhat less clarity, the book makes a stalwart attempt to describe a prevention-oriented approach to this complex problem. The first and longest section is a masterful and well-written collection of essays on the demographics of homeless people. Homeless individuals and families in urban and rural America are an eclectic group whose common characteristics are limited: living in abject poverty without a home. This group includes families with children, adolescents and youths, middle-aged men and women, and the frail elderly; they are veterans, victims of domestic and sexual violence, workers

Novel and Romance: The "Odyssey" to "Tom Jones." (review)

170 EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FICTION 3:2 Hubert McDermott. Novel and Romance: The "Odyssey" to "Tom Jones." London: Macmillan Press, 1989. xi + 257pp. In dûs slim but ambitious study, Hubert McDermott sets out to show diat works like "Pamela and Clarissa were simply «workings of models already in existence" (p. ix) and that "die novels of Richardson and Fielding represent a distinct highlight, but not a separate beginning" in die history of fiction (p. xi). McDermott spends die first hundred pages of his study looking at what he sees as die real beginning in "Ancient Narrative Modes": die Odyssey and Greek and Latin romances. His argument in dûs section can be summed up in his final paragraph on the Odyssey: "It can truly be said mat die Odyssey shows die capacity of romance to express die dark and complex trudis of life unavailable to realism. ... It is little wonder diat die Odyssey, both in its incidentals and in its overall pattern, became die model for all later romances" (p. 23). If we have come to question every assumption mat such sentences make, that does not mean diat tiiey do not contain sometiûng more or less cogent. McDermott reminds us diat prose fiction is not a development of die modem era and diat in recent studies classical models are often overlooked. In die ancient romances he finds all the patterns that later novelists develop and suggests a broad range of narrative devices as represented in works ranging from Ninus and Semiramus (in 100 BC) to Aethiopica (tiûrd century AD). His lively plot summaries are helpful in reminding us of die wealtii of dûs material; and even when he is discussing works which are familiar, such as The Golden Ass, his insights can be valuable. When he says, though, diat "Samuel Richardson was certainly not the first writer of fiction concerning 'procrastinated rape,' since this is what Greek romance is all about" (p. 28), we can be forgiven for wondering what die terms of analysis really are. At times, it seems diat McDermott is solely concerned widi technical innovation: "To claim diat Daphnis and Chloe was influenced to any extent by die pastoral poetry of Theocritus, is to detract from the achievement of Longus. There is little doubt diat die idea of placing Daphnis and Chloe in a pastoral setting was suggested by pastoral poetry, but in every odier respect Longus must be regarded as an innovator" (p. 57). The writer, in dûs case as in many odiers, seems to want to have it bodi ways. He neidier seriously addresses die question of pastoral conventions nor deals widi recent arguments concerning their value. If the book has a diesis, it concerns these early works and the degree to which tiiey anticipate later fiction. But is dûs really the right question to be asking? Were Greek and Roman romance writers as interested in technical innovation as McDermott suggests? His certainty about the relation of particular works to one another and of audiorial intention to fictional form is remarkable: "An analysis of die Satyricon, as fiction, must begin by acknowledging diat die work is a parody of ancient romance, and intended as such by its audior" (p. 71). The certainty with which McDermott makes diese claims masks his unwillingness to question his notions of "influence," "parody," or "intention." The study necessarily suffers from such glibness, at least among tiiose who are unwilling to take so much for granted. McDermott spends less dian ten pages on a section called "Medieval Romance," arguing as he does that "English narrative was in a state of utter moribundity in die fifteendi and early sixteendi centuries, and was only rescued from imminent deatii by die introduction of Spanish picaresque and newly translated Greek romances" (p. 96). His interests obviously lie elsewhere. In a longer section on "Pre-Eighteendi-Century Romance" he spends most of his time examining die classical sources of seventeendi-century romance, discussing "die general patterns of [various] stories" (p. 136) in an attempt to show diat diese works are really a reworking of classical themes. He dien turns to Richardson and Fielding. REVIEWS 171 McDermott's discussion of Richardson is...

Pediatric Neurology: Principles and Practice

This book and its predecessor,The Practice of Pediatric Neurology, is to child neurologists what Harrison'sPrinciples of Internal Medicineis to internists. It is the most comprehensive textbook of the specialty. There are 79 chapters, 18 of which were written by Kenneth Swaiman, who also edited the contributions of 43 different authors. Despite the many contributors, the attractive format and clear style are preserved throughout. The five chapters (67 pages) of part one, all written by Dr Swaiman, are devoted to the neurological examination at different ages. Part two (two chapters) reviews electroencephalography, evoked potentials, and the spinal fluid examination. Part three consists of 15 chapters on manifestations of neurological disease, and the last and longest section of the book, part four, comprises 50 chapters (more than 900 pages) on specific diseases. Because of the many contributors and inevitable time lag between solicitation of manuscripts and their publication, there

Experimental observation of spectral tuning in twin-segment double quantum well (DQW) AlGaAs diode laser

Wavelength tuning of the spectral gain peak in an asymmetric twin segment DQW AlGaAs laser over 6 nm has been achieved by varying a reverse bias current to the shorter segment with high forward injection in the longer section. Tuning is attributed to bandgap narrowing at high charge concentrations, allowing the optical wavelength to hop across 70 consecutive modes. >

A Gertrude Stein Companion: Content with the Example , and: Gertrude Stein and the Making of Literature (review)

Reviewed by: A Gertrude Stein Companion: Content with the Example, and: Gertrude Stein and the Making of Literature Michael Hoffman Bruce Kellner , ed. A Gertrude Stein Companion: Content with the Example. New York: Greenwood, 1988. 368 pp. $49.95. Shirley Neuman and Ira B. Nadel , eds. Gertrude Stein and the Making of Literature, Boston: Northeastern UP, 1988. 270 pp. $30.00. These two books exemplify the latest turn in Gertrude Stein's evolution toward the unequivocal status of a major writer. No longer an outsider or marginal, Stein is now one of the innovative modernists, like Joyce, Eliot, and Woolf. In addition, because she is also seen more and more as exemplifying the characteristics of "postmodernism," she appears in much of the recent critical discourse as both modernist and postmodernist, a figure at the beginning of each period. With the elevation of Stein's status, these books follow models that we associate with more canonical authors. Bruce Kellner's book resembles The Walt Whitman Handbook or a Reader's Guide to . . . , although it is an eccentric variation on those modes. Neuman and Nadel's is the first full-length volume (not originally a special issue of a journal) to contain all new essays on Stein, discussing her within a variety of critical contexts as in a volume on Woolf or Joyce. A Gertrude Stein Companion: Content with the Example (note the pun on "content") is a reference text. The more pedestrian of the books, it is nonetheless likely to remain useful longer. Organized for straightforward referral, it contains the following sections: 1) An introduction entitled "How to Read Gertrude Stein," which gives Kellner's version of how to read her and explains the book's construction. It is full of common sense about Stein's career but adds little to our knowledge. 2) "Ex Libris: The Published Writings of Gertrude Stein"—also by Kellner—contains one-page descriptive essays as well as elementary bibliographical information. This section will be particularly useful to first readers of any of Stein's books. The readings are straightforward and frequently opinionated; the tone is causal and occasionally quirky. 3) This is a collection of writings from a variety of hands appropriately entitled "Compositions as Explanations"; it includes pieces by Marianne DeKoven, Ulla Dydo, and Marjorie Perloff, all of them represented by different essays in Neuman and Nagel. DeKoven's "HaIfIn and Half Out of Doors: Gertrude Stein [End Page 279] & Literary Tradition" discusses Stein's position on the modernism/postmodernism axis. She suggests that in its free play Stein's writing violates, subverts, deconstructs "the dominant modes of patriarchal writing." Ulla Dydo's essay examines Stein's manuscripts. She questions the claims that Stein never rewrote, because the remaining manuscript copybooks contain many notes and early versions of a number of her works, including handwritten comments in Alice Toklas' hand. Marjorie Perloffs "Six Stein Styles in Search of a Reader" is a convincing descriptive account of what Perloff claims to be Stein's six major styles. The rest of the section includes several not very interesting poems about Stein by a number of writers. 4) The longest section is "Friends and Enemies: A Biographical Dictionary" prepared by Bruce Kellner, Priscilla Oppenheimer, Paul Padgette, and Margaret Woodbridge. It contains brief (from one paragraph to three pages) biographical essays about almost every consequential individual in Stein's literary life. The tone is casual, often judgmental, and usually lively, and the section presents material useful for all Stein scholars, both beginners and experts. It would have benefited, however, from more careful editing because the text contains a number of errors. For instance, René Crevel's birthdates are given as 1901-1939, but he is said to have "committed suicide at the age of thirty-four"; the "douanier" Rousseau's death is said to have occurred in 1919 (it was 1910). A fifth section contains, in alphabetical order, quotations from Stein on a series of topics designed to exhibit her as a source of aphoristic wit and wisdom. Another section contains a good annotated bibliography of the major secondary works on Stein. There is also a bibliography of works consulted and cited in the various reference sections of...

Medical statistics: overview

This paper begins with a discussion of definitions of certain terms to be used, and clarifies the scope of the presentation. It then turns to aspects of libraries and users to clarify the services that may be required. The third and longest section briefly covers the different sorts of data that maybe available in or via libraries under the umbrella term medical statistics, and points to other sources of material.

Reflections on the implementation of the million houses programme

This paper is an attempt at unravelling the vital inner experience of the Million Houses Programme (MHP). It does so through an examination of the implementation of its two main low-income sub-programmes, the Rural Housing Sub-Programme (RHSP) and the Urban Housing Sub-Programme (UHSP). Of the two implementation exercises, the RHSP represents the older and more mature experience covering a period of 2 years and 7 months (March 1983 to September 1985), while the UHSP is only 9 months old (January to September 1985). Therefore, there is a bias towards the RHSP experience. For the purpose of the paper, these two sub-programmes jointly make up the Million Houses Process. While the focus throughout is on implementation, implementation itself is seen as a process. This emphasis on process is deliberate, for not only has it been central to our perception of the MHP, but it is equally key to our drawing generalisable lessons and principles from it. The reflections are part narrative, part comment and part analysis. But comment and analysis predominate. The reflections are presented in five sections: (1) Process as performance; (2) Process tested; (3) Breakthroughs strengthen the process; (4) Challenges in the process; (5) Principles summarised. Process as performance presents the essentially quantitative outcomes of the MHP, which justify deeper investigation of its working. Process tested deals with the pilot actions which acted as a necessary transition, prior to national implementation. Breakthroughs strengthen the process is the longest section. It attempts to summarise and evaluate the core experiences of the Million Houses Process. Challenges in the process deals with persisting and unsolved problems. Principles summarised is an attempt at restating the principles of support-based housing as derived from the implementation process examined here.

The Effects of Context: Carlyle and the 'Examiner' in 1848

By 1848, the first full year ofJohn Forster's editorship of the Examiner, he and Thomas Carlyle had become closely acquainted and Forster was acting as the older man's literary agent.1 It was to be expected that the Examiner would provide Carlyle with a platform from which he could pronounce on major issues of the day. In 1848 the Examiner was a weekly of sixteen pages. Its first and longest section, 'The Political Examiner', usually began with a substantial leading article and continued with shorter pieces on political or social subjects, plus an occasional invited contribution. Then came 'The Literary Examiner' and, invariably, 'The Theatrical Examiner', where Forster had made his reputation as a reviewer. The three 'Examiners' comprised the 'original' part of each number. The rest, about eight pages, was culled from other publications: background information, extracts from Hansard, miscellaneous social, political, and literary snippets, financial news, and, finally, three or four pages of advertisements. During I848 Carlyle contributed three essays on political subjects: 'Louis-Philippe' (4 March, pp. 145-46), 'Repeal of the Union' (29 April, pp. 275-76), and 'Legislation for Ireland' (13 May, p.308). Each was included in 'The Political Examiner' as an unannounced bonus for regular readers. Those readers, of course, read the Examiner for its other, familiar features, and so would have read their way towards or away from each essay by Carlyle. That is, most, almost certainly all, of those readers read each essay in context. This article studies the relationship between essay and context, and so is much concerned with the holistic character, the total effect, of each issue. In research on periodicals 'holistic problems' have received 'comparatively little attention'.2 One reason for this may be that such research has been dominated by the historian and the literary historian. Though their work is obviously essential to a full understanding of any periodical, that understanding remains incomplete without awareness of a periodical's formal literary characteristics. The apprehension, for example, of an issue's unity,

The Medical Teacher

This is a new book, in paperback, written by experts in medical education from Australia with a few chapters from the United Kingdom and the United States and divided into five sections. The first section, concerned with "The Learner," reminds the teacher of the somewhat unique characteristics of medical students. They are relatively homogeneous with respect to intellectual ability, but may vary considerably in performance because of individual differences in perseverance, manual skills, and personality, to name a few, and also because of the teaching and examining methods employed. However, 95% of medical students are capable of learning to a high performance level if provided with appropriate opportunities. The second section is a brief one on "The Teacher," which discusses ways in which a teacher can gain feedback in teaching performances in order to decide which teaching skills need to be developed or improved. The longest section, "Methods," deals with