Logic Transformation Research Articles

LEA-SIoT: Hardware Architecture of Lightweight Encryption Algorithm for Secure IoT on FPGA Platform

The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the emerging technology in today’s world to connect billions of electronic devices and providing the data security to these electronic devices while transmission from the attacks is a big challenging task. These electronic devices are smaller and consume less power. The conventional security algorithms are complex with its computations and not suitable for IoT environments. In this article, the hardware architecture of the new Lightweight encryption algorithm (LEA) for the secured Internet of things (SIoT) is designed, which includes Encryption, decryption along with key generation process. The New LEA-SIoT is a hybrid combination of the Feistel networks and Substitution-permutation Network (SPN). The encryption/decryption architecture is the composition of Logical operations, substitution transformations, and swapping. The encryption/decryption process is designed for 64-bit data input and 64-bit key inputs. The key generation process is designed with the help of KHAZAD block cipher algorithm. The encryption and key generation process are executing in parallel with pipelined architecture with five rounds to improve the hardware and computational complexity in IoT systems. TheLEA-SIoT is designed on the Xilinx platform and implemented on Artix-7 FPGA. The hardware constraints like area, power, and timing utilization are summarized. The Comparison of the LEA-SIoT with similar security algorithms is tabulated with improvements.

The logic transformation of the scenic byway system to the linear experience space transformation

The logic transformation of the scenic byway system to the linear experience space transformation

Thought Experiment as a Logical Transformation in Transreal Logical Space

In this article, from the concepts of formal causality and logical transformation, defined with transreal numbers, I intend to re-analyze the famous Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen paradox (the EPR paradox), according to which Quantum Mechanics is incomplete. In order to make such an analysis of the paradox, I present a general definition of thought experiments, in terms of the concept of logical transformation in a transreal logical space, and show that the EPR paradox, in broad outlines, bases the incomplete character of Quantum Mechanics on the fact of not having a formal causality between the ideal and concrete worlds of quantum theory - these concepts, the “ideal and concrete worlds”, by their turn, are inspired by the work of the American physicist Wolfgang Smith.

Hábitat rural en el norte de Mendoza, Argentina. Transformaciones económicas y configuración habitacional en ausencia del bien hídrico

El objetivo es analizar las estrategias económicas desarrolladas por las comunidades puesteras Huarpes a partir de los procesos de desertificación (ambiental y social) que impactan en la organización del hábitat rural del noreste de la provincia de Mendoza. El caso de estudio es el Pueblo originario Huarpe y los cambios producidos desde el siglo XXI. La metodología(*) se enmarca en una lógica de investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa, con un diseño descriptivo-explicativo y una triangulación de instrumentos. Algunos de los instrumentos de recolección de datos utilizados fueron: relevamiento de puestos como unidad de análisis arquitectónico, entrevistas en profundidad, encuestas y talleres participativos. Como resultado se obtiene un proceso de transformación de la lógica habitacional rural dispersa hacia una lógica concentrada, como consecuencia de las estrategias económicas según la disminución total del bien hídrico superficial del área.

Auto Fluorescent Cells, Including Mesenchymal Stem Cells, are Indeed Amenable to Flow Cytometric Analyses

Flow cytometric analysis is a valuable technique for identification and characterization of cells. However, flow cytometric analysis of auto fluorescent cells requires careful consideration. In particular, the outcome of fluorescence compensation in the presence of significant autofluorescence poses a challenge to the interpretation of multicolor flow cytometric data. In this paper, we explain the mathematical basis of fluorescence compensation and the effects of autofluorescence, both in theory and applied to mesenchymal stem cells, which are notoriously auto fluorescent. We illustrate how failure to understand the consequences of compensation can easily lead to critical errors in data interpretation, particularly when autofluorescence is involved. In the process, the common pitfalls of flow cytometric analysis of mesenchymal stem cells are presented, as are the simple measures necessary to avoid them. Specifically, the counterintuitive concept of "negative fluorescence values" is explained and exemplified, and the phenomenon of "population broadening" is addressed. Researchers must be acutely aware of the effects of compensation on the positioning of cells. We recommend always displaying data in biexponential or logical transformations and advice to include fluorescence-minus-one controls to establish thresholds of positivity.

Realizing the transformation of logic gates in a genetic toggle system under Lévy noise

This paper aims to investigate the different logic gates and its transformation in a genetic toggle system under square wave signal and Lévy noise. The logical information transmission of the repressive protein concentrations of the genetic toggle system are studied. The logic gates NOR/OR for the repressive protein concentration are explored by the logic relationships. Also, the transformation from the logic gates NOR/OR to logic gates NAND/AND is explored through the adjustment of system parameters and Lévy noise parameters. What's more, the logic latch gates NSGN/SNG are also explored for the information storage. According to the obtained logic gates NOR/OR and NAND/AND and the logic latch gates NSGN/SNG of the repressive protein concentration, the two-dimensional logical success probability of the logical information transmission concerning the pairwise parameters of stability index, skewness parameter and noise intensity of Lévy noise are analyzed respectively. The effects of those Lévy noise parameters on the logical information transmission for the obtained logic gates are analyzed. In addition, the logical stochastic resonance is studied in the genetic toggle system. It is found that Lévy noise with the certain intensity can greatly induce logical stochastic resonance, and optimally promote the logical information transmission for the realized logic gates of NOR/OR and NAND/AND and the logic latch gates NSGN/SNG.

PIMap

Modern FPGA synthesis tools typically apply a predetermined sequence of logic optimizations on the input logic network before carrying out technology mapping. While the “known recipes” of logic transformations often lead to improved mapping results, there remains a nontrivial gap between the quality metrics driving the pre-mapping logic optimizations and those targeted by the actual technology mapping. Needless to mention, such miscorrelations would eventually result in suboptimal quality of results. In this article, we propose PIMap, which couples logic transformations and technology mapping under an iterative improvement framework for LUT-based FPGAs. In each iteration, PIMap randomly proposes a transformation on the given logic network from an ensemble of candidate optimizations; it then invokes technology mapping and makes use of the mapping result to determine the likelihood of accepting the proposed transformation. By adjusting the optimization objective and incorporating required time constraints during the iterative process, PIMap can flexibly optimize for different objectives including area minimization, delay optimization, and delay-constrained area reduction. To mitigate the runtime overhead, we further introduce parallelization techniques to decompose a large design into multiple smaller sub-netlists that can be optimized simultaneously. Experimental results show that PIMap achieves promising quality improvement over a set of commonly used benchmarks, including improving the majority of the best-known area and delay records for the EPFL benchmark suite.

Startup Thermal Analysis of a Supercritical-Pressure Light Water-Cooled Reactor CSR1000

Supercritical-pressure light water-cooled reactors (SCWR) are the only water cooled reactor types in Generation IV nuclear energy systems. Startup systems, and their associated startup characteristic analyses, are important components of the SCWR design. To analyze the entire startup system, we propose a wall heat transfer model in a paper, based on the results from a supercritical transient analysis code named SCTRAN developed by Xi’an Jiao tong Tong University. In this work, we propose a new heat transfer mode selection process. Additionally, the most appropriate heat transfer coefficient selection method is chosen from existing state-of-the-art methods. Within the model development section of the work, we solve the problem of discontinuous heat transfer coefficients in the logic transformation step. When the pressure is greater than 19 Mpa, a look-up table method is used to obtain the heat transfer coefficients with the best prediction accuracy across the critical region. Then, we describe a control strategy for the startup process that includes a description of the control objects for coolant flow rate, heat-exchange outlet temperature, system pressure, core thermal power, steam drum water-level and the once-through direct cycle loop inlet temperature. Different control schemes are set-up according to different control objectives of the startup phases. Based on CSR1000 reactor, an analytical model, which includes a circulation loop and once-through direct cycle loop is established, and four startup processes, with control systems, are proposed. The calculation results show that the thermal parameters of the circulation loop and the once-through direct cycle meets all expectations. The maximum cladding surface temperature remains below the limit temperature of 650℃. The feasibility of the startup scheme and the security of the startup process are verified.

PREVENTING AND EXITING VIOLENCE: ADOMAIN FOR SOCIOLOGY?

Preventing and exiting violence is a central problem of social sciences. Violence-related information mainly comes from medical specialists, consultant psychiatrists, experts, lawyers, diplomatic officials, representatives of NGO and others. Today this area of knowledge needs a separate discipline operating at individual and group level (recovery of victims or punishment for abusers), national level (building democracy or justice during the interregnum) and global level (for example, how the ISIL activities will shape the situation in the Middle East). Nonetheless, the idea of transformation of violence, crisis logic, discourse and institutional conflicts is core.

Impact of Flood Danger in Built-Up Areas in Nigeria and Floor Management Systems for Espousal

Tendency of flood danger happening often and size in built up areas in Nigeria, caused man to take steps of providing flood mitigation as remedy against flooding. Diverse flood danger regulation standard was implemented in various region of the universe yet flood occurrence perseveres. This paper appraises key sources of floor hazard in cities along with different floor risk regulation standard in order to develop acceptable floor danger mitigation standard for built up areas. Pertinent information for analyzing the component of flood risk and tendency in flood danger mitigation standard were obtained through corresponding empirical learning and theories. The outcome shows the incapability of non-structural as well as structural standard to totally terminate flood happenings. Flood hazard in cities can sustainably minimize by consolidating present measures together with partial logical transformation of land operation to its natural position.

Multi-Phase Obfuscation of Fault Secured DSP Designs With Enhanced Security Feature

Digital signal processing (DSP) cores are an integral part of consumer electronics devices. This paper presents a novel methodology for obfuscation of transient fault secured circuits. The approach presented obfuscates fault secured DSP circuits such that the functions of the resulting hardware become non-obvious to an adversary (hindering reverse engineer process). The proposed methodology employs hybrid transformations in succession such as redundant operation removal, resource transformation, and connectivity change using tree height transformation, logic transformation, etc. These are achieved without affecting the functionality of the underlying DSP circuits or requiring significant increase in silicon footprint. The proposed methodology integrates an enhanced fault security feature using multi-cuts that ensures maximum detection capability against transient faults in the DSP circuit. Results of proposed approach indicate stronger obfuscation and enhanced fault security at lower design cost (avg. reduction ~14%), compared to prior art.

A system for transformation of sentences from the enriched formalized Node of Knowledge record into relational database

Verbalized text contains knowledge necessary and sufficient for transfer of numerous human cognitions. The question is how this knowledge was saved into text. Authors believe that they found an important idea how to assemble knowledge into nodes of knowledge. Similar methods in the field of knowledge networks exist, but none of them does it in the same way as the Node of Knowledge (NOK) method. Basic terms and concepts in a language are represented in words whose meaning is final and cannot be divided in subterms. More complex meaning can be achieved by combining words in sentences. According to authors’ opinion, each sentence includes connective medium for words in the sentence (related to semantic reasons), which is inwrought in the Node of Knowledge method. Using the Node of Knowledge method each sentence can be presented as a network of connected words. This network is enriched with links between words so a computer can interpret meaning and knowledge of the sentence in the same way an intelligent person does. A formalized and semantically enriched record of sentences (called Formalized Node of Knowledge – FNOK) is developed. Authors find that in this way, even without statistical text analysis, an algorithm can give correct answer to a question set based on written text. This paper presents the system for transformation of textual knowledge expressed in natural language sentences into a relational database. The system is a part of a larger knowledge-based system based on the Node of Knowledge (NOK) conceptual framework for knowledge-based system development. This paper starts with sentences written in the formalized and enriched form for which a logical transformation into the structure of a relational database is proposed. The system and algorithms for the transformation of formalized sentences into n-tuples of the relational database are distributed and represented in several steps. The research has shown that it is possible to store semantically enriched sentences in relational databases. The solution presented in this paper is important for further development of the system for receiving questions from users and providing answers (i.e. question-answering system), with the ability to use well-developed relational SQL languages. Relational database of texts enables numerous applications in the field of expert and intelligent systems.

The rise of statins in Denmark: Making the case for a localized approach to the routinization of pharmaceutical prevention of cardiovascular disease

This article provides a socio-historical account of the rise of preventive medicine in Denmark by exploring details of how pharmaceutical cholesterol-reduction became routinized as a standard of care. While other accounts of mass-prevention with statins primarily focus on the role of the pharmaceutical industry, we aim to show how routinization in a welfare state with free access to healthcare and where direct-to consumer advertisement is prohibited bring to the fore other actors and entities that are pivotal for the transformation of new treatment logics. Based on the close scrutiny of three decades of discussions in the Danish Weekly Medical Journal and interviews with key experts, we point to the important role of general practitioners as the main executors of preventive medicine in practice. Furthered by the introduction of new techno-scientific innovations such as guidelines and assessment tool, the routinization of statins in Denmark happened as a bottom-up process championed by a local group of therapeutic reformers who successfully manoeuvered the realms of science, politics and practice in order to transform contested global evidence into the very foundation of a new standard of care. We argue that localized processes of routinization are incredibly important for any understanding of pharmaceuticalization.

Exploring the Role of Instruments in the Transformation of Logics: The Case of Socially Responsible Investment

The purpose of this article is to explore the role of in the transformation of institutional logics and their associated practices at the micro level. Based on an ethnographic study, this article compares two working groups — one responsible for equity and the other for fixed-income investments — in an asset management company attempting to integrate new demands for socially responsible investment (SRI). These two working groups both sought to change their investment processes through the introduction of new calculative devices. The equity group was perceived to be more successful than the fixed-income group in introducing SRI because of its greater ability to fabricate calculative devices capable of between financial returns and social responsibility. Elaborating on these findings, the article argues that can effect institutional change when actors come to believe that available are sufficiently flexible and incomplete to act as mediating instruments between practice and institutional change.

Activism and Abdication on the Inside: The Effect of Everyday Practice on Corporate Responsibility

While mainstream CSR research has generally explored and argued for positive ethical, social and environmental performance, critical CSR scholars argue that change has been superficial—at best, and not possible in any substantial way within the current capitalist system. Both views, however, only address the role of business within larger systems. Little attention has been paid to the everyday material CSR practice of individual managers. We go inside the firm to investigate how the micro-level acts of individual managers can aggregate to drive transformation of the macro-level business logic. We draw on the strategy-as-practice approach to organize our research. The study reveals two orientations towards the integration of personal ethics into the workplace: abdication and activism. These orientations are supported by managerial practice such as reproductive and coping tactics (abdication) and covert and overt tactics (activism); and, three enabling conditions of activist practice: empowerment and psychological safety, moral shock, and morality praxis. While our findings illustrate the tremendous challenges managers face when attempting to influence organizational practices towards their ethical and environmental aspirations, we also show that under specific conditions, individual managers can become fully engaged advocates and drivers of positive change from the inside. In so doing, our individual-level analysis of intrapreneurship provides a more complex picture of the possibilities for positive change than have been previously put forth by mainstream and critical CSR research.

Model transformation using logical prediction from sequence diagram: an experimental approach

Recent trends on software development life cycle (SDLC) deal much on automatic processes that leads to time and cost reduction. In the era of model driven architecture (MDA), unified modeling language (UML) models are the backbone of any developing software. A minimum of 5 models out of 14 models need to be designed to completely visualize any software. The proposed logical prediction model transformation automates the transformation of two models from the sequence diagram. Each model carries same information of the other models in different aspects to visualize the requirement constraints in different dimensions. In order to take the advantage of this, sequence diagram has been considered as a pioneer from MDA approach to generate other models automatically. Information such as elements, attributes, relationships, etc., of the sequence diagram are extracted using XML object model parser. The extracted information from sequence diagram combined with the pre-defined logical prediction rules, generates the elements and relationships of other models. The outcome of transformed information is rendered by PlantUML structure to produce the desired model. The experiment undertaken has been focused to generate class diagram and activity diagram based on the pre-defined logical prediction rules. It also confirms the transformation process proposed, generates suitable and appropriate class and activity diagrams. This transformation process has a scalability to generate any model from the other model based on proper logical prediction rules. This automation proposal eases the task of designer in design engineering phase of the SDLC.

Governance Logic and Basic Systems of the New “Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China”: A Focus on Social Co-Governance

To modernize food safety governance, we must carry out basic restructuring of its internal logic at the national level to reflect the features of contemporary Chinese society that shape food safety. This will entail establishing an overarching, macro-level conception of food safety that integrates “baseline safety”, “hub safety”, “co-constructed safety” and “endogenous safety”. These four dimensions of safety represent four fundamental requirements of food safety governance in modern Chinese society, which is a “risk society” (Beck 1992) and one that is also complex, open and pluralist. These requirements are: maximum legal liability, a unified, authoritative and efficient supervision system, a concept of social co-governance, and enterprises being the primary entities accountable for food safety. This article uses this analytical framework to interpret the basic contents of the newly revised Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China, and uses a focus on social co-governance to present the institutional highlights of this law and the transformation of the internal logic of food safety governance.

Formal foundations for software model to model transformation operation

Software model transformation operations are central operations in Model-Driven approaches. In order to represent software models, graphical modeling notations, for example UML, are used. Quality of software model, obtained after transformation, influences on further operations with this model. Thus, it is important to design formal approaches for model to model transformation that are grounded on analytical and mathematical tools. These approaches should provide a background for flexible adopting software model transformational techniques for peculiarities of specific software development lifecycle model. Challenges to mathematical tools and transformation rules that are involved to designing of model to model transformation approaches are formulated in this paper. The ground of mathematical tools choice that is based on these challenges is performed. An approach for performing model to model transformation, which is based on graph transformation, is presented in this paper. Transformational operations are considered on meta-level and concrete level. On meta-level choosing of mathematical tools for representing of transformation stages and transformational artifacts are grounded. Software models are represented as graphs. Initial information for transformation is represented as a set of sub-graphs. Transformation rules are composed using second and first order logics. On the level of the first-order logic all software model elements that participate in transformation are considered. In the level of second-order logic transformation rule considers types of software model element that are participate in the transformation. Proposed approach is extensible and may be used for extend functionality of model to model tools that process software models. For example in MEDINI QVT there is no direct ways to compose a model to model transformation rule that considers those software models elements that have no direct links. Problems in programming 2018; 2-3: 124-131

Identifying and understanding entrepreneurial decision-making logics in entrepreneurship education

PurposeIt is unclear how nascent entrepreneurs make decisions during the venture creation process. The purpose of this paper is to investigate decision-making logics and their transformation over time among student entrepreneurs who aim to create new business ventures in the higher education setting.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs the mixed methods approach through the use of survey and observation data. The longitudinal survey data comprise three surveys collected via an internet-aided tool. The constructs of causation and effectuation are measured using previously tested scales (Chandler et al., 2011). Non-participant observation data were collected during the course, focussing on the venture creation processes of four different start-ups, and were analysed thematically.FindingsThe findings show three transformation patterns – doubts in how to proceed, unwillingness to proceed, and unsatisfactory team dynamics – that led individuals towards a coping decision-making logic in which no causation or effectuation is emphasised. The findings illustrate that, despite this stage of decision-making logic, the learning process continues: Even if no new business venture is launched, entrepreneurship education can still generate learning outcomes that improve students’ understanding of entrepreneurship as well as understanding of themselves as entrepreneurs.Originality/valueThis study brings the theories of causation and effectuation into the teaching of entrepreneurship. Of particular value to scholars is the fact that the study generates new understanding of the decision-making logics during new venture creation. Accordingly, this study sheds new light on the transformation and complementarity of the decision-making logic of an individual as new ventures emerge in an educational context reflecting the real-life start-up context.

DSP design protection in CE through algorithmic transformation based structural obfuscation

Structural obfuscation offers a means to effectively secure through obfuscation the contents of an intellectual property (IP) cores used in an electronic system-on-chip (SoC). In this work a novel structural obfuscation methodology for protecting a digital signal processor (DSP) IP core at the architectural synthesis design stage. The proposed approach specifically targets protection of IP cores that involve complex loops. Five different algorithmic level transformation techniques are employed: loop unrolling, loop invariant code motion, tree height reduction/increment, logic transformation and redundant operation removal. Each of these can yield camouflaged functionally equivalent designs. In addition, low cost obfuscated design is generated through proposed approach through the use of multi-stage algorithmic transformation and particle swarm optimization (PSO)-drive design space exploration (DSE). Results of proposed approach yielded an enhancement obfuscation of 22 % and reduction in obfuscated design cost of 55 % compared to similar prior art.