ABSTRACT This article reconstructs Giambattista Vico’s verum–factum principle by situating it within the early modern problem-space of epistemic authority and by tracing its internal development across Vico’s corpus. It argues that verum–factum becomes fully operative only when coordinated with Vico’s ‘rational civil theology of divine providence,’ forming an integrated architecture across three interdependent axes: theological (God as creator-knower and horizon of truth), anthropological (finite human knowing as realized through human making), and hermeneutical (providence as an immanent rationality that renders the civil world intelligible). Distinguishing the epistemic–metaphysical formulation of verum–factum in De antiquissima from its methodological deployment in the Scienza Nuova, the article shows, through close reading of Vico’s philological, juridical, and rhetorical procedures, how providence functions not as an external miracle-cause but as an operator of historical intelligibility. Finally, it clarifies the paper’s contribution to debates on the genealogy of understanding by framing Vico’s relation to later historicism and hermeneutics as a controlled, mediated, retrospective affinity rather than as direct transmission.

ABSTRACT Prior to the enactment of the Contract (Third Party Rights) (Scotland) Act 2017, Scots law permitted third parties to derive an enforceable benefit from a contract via a jus quaesitum tertio which was irrevocable from its creation. This article examines the historical reasons for the irrevocability requirement, focusing on the formulation of jus quaesitum tertio in James Dalrymple, Viscount Stair's Institutions of the Law of Scotland. A comparison is made to Roman-Dutch law, where jus quaesitum tertio was revocable before acceptance by the third party. It is argued that Stair's Calvinist natural law framework led him to adopt a different approach to the creation and revocability of third party rights from Hugo Gortius, whose own natural law ideas were developed within an Arminian framework. This is a more important explanation for the differences between the two jurisdictions than either divergences in legal practice or the influence of canonist or civilian ideas.

Abstract At the dawn of the Renaissance, the role of classical antiquity in the economy of salvation was a topic of intense discussion. Marguerite of Navarre’s Les Prisons provides a unique vantage point for understanding the use of the past during this period. In the poem, Socrates is depicted as a figure enlightened by the Spirit, transcending the limits of human reason. This favorable portrayal suggests a harmonious and teleological perspective on history, which stands in contrast with Augustine’s Confessions , a core model for Les Prisons as demonstrated in detail. Through this lens, the study contributes to a more precise understanding of the dynamic and learned theological exploration of the queen of Navarre, highlighting the nature of her work as at once original and deeply engaged with contemporaneous debate.

This study develops a historical educational game titled Pertempuran Ambarawa to address the persistent challenge of low student engagement and limited contextual understanding in history classrooms, where learning is often dominated by memorization-based instruction. To provide a more interactive and reflective learning experience, the game integrates a branching narrative structure, 2D action RPG mechanics, and stealth–strategy minigames within the Interactive Digital Narrative (IDN) framework. This approach is intended to enhance learners’ historical reasoning by situating them in decision-based scenarios that mirror the complexities of the Ambarawa Battle. The game was implemented in Unity with 2D pixel-art aesthetics and evaluated through a pre-test–post-test design involving 25 junior high school students. Results show a significant improvement in historical comprehension, with mean scores increasing from 59.2 to 79.2 and the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test yielding p = 0.00077 (p < 0.05). User experience was assessed using the GUESS-18 instrument, achieving an overall rating of 4.29 (Very Good), with the Education and Branching Narrative dimensions receiving the highest scores. These findings indicate that narrative interactivity and contextualized gameplay meaningfully contribute to learning effectiveness. Overall, the study demonstrates that combining branching narratives with RPG-based exploration provides a compelling alternative learning medium, offering both pedagogical value and strong user acceptance in history education.

This study critically analyzes the dialectical encounter between Jacques Derrida’s Deconstruction of the Biblical Logosentrisme and Herman Bavinck’s Internal Witness of the Holy Spirit (ITHS) as the decisive epistemological solution. Derrida’s critique, centered on différance (the deferral of linguistic meaning), exposes the text’s vulnerability at the level of human language, consequently fostering skepticism and hermeneutical relativism in the postmodern era. Utilizing a qualitative, dogmatic-philosophical method, this research argues that while Derrida's analysis accurately reflects the limitations of fallen human reason, it is ultimately rendered irrelevant to the believer. ITHS functions as a supranatural act of illumination, strategically shifting the anchor of certainty from the vulnerable object (the text) to the sovereign action of the Holy Spirit. The Spirit effectively bridges the différance gap, implanting an autoptistic and certain conviction regarding the Logos's authority. This synthesis supports presuppositional apologetics, establishing ITHS as the primary warrant that safeguards the Biblical Logos as the final and binding truth against contemporary relativism

Azae Ḥawāse Khamsa Ẓāhira—the five external sensory organs—is the cornerstone of the historical development of medical and philosophical thought. This study offers a novel historical-comparative analysis. It elucidates the specific methodological differences between Greek philosophical reasoning and Arabic empiricism, and demonstrates how this shift drove concrete anatomical advancements through detailed historical tracing. Through the works of Aristotle, Hippocrates, and Galen, Greek tradition established the epistemological framework of the five senses, primarily within a philosophical context. However, these early interpretations often lack clinical and gross anatomical precision. During the Islamic Golden Age (8th–13th centuries Common Era [CE]), Arabic medicine rose as scholars like Hunayn ibn Isḥāq, Al-Rāzī, and Ibn Sīnā critically engaged with Greek texts, translating, revising, and expanding their scope. By integrating clinical observations and empirical methods, Greco-Arabic medicine significantly advanced the concept of Azae Ḥawāse Khamsa Ẓāhira, laying crucial groundwork that demonstrably foreshadowed developments in modern neuroanatomy and ophthalmology. Crucially, these findings underscore the enduring diagnostic and therapeutic principles that are directly traceable to Greco-Arabic refinements. This provides concrete evidence of their active role in shaping modern Unani medical curricula, thereby offering a more nuanced understanding of how Unani medicine has historically continued.

In the course of advancing globalization a common communicative language is required for the smooth functioning of all kind of human affairs across the world. All the countries have their own mother language/first language and many of them are linguistically great; but they don’t fulfill the global need of communication. In the world of today every country, big or small, depends for something on other countries for several reasons. If they don’t share a common communicative language, it is almost impossible for them to execute their dealings with one another. In such a situation, a communicative language is essentially required. A proper examination of the issue brings the fact to our cognizance that due to some historical reasons and modern education development, the English language is used as a communicative or associate language in most of the countries. Today, the international trade, civil aviation, transfer of technology, the pursuit of modern knowledge, every kind of discourse and other such modern life affairs find expression through English language. Actually, during the mid of the twentieth century almost all colonies of British Empire became free. Along with political freedom, the people of these countries started boycotting the English language considering it to be the language of their exploiters. But very soon, within a decade or so, they realized the use of English language and readopted this language either as a second or an associate language. Till recent years countries like China, Japan, Korea, Thailand and some others used to use their first language in all human affairs; however, they had to face inconvenience in dealings particularly in the international affairs. Consequently, they also started introducing English learning courses in their education curricula. Now, British Council and many other organizations are working globally for the expansion of English language. It is believed that the English language will remain the common communicative language across the globe for a long time to come. Key words: globalization, common communicative language, global, cognizance, historical reasons, trade, technology, civil aviation, diplomacy, international affairs, modern education, industries, socio-economic condition etc.

This paper analyses Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih’s The Distaste of the Earth (2024), with particular attention to the representation of anthropomorphic speech in animals, to argue that animal speech in the text serves as a narrative strategy to critique and redefine the anthropomorphic boundaries between human and non-human beings. The analysis focuses on Ka Dorbar U Laiphew Jingthaw, “the council of diverse creatures” (Nongkynrih, The Distaste of the Earth 256), to illustrate how Nongkynrih employs animal voices to challenge and subvert the hierarchical authority and linguistic dominance associated with human reason and rationality. Overall, this paper underscores the significance of storytelling in shaping and negotiating cultural values, power structures, constructions of identity, and through which ethical awareness of interconnected ecological relationships is cultivated.

While The Islamic Moses might suggest that the book is about the Prophet Moses in Islam, the reader might find it has more to do with Moses Maimonides and Moses Mendelssohn and the various intellectual currents that flowed through Islamic and Judaic thought over thirteen centuries.For the author, this comprised a productive and highly symbiotic "Judeo-Islamic tradition" that came to an end only in the last century.While The Islamic Moses is light in its account of the Qur'an's most extensively depicted prophet, it is a book for its time -completed in the wake of the October 7, 2023 round of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.It succeeds in outlining a comprehensive -even if a sometimes gratuitous -history of Muslim and Jewish relations.In writing this history, Akyol effectively cites primary sources across several source languages, mostly from within the Middle Eastern cultural milieu.For Akyol, the Jewish-Muslim relationship can be broadly characterized by a rough start in seventh-century Medina (enshrined in the Qur'an and the sr literature, the earliest records of Muslim-Jewish encounters), followed by an oft-productive Convivencia under Pax Islamica that peaked under "the Ottoman Haven," until finally devolving into a bitter and protracted conflict sparked by the Zionist project in Palestine, with the relationship now in its "darkest hour."For Akyol, Jewish-Muslim conflicts (even in Medina) have never been religious, but political.Most recently, competing nationalisms have driven the conflict, and over the centuries, it was largely Christian Europe (first the Byzantine persecution of Jews and later the antisemitic literature from Eastern Orthodox Lands) that played disrupting roles in what was otherwise a rather harmonious relationship.The book begins with chapter 1, "The Moses of Mecca" which looks at the birth of Islam in Mecca, which Akyol succinctly summarizes by narrating the traditional account of the Prophet Muhammad's early life, experience of revelation, and his fellow Meccans' initial response.Akyol's free use of sr (biographical) literature seems odd, as later in chapter 8, he expresses revisionist attitudes towards the authenticity of hadith literature, whose chains of transmission historically underwent more rigorous verification than those of the early Meccan sr reports.It is worth pointing out Akyol's revisionist attitudes towards the hadith, as this is a reoccurring theme throughout the book, and for Akyol, a means of excluding hadith inconvenient to Jewish-Muslim relations as well as those more generally out of place in a liberal world.Taking his cue from Goldziher, Akyol writes approvingly of making the Qur'an the primary source of Islam, "while judging the hadith corpus, including its ethical content, in the light of the Qur'an and universal human reason."But as the historically-broad book shows, "universal human reason" makes for a fickle criteria, as it is bound to change according to time, place, and dominating ethos (no less religious vs. secular).While this approach allows Akyol to make the case for a more agile Islam in line with liberal values, it invariably diminishes the role of a major source of Islamic practical

Opera has always represented more than mere entertainment; it has represented a reflective index of society’s power and status constructs. Looking at three case studies, this paper will show how composers used musical language as a representation on ethical concerns of society during their time. Beginning with Monteverdi's L’Orfeo in 1607 and through to Mozart's Le Nozze di Figaro in 1786 and Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen in the 1850s and 1870s, each epoch of opera history represents a different construct for sound and power. Monteverdi blended divine order and musical harmony; harmony became equality in Mozart’s works; and Wagner reinvented power in relation to national will. The final project will examine how political ideologies and social constructions are immanent in harmony and performance. The works of Kotnik and others will illustrate how opera has developed in direct relation to Europe's shifting ideologies of power—from holy power to human reason to collective will. By comparing and contrasting these case studies, this paper will demonstrate not only the reflective purpose of opera when it comes to political change, but also how it has actively shaped the public understanding of power, class, and equality.

Indonesian language learning in analysing information at primary school requires students to have critical thinking skills in understanding, interpreting, and drawing conclusions from texts. However, learning that is still dominated by conventional methods causes students to be less active and have difficulty identifying important information and providing logical reasons. One of the contributing factors is the limited use of interactive learning media. This study aims to develop interactive animated videos on the subject of analysing information to improve the critical thinking skills of Phase C students at SD Muhammadiyah Wiwitan, Luwu Regency. This study uses the Research and Development (R&D) method with the ADDIE model, which includes the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The research subjects consisted of 25 fifth-grade students. Data collection techniques included observation, interviews, questionnaires, expert validation, and pre- and post-tests. The results showed that the interactive animated video developed was highly valid based on the assessment of subject matter and media experts. The practicality test showed that the responses of teachers and students were highly practical. In addition, the effectiveness test showed an increase in students' critical thinking skills based on a comparison of pretest and posttest results.

India’s constitutional framework reflects a unique model of governance often described as quasi-federal, where federal principles coexist with a strong centre. The study begins by explaining the nature of India’s quasi-federal structure and the historical and constitutional reasons behind the adoption of a strong centre, highlighting governor’s role as a key constitutional bridge between the union and the state. The paper further explores the constitutional meaning and position of the Governor as defined under the Constitution of India, followed by an analysis of the process of appointment, tenure, and removal. It also discusses the salaries, allowances, privileges, and immunities attached to the office, reflecting its constitutional dignity and independence. A detailed examination of the Governor’s powers is undertaken, covering executive, legislative, judicial, financial, and veto powers. In addition, the research critically engages with recent constitutional controversies surrounding the office of the Governor, especially debates concerning delays in assent to bills and the exercise of discretionary authority. Judicial developments, including the State of Tamil Nadu vs. Governor of Tamil Nadu case, issues relating to the use of the pocket veto, and the 2025 Presidential Reference under Article 143, are analyzed to understand evolving constitutional interpretations and their implications for cooperative federalism. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for clearer constitutional conventions, judicial guidance, and cooperative federal practices to maintain the balance between Union supremacy and state autonomy. Ultimately, the research highlights that strengthening constitutional morality and institutional accountability is essential to preserving the spirit of Indian federalism and ensuring harmonious Centre-State relations.

The main railway line which spans from Colombo Fort to Badulla, is one of the nine railway lines of Sri Lanka Railways (SLR). The track alignment of the upcountry section (Rambukkana to Badulla) of the main line was defined about 150 years ago and it has a number of bends with sharp curves. Curved railway bridges are the bridges having railway bends on the bridge to bring gradual change of track direction. When considering with the total number of curved railway bridges, around 75% of curved bridges are located in the upcountry section of the main line. Corrosion of the cross girders beneath the inner rail of a railway bend is the most common problem encountered in curved bridges in the main line. In this study, the reason for corrosion of cross girders of curved railway bridges was investigated through a detailed study of two corroded curved truss bridges in the upcountry section of the main railway line. Current strength of bridge materials and its microstructure were investigated with in-situ hardness measurements and microscopic examination, respectively. Validated numerical models were developed and model results showed that cross girder location beneath the inner rail experienced the highest stresses. These higher stresses are the most logical reasons for corrosion initiation of the cross girders. Further, four repair options were proposed to upgrade these two bridges and their respective numerical models were prepared and analysed. Option 1 is the introduction of the trough section which is the common practice of SLR. Option 2 is the increase of web thickness by welding a steel plate on to the web of the cross girder. Option 3 is the attaching of two steel plates to the top and bottom flanges of cross girders. Option 4 is the combination of Options 2 and 3. Repair Option 1 was not feasible since analysed results showed higher stresses than those of the existing bridges. Options 2, 3 and 4 showed lower stresses than those of existing bridges. Considering the economical and practical aspects of railway operation, it was concluded that Option 2 (increasing web thickness only) is the optimum repair option for the strengthening of corroded curved railway bridges.

A considerable amount of attention has recently been paid – in academia, policy and the arts sector in the United Kingdom – to the idea of ‘everyday creativity’, yet the significance of everyday creativity for cultural policy has not been explored beyond a preliminary overview. Prompted by the question of how policymakers might engage with everyday creativity while retaining integrity and coherence, this article integrates theory and practice into a discussion of everyday creativity’s ‘policy interface’. We propose a twofold framework of everyday creativity as a phenomenon (something people voluntarily experience) before proceeding to discuss everyday creativity as a policy construct (something people are structurally encouraged to experience). We review the established scholarly literature on everyday creativity, alongside the recent efforts to identify policy incentives for organisations such as Arts Council England to support everyday creativity. In seeking to make sense of these developments by placing them in the broader theoretical framing of ‘everyday life’, we consider the wider historical, structural and ideological reasons as to why everyday creativity may be attractive to some political formations. We thereby offer a discussion of both everyday creativity in Arts Council England policy, and an attempt to critique the concept from a theoretical perspective. We suggest that everyday creativity remains ill-defined in research and incongruous as a policy construct and that this may be a source of its strength in resisting institutionalisation and operationalisation in cultural policymaking. We conclude by suggesting that recent interest in everyday creativity may prompt pragmatic policy suggestions about how existing cultural assets are used, and whether they could be better employed to support a wider array of activities. Crucially, we note the potential to move the discourse of cultural policy forward, beyond the repetitive and entrenched dichotomies of lived and objectified culture, and thereby bringing about a much-needed realisation that the institutionalised forms of culture and the ‘ordinary’ are inter-connected.

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The purpose of the research is to identify the main aesthetic principles of the productions of the Moscow Kamerny Theatre (MKT) in 1943-1949, as well as the historical reasons that influenced their transformation. The article examines the theatrical decorative art of the Moscow Kamerny Theatre under the direction of A. Ya. Tairov during the final phase of the theatre’s existence. The author analyzes the historical patterns that affected the aesthetics of Tairov’s theatre and their transformations, as well as the scenographic solutions of key productions. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that, for the first time, a detailed analysis of the MKT scenography of the little-studied period of 1943-1949 is carried out in connection with the historical events of the country and the artistic life of postwar Russia. As a result of the research, a number of basic aesthetic principles of the Kamerny Theatre’s scenography at this stage are identified, both those that underwent transformation and those that remained unchanged, against the backdrop of the expressionist worldview that was fundamental and unshakable for A. Ya. Tairov. At the same time, it is demonstrated that the scenographic explorations of the Kamerny Theatre’s artists were always maximally integrated into the context of Russia’s artistic life.

This study explores the application of substantive justice principles in Indonesia’s criminal justice system through the lens of natural law philosophy. Natural law demands a paradigm shift from rigid legal formalism toward an approach that emphasizes moral, humanitarian, and contextual justice values. Within this framework, law is not merely seen as a set of written rules, but as an expression of universal moral principles derived from human reason. The thoughts of philosophers such as John Rawls, Aristotle, and Jeremy Bentham reinforce the urgency of substantive justice, particularly in protecting vulnerable groups, restoring social balance, and achieving public benefit. This research employs a qualitative method with juridical and philosophical approaches, focusing on analyzing the role of law enforcement officials in implementing substantive justice through criminal sentencing. The findings reveal that the prevailing legalistic approach hinders the realization of substantive justice. Major obstacles include unequal access to justice, low integrity among law enforcers, and the dominance of retributive punishment. Although restorative justice practices are beginning to emerge, their implementation remains limited and inconsistent. The study recommends strengthening legal aid for vulnerable groups, internalizing ethical values in legal education and training, and developing policies aligned with substantive justice principles. Collaboration between the state, civil society, and academia is essential to building a criminal justice system that is not only repressive but also transformative and capable of serving as a means of social restoration that upholds human dignity.

This investigation assesses the reciprocal engagement between the Hellenic philosophical corpus and the emergent theological idiom of early Islam, focusing on the Abbasid epoch when the institutionalised pacemaking of the Translation Movement matured. The inquiry sharpens on the epistemic predicaments of the predominant doctrinal triad—Mu'tazilah, Asy'ariyah, and Maturidiyah—whose constructs exacted a selective retrieval of the Hellenistic inheritance. Through a conjunction of historical contextualisation and close philological scrutiny, it interrogates axial substantive questions, including the nexus of reason and revelation, the divine attributes, the modality of volition, and the semiotic status of the Qur'ān. The interpretive outcomes disclose that the Greek legacy engendered more than passive inheritance; it provoked an agonistic dialogue that sporadically oscillated between assimilation, refraction, and creative integration. Mu'tazilah rationalism, yielding a predilection for demonstrative syllogism and a metaphysics of divine justice, incorporated Aristotelian logical schemata; by contrast, Asy'ariyah and Maturidiyah wrought a composite idiom registering revelation within stringent logical confines. The magisterial refutations of al-Ghazālī, which circumscribed the epistemic locus of non-prophetic reason, emerge as a historical fulcrum that consolidated the theological nomenclature and defined, within normative Islam, the extents of speculative scrutiny. Thus, this article addresses a gap in the literature by offering a systematic, comparative reconstruction of how Greek philosophical reasoning was selectively appropriated, contested, and normatively integrated within the formative schools of Islamic theology.

In a fast-changing and evolving world, we need more and more flexible and critical thinkers. Critical thinking is a cornerstone of education and a necessity for all human activity. One of the growing problems in an increasingly digital society is the constant loss of dialogue and reflective discussion in the learning process. In pedagogical practice, critical thinking is effectively exercised through discussion and questioning. Philosophical discussion with the support of the Philosophy for Children programme is a good way to support pre-school children's critical thinking and reasoning skills. The aim of this follow-up qualitative study was to describe different questioning techniques during group-discussion utilising the Philosophy for Children programme in order to scaffold Estonian preschoolers' reasoning. The data was collected during an 8-month period through philosophical group-discussions engaged five- to six-years-old children with 20 observations from five groups (N=58). Transcripts from group-discussions were analysed using qualitative analysis. The findings indicated that the functions of a discussion leader´s open- and closed-ended questions varied depending on the children´s responses and behavior. Eight functions for open-ended questions and five functions with five parallel functions for closed-ended questions are described. Some closed-ended questions can support higher-level thinking in cases where they prompt children to compare, hesitate, or explain. A model for asking questions in group discussions was prepared, providing guidelines for asking questions in a purposeful manner, based on the function of the previous question and the child's answer. The informed understanding of questioning techniques is useful to identify how kindergarten teachers can scaffold children during group-discussions.

This article deals with the puzzling fact that the manuscript AM 28 8vo, ‘Codex runicus’, was chosen as base manuscript in the most recent scholarly edition of the old provincial law of Scania, prepared by Johs. Brøndum-Nielsen in 1933. Like all his predecessors as editors of the law, Brøndum-Nielsen wanted to use the manuscript which preserved the most archaic language available, and according to his own research in the nineteen twenties this language was not represented by Codex runicus, but by the totally neglected or misjudged manuscripts Stockholm B 69 and B 74. In a retrospective view of the scholarly editions of the law hitherto published (Stockholm 1676, Copenhagen 1853, Lund 1859 and Copenhagen 1933), Brøndum-Nielsen’s choice would rather seem to be the last stroke in a protracted Swedish-Danish ping-pong match concerning which manuscript of the law was the oldest and had the most archaic language. Inevitably, the onlytwo contemporaries among the editors, the sensitive P.G. Thorsen (1853) and the belligerent C.J. Schlyter (1859), got into a rather unfortunate confrontation, also involving the solitary Danish philologist, Edwin Jessen. The article offers a brief presentation of editors as well as editions, and an attempt is made to identify the historical, ideological, scholarly and/or practical reasoning behind each choice, Brøndum-Nielsen’s in the 1933 edition included. – Codex runicus is introduced separately as a most important, although verytricky, player in the story.