Logic Of Knowledge Research Articles

Research on Organizational Human Resources Knowledge Structure Model Based on the Perspective of System Engineering Methodology

The importance of studying organizational human resources knowledge structure is self-evident for organizational human resources selection and training. It is also significant for organizations to conduct knowledge management and gain competitive advantages. In this way, how do we understand the relationship among the knowledge structure owned by the organizational human resources, the functional levels and the business process situated, and the logical thinking applied? This is what this paper will further explore. This paper aims to help organizations define the demand structure and distribution characteristics of human resources’ functional knowledge, business process knowledge, environmental knowledge, logical thinking knowledge, based on the situated functional levels of human resources. Furthermore, it endeavors to provide a framework for determining the knowledge system and structure which are closely related to human resources selection and training. From the perspective of System Theory, each organization is an independent system. The work of any individual within the organization is one part of a system engineer. Naturally, system engineering methodology becomes its methodology. Based on the four-dimensional structure of system engineering methodology, this paper analyses human resources knowledge structure from the perspectives of function levels, environment, process and logic, and further constructs the organizational human resources knowledge four-dimensional structure model (HRKFDM). The knowledge of organizational human resources is closely related to business process, environmental conditions, function levels and thinking logic. The organizational HRKFDM shows that organizational human resources knowledge is made up with functional knowledge dimension, environmental knowledge dimension, process knowledge dimension, and logical knowledge dimension. In the problem-solving process with logical thinking and decision-making, human resources need to comprehensively use the functional knowledge, environmental knowledge, process knowledge and logical knowledge. In each knowledge dimension, the functional knowledge, environmental knowledge, process knowledge and logical knowledge requirements for grass-roots workers, middle-level workers, and senior workers follow trapezoidal distribution, yamagata distribution and trapezoidal distribution respectively. The organizational HRKFDM can be used as an important reference framework for promoting organizational learning, as well as an instruction for organizational learning, knowledge management, building a learning organization, and developing the core competence of an organization.

Dokazivanje u postupku računovodstvene kontrole

The most important phase in legal proceedings is the stage of proving, which fully refers to the control procedure. The facts on which the decision in the control procedure is based are determined by proving. Proving is an unavoidable action in the procedure, which, among other things, implies certain knowledge of logic. It is a complex logical action, which is often in the sphere of superficial interest, because of its complexity. For these reasons, first-instance decisions in the control procedure often have more serious shortcomings - inconsistency of the dispositive of the decision with the explanation, incompleteness of the factual situation which must explain the orders in the dispositive, and even contradictions of the dispositive with the explanation of the decision. In order to overcome these omissions in practice, special attention should be paid to the issue of proving in the control procedure.

Execution of the state (municipal) contract in the sphere of public procurement: law enforcement problems

The purpose of the article is to study the problematic aspects on the execution of state contracts for public needs. The object of the research is the analysis of the social relations between the state customer and the supplier concerning efficient execution of contract obligations. The subject of research is the legal rules of civil legislation and the public procurement legislation. In order to achieve the set goal, the questions of correlation of expertise under the legislation on the contractual system in the field of public procurement and civil legislation were raised, and the existing practice of application of the designated norms was studied. As a result of the research, certain difficulties have been identified in law enforcement practice in the implementation of norms for the acceptance of performed work. Some proposals were made to improve the norms on mandatory examination of the result of execution under government contracts. Some conclusions were also made about the possibility of the customer to involve an independent expert according to the norms of civil law in case of dispute, about the proper behavior of the parties in case of a discrepancy between the results of examinations carried out separately by the customer and the contractor, about the allocation of the burden and costs of conducting a mandatory expertise of state contract execution, etc. Author used popular (dialectical) method of knowledge, methods and techniques of formal logic (analysis, synthesis, induction, derivation, etc.) and special methods of knowledge (including formal-legal, comparative-legal, technical-legal, systemic, empirical etc.).

The Impact of Aristotelian Logic on Medieval Latin and Jewish South-European Cultures: Placing and Re-scaling Logical Knowledge

The Impact of Aristotelian Logic on Medieval Latin and Jewish South-European Cultures: Placing and Re-scaling Logical Knowledge

Plato and Antisthenes in the Phaedo: A Reflexive Reading. Part Two

The purpose of this study is not so much to show the presence of Antisthenes in the dialogue, but rather to examine that to which Plato alludes. The controversy over ideas between the two Socratics is histori­cally very well-attested, as can already be seen in the Cratylus. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that this controversy must have affected Plato when he was writing the Phaedo: a dialogue in which the importance of ideas and his new logic is undeniable. Hence, this paper will investigate the following question: what impact could Antisthenes’ denominative and definitory logic have on the equally denominative and definitory logic presented in the Phaedo, given that the latter work in all prob­ability preceded the Sathōn? In light of what is said in the dialogue, the answer focuses primarily on what would not be said. Thus, this study is divided into two parts: Part one shows how the so-called “second navigation” emerges as an objection to the insufficiency of the responses given by the physiologists. Tellingly, certain “common opinions” are regarded as perplexing and individuals holding them are referred to with the indeterminate tis, which – as is argued – must have included Antisthenes. Indeed, Tht. 108c7–8 reports the latter to have made common opinions a cornerstone of his denominative logic. Part two, on the other hand, is devoted to examining the so-called “final argument.” Here, Antisthenes’ presence seems somewhat more nuanced, given his incomplete knowledge of the new logic of irreversible opposites which was worked out by Plato for the purpose of demonstrating the immor­tality and indestructibility of the soul. On the other hand, Antisthenes is likely to have prompted Plato to specify the relationship between ideas and things in the definitory logic, since the proponent of the theory of oikeios logos refused to distinguish between the substance and its attrib­utes, the differences and their opposites, and the opposites of opposites.

Studying the application of signification in linguistics and logic

The topic under discussion is the application of signification in linguistics and logic. Signification in language is an important issue, and without understanding the signification it is impossible to know other parts of the language in linguistics. The purpose of this review is to examine the ways of sharing and differentiating the use of signification in Linguistics and Logic. In this study, initially the significations in linguistics and logic are examined individually and then analyzed and compared. Linguistics is directly and indirectly related to the knowledge of logic and many issues such argument, reasons, inference and rejection and modification of problems are considered in both logic and linguistics. Also, significations in applied linguistics, semiotics and logic are one of the most important issues and it has its own application in both areas. Therefore, it’s analysis has a special significance in both knowledge and makes us better aware of the elements of language such as signification, signifier, signified, the linguistic signs and the role and significance of these elements which contribute to the structure of the language system. In this review, it is indicated that signification is one of the important topics in the sciences of linguistics and logic, and the study and research related to this topic is important to better understand the language. By studying the theories and views of scientists it can be concluded that the role and application of signification in linguistics and logic is the same, and in both sciences, the relationship between signifier and signified is called signification. However, in terms of classification, signification in both sciences has its own types.

Fairness in Resource Distribution: Relationship between Children’s Moral Reasoning and Logical Reasoning

Abstract Introduction: The aim of this study is to examine children’s moral reasoning and logical reasoning processes and the relationship between these two mechanisms. In the present study the focus is on the relationship between the factors such as fair sharing, equality, merit, ownership, opportunity in the resource allocation and logical reasoning among the children aged 5-7. Methods: In this study, which aims to examine how the logical thinking skills differ according to the children’s moral reasoning process, a survey design approach was used. Participants were 92 children aged 5 (female N=13, male N=14) and aged 6 (female N=17, male N=18), aged 7 (female N=17, male N=13). The data collected from the moral and logical reasoning tasks were analyzed in two steps. At the first step the answers of the participants were scored. At the second step their justifications were categorized. To test out hypotheses we used two general linear models to examine the age effects of Age (5-7 years) and Reasoning (equality, ownership, merit, opportunity) on children’s evaluations of the vignette characters’ actions. Age-related changes in children’s evaluation and their logical reasoning skills related to initial distribution and transfer status were analyzed by the variance analysis. Results: Based on the findings of the study it can be stated that the children in the age group of 6-7 evaluated negatively the reward distribution based on the outcomes due to their concerns about the inequality in the opportunities and the violation of the principle of equality. The findings of the study indicate that there is no significant difference in children’s logical thinking skills depending on their age. As a result of the study, it is found that although there is no direct relationship between the moral and logical reasoning processes of children, the children who can reject the AC type inference predominantly emphasize the principle of equality. Although there is no significant relationship between moral reasoning and logical reasoning processes, it can be said that children with higher levels of logical reasoning much more frequently emphasize the principle of equality in moral reasoning process. Discussion: Research indicates that children aged around 5 consider the reward distribution based on the outcomes fair. Older children, on the other hand, evaluate the inequalities in resource distribution as unfair. These findings support the results of the study suggesting that older children consider inequal source distribution both at the first case and at the transfer cases unfair. The children’s approval or disapproval of the transfer varies based on their reasoning processes. They support transfer if they emphasize the principle of equality, but they do not support it if their focus is on the principle of ownership. Older children are found to have a commitment to the principle of equality, and the difference between the 5-year age group and the 6-7-year age group is remarkable in this regard. Similar findings are reported in the previous studies, and it is generally stated that younger children are more selfish and that the tendency to distribute resources equally becomes dominant due to the increase in the age of children. Although there is no significant relationship between moral reasoning and logical reasoning processes, it can be said that children with higher levels of logical reasoning emphasize the principle of equality in moral reasoning process much more frequently. Conclusion: Cognitivists argue that cognition and particularly reasoning have significant roles in making moral decisions. It suggests that children whose logical thinking skills are higher than others understand the necessity of equality to ensure fairness. The basic information on logic should be taught and introduced to the children from an early age. In addition, children should be ensured to use these methods through connections with both daily life and other courses at schools. It is thought that having basic logic knowledge by children will affect positively their cognitive, affective and social development. In order to examine this effect, a logic program including simple logic rules and basic inference types should be developed and the effects of such programs on the cognitive, affective and social development of children should be examined.

Vasily Sesemann’s Theory of Knowledge: Intuition, Logic and Dialectic

Nicolai Hartmann interprets the logic of knowledge as a dialectical process that must reveal the processionality of being itself. Sesemann not only extends Hartmann‘s philosophical insights, but also supplements them significantly. He also understands the knowledge of reality not as an analysis of static objects, but as a dynamic and temporal reconstruction of becoming reality. Acknowledging the limitations of intuition, he returns to the possibilities of logically formed knowledge. Sesemann argues that the logical constructions of knowledge must maintain a connection with primal intuition. However, logically formed knowledge is limited by its static nature. A dialectic is needed to reveal a dynamically changing being. I will begin the article by discussing the relationship between intuition and logical knowledge, then examine the problem of the ideal being and conclude by evaluating the significance of dialectics in Sesemann’s theory of knowledge. According to Sesemann, the dialectic, unlike formal logic, must reveal not the ideal laws of thought, but how live knowledge takes place. Dialectics allows one to analyze being as incomplete and indefinite, as becoming and open to infinite change, it allows one to relate a separate aspect of knowledge to the whole.

A sequential pattern mining driven framework for developing construction logic knowledge bases

One vital task of a project's owner is to determine a reliable and reasonable construction time for the project. A U.S. highway agency typically uses the bar chart or critical path method for estimating project duration, which requires the determination of construction logic. The current practice of activity sequencing is challenging, time-consuming, and heavily dependent upon the agency schedulers' knowledge and experience. Several agencies have developed templates of repetitive projects based on expert inputs to save time and support schedulers in sequencing a new project. However, these templates are deterministic, dependent on expert judgments, and get outdated quickly. This study aims to enhance the current practice by proposing a data-driven approach that leverages the readily available daily work report data of past projects to develop a knowledge base of construction sequence patterns. With a novel application of sequential pattern mining, the proposed framework allows for the determination of common sequential patterns among work items and proposed domain measures such as the confidence level of applying a pattern for future projects under different project conditions. The framework also allows for the extraction of only relevant sequential patterns for future construction time estimation.

COVID-19 and gender infectivity-mortality rate among Pakistani population

Purpose This paper includes regional, behavioral and biological issues of men that lead them to high mortality rate in Pakistan. The study was design to factories the major cause of gender inequality of infection. This study focused on regional, behavioral and biological issues of men that lead to high mortality rate. Design/methodology/approach The statistical datum was collected from the official fact finding documents of Government of Pakistan to analyze the gender-based infection rate and mortality count. It was found that among the population of men in Pakistan, the mortality rate is very high. Findings The epidemiological studies are more threatening because mostly the population which is under real panic comprises older men. Originality/value The author declares that all the data was collected from the most authentic source and applied according to their background and biological, behavioral and logical knowledge.

Pisa 2021: Knowledge of Computational Logic in the Mathematics Exam

Background : the model question that will be present in the PISA 2021 exam, with the insertion of knowledge related to programming logic in the test that re-analyses mathematical literacy, may not effectively assess the students' potential mathematical knowledge, as students are led to solving the question by using the data presented in its statement. Objectives : to analyse a model question that will be present in the new form of evaluation of PISA 2021 regarding the insertion of integrated programming logic with the different literacies. Design : we assume a qualitative study, with exploratory and explanatory research, when it incorporates elements of two investigative designs: bibliographic and documentary research. Setting and Participants : the study was developed based on model questions from PISA 2021 provided by the OECD. Data collection and analysis : the question of PISA 2021 is organised with increasing difficulty and the analysis observes how we understand that the result of questions of a programming logic nature in the Mathematics assessment is moving towards the insertion of a new literacy in the assessed role: Digital Literacy. Results: we highlighted three levels of knowledge of programming logic, with emphasis on the imperative paradigm, used for the design of resolution: recognition of patterns, structures of logical controls and representation by variables. Conclusions : we conclude the students need to be able to assess and use the information critically if they want to turn it into knowledge, recognising patterns and inferring a critical position as to its consequences, aspects that cover what we understand as Digital Literacy.

Why Is Clive Bell, an Artist With No Training in Logic, Mathematics, Statistics or Probability, Being Cited as an Expert on J M Keynes’s a Treatise on Probability?

Keynes had already answered Ramsey’s incoherent( bizarre?) criticism that “… the obvious one is that there really do not seem to be any such things as the probability relations he describes ...on page 36 of the A Treatise on Probability BEFORE Ramsey ever made his criticism. Keynes pointed out that the “…analogy between orders of similarity and probability is so great that its apprehension will greatly assist that of the ideas I wish to convey.” Ramsey completely failed to grasp the analogy between similarity and probability before criticizing Keynes. No where does Ramsey show that he understands the analogy between probability and similarity that Keynes is using. Nor has any philosopher, economist, psychologist, sociologist, historian or decision theorist demonstrated any understanding of Keynes’s argument in the 20th or 21st century. Only in the writings of cognitive psychologists and cognitive scientists is their evidence that Keynes’s position has been understood. I know of NO such specialist who has critiqued Keynes’s position. This means that Ramsey’s critique is based on ignorance on his part. Before one can rationally criticize any argument of any type, the person doing the critique MUST demonstrate that he understands the position he is critiquing. Keynes’s introductory comments on p.36 were then explored in Part III of the A Treatise on Probability in far, far, far greater depth and detail by Keynes. Keynes’s objective probability relations are simply objective similarity relations existing between old known situations and new unknown situations. Human pattern recognition skills involve using resemblance functions based on past memory that projects past knowledge of old situations into new situations, where there are similarities that are seen to exist between the old, known situation and a new, unexplored situation by SOME researchers. One then can come up with a rational degree of belief regarding how some new situation will play out, given the similarities between the old and new situations. Herbert Simon independently rediscovered some parts of Keynes’s Part III analysis in the A Treatise on Probability that dealt with the connection between intuition and induction when he started to analyze the decision making capabilities of tournament chess players in Over the Board competition, where the players must make decisions under time constrain(a clock),in the 1950’s. Simon was a part of the developing fields of Cognitive Science and cognitive psychology that started in the 1950’s.Keynes ‘s positions on intuition, induction, similarity (dissimilarity), resemblances, analogy and pattern recognition are all accepted basic conclusions in these fields. Ramsey’s concept that supposed humans were capable of calculating exact, precise probabilities, using the purely mathematical laws of the probability calculus to make decisions, is completely rejected except as very special case. One very special case would be correspondence (postal) chess where games can last for years. Another special case would be chess computers, like Deep Blue, that were allowed to bring their “book” knowledge of opening, middle, and end game positions (gigantic libraries containing all known variations of past played games) with them to the chess board. Garry Kasparov, the then World Chess champion, defeated Deep Blue 4-2 in 1996 and lost a rematch 2.5-3.5 in 1997. No cognitive scientist or cognitive psychologist would accept Ramsey’s claims about decision making by humans, be it in 1950 or 2020, because all of the empirical and experimental evidence is completely against Ramsey’s position on the ability of humans to use precise probability. It is very annoying to find in recent reviewers of Misak’s book, including Misak’s own commentary on Ramsey, a reliance on a completely and technically ignorant artist friend of Keynes, Clive Bell, who had no idea about what Keynes was doing in the A Treatise on Probability.The reason is simply because he was completely illiterate of any knowledge of mathematics statistics logic, and probability. I find it bizarre that he is considered a legitimate source that supposedly validates Ramsey’s silly, ignorant comments about Keynes’s “objective probability relations”. The argument seems to go like this ,where (a) ,(b) and (c) are the premises of the argument and (d) is the conclusion of the argument: (a) Ramsey was a great mathematical and logical genius (b) Clive Bell lived and talked with Keynes (c) Clive Bell stated that Ramsey’s critique demolished Keynes’s logical theory of probability (d) Ramsey’s critique demolished Keynes’s logical theory of probability This is what Misak’s argument amounts to.

Modelo didáctico para la preparación táctica de los esgrimistas que permita desarrollar la subdirección intellectual.

El camino dialéctico del conocimiento lógico de ascenso de lo abstracto a lo concreto se ha convertido en una solución que contribuye con la operatividad de modelos teóricos y a de encauzar estudios que rigen una transformación social, en este caso, el proceso de preparación táctica de los esgrimistas, a partir de dimensiones y componentes, los cuales permiten concebir el fenómeno con un carácter sistémico y no fragmentado.

Natural logic knowledge bases and their graph form

This paper describes how knowledge bases can be represented in and reasoned with in natural logic. Natural logic is a regimented fragment of natural language possessing a well-defined logical semantics. As such, natural logic may be considered an attractive alternative among the various knowledge representation logics such as description logics. Our version of natural logic expands formal ontologies with affirmative propositions expressing a variety of relationships between concepts. It comprises (nested) restrictive relative clauses and prepositional phrases and, as a new construct, adverbial prepositional phrases. The natural logic knowledge base is to be used for deductive query answering applying inference rules. This is facilitated by introduction of Datalog as an embedding meta-logic. The inference rules are stated in Datalog and act directly on the natural logic formulations. The knowledge base propositions are decomposed into a graph form enabling path finding between concepts. The examples in the paper are derived from text source life-science descriptions.

Çocukların Eşit Paylaşım Davranışının Mantıksal Düşünme Becerileriyle İlişkisi

Bu araştırmanın amacı, çocukların eşit paylaşımı tercih etme/etmeme durumlarına göre, mantıksal düşünme becerilerinin nasıl farklılaştığını incelemektir. Bu kapsamda, çocukların eşit paylaşımda bulunma/bulunmama davranışlarına göre mantıksal düşünme becerilerinin nasıl farklılaştığı ve bu sürecin yaşa bağlı değişimi incelenmiştir. Bu araştırmaya okul öncesi ve ilkokul düzeyinde eğitim görmekte olan 5-7 yaş aralığındaki 104 çocuk katılmıştır. Veri toplama sürecinde çocukların eşit paylaşım davranışlarını incelemek amacıyla iki farklı içeriğe sahip (şeker ve etiket paylaşımı) etkinlikten yararlanılmıştır. Çocukların mantıksal düşünme becerilerini incelemek amacıyla iki farklı çıkarım türünden oluşan üç soru sorulmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda, hem çıkartma hem de şeker kullanılan uygulamalarda çocukların büyük bir çoğunluğunun eşit paylaşım davranışı gerçekleştirdiği görülmüştür. Eşit paylaşımda bulunan çocuklar bu tercihlerinin sebebini genellikle adalet konusuna vurgu yaparak açıklamıştır. Çocukların yaşlarındaki artışa bağlı olarak eşit paylaşım davranışının arttığı görülmüştür. Araştırma sonucunda çocukların özellikle alternatif öncüller üretmelerini gerektiren çıkarım türlerinde zorlandıkları görülmüştür. Bunun yanında çocukların mantıksal düşünme becerilerinde görülen farklılaşmanın eşit paylaşım davranışı sergileme durumuyla ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Kaynak olarak şeker seçildiğinde, eşit paylaşımı tercih eden çocukların yaşça büyük olduğu ve mantıksal düşünme becerilerinin de daha gelişmiş olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çocukların temel düzey mantık bilgisine sahip olmalarının bilişsel, duyuşsal ve sosyal boyutta gelişimlerini olumlu yönde etkileyeceği düşünülmektedir. Bu etkiyi incelemek amacıyla basit mantık kurallarını ve temel çıkarım türlerini içeren bir mantık programı hazırlanarak çocukların bilişsel, duyuşsal ve sosyal boyutlardaki gelişimlerine etkisi incelenmelidir.

How Did Clive Bell, One of Keynes’s Bloomsberry Artist Friends, Become a Recognized Expert on Keynes's a Treatise on Probability, given that He Had No Knowledge of Mathematical Logic, Statistics, Probability or Boolean Algebra?

Clive Bell was an artist.There is no possible way that Clive Bell could have understood/advised Keynes about material appearing in his 1921 A Treatise on Probability or have had any understanding of the roles that intuition and perception played in Keynes’s logical theory of probability unless he had been a rated tournament chess player who understood the important role of intuition and perception, a role that could only be grasped by someone who has actually played Over-The-Board (OTB) tournament chess under time constraint (a clock). The belief that Clive Bell’s recollections/memories about his friendship with Keynes encompass a knowledge of Keynes’s logical theory of probability or Keynes’s concept of the role of intuition in decision making under time constraint are simply nonsense. Bell has been cited in work done by C. MIsak in 2020, that is related to her biography on Frank Ramsey, whose subjective theory of probability was regarded by Keynes as a academic exercise that had very limited applicability in the real world of messy, unclear, ambiguous decision making and in tournament chess, although there is a role for Ramsey’s blunt force approach in Correspondence (Postal) Chess. The failure to understand the relevance of the role of the time constraint in decision making is at pandemic levels in the academic fields of history, philosophy, psychology, economics, political science and decision theory. Consider the following claim made by R. Skidelsky, a historian: “Keynes’s people are thinkers, and he equips them with the tools of thought: logic. Ramsey’s people are actors and he equips them with the tools of action: calculating power.” Skidelsky,1992,pp.71-72). Keynes correctly realized that such calculating power is very rarely used in an OTB tournament chess game. It primarily occurs in opening play and/or in a situation where one player has prepared in advance an innovation (new move) that requires his opponent to be able to avoid a forcing line or lose. Keynes’s decision makers are thinkers who analyze the position on the board using their intuition to perceive the fundamental dynamic elements of the position. It is impossible to make any specific calculation. Ramsey’s decision makers are memorizers who are looking to calculate forced lines OTB that usually do not exist. A rare exception is the following game where memorization and calculating power come into play: White:Towne (USCF -1750) Black: Brady (USCF-1850) - August, 2007 (La Palma Chess Club, Calif., USA) 1)e4 g6 2)d4 c5 3)Nf3 cxd4 4)Nxd4 Bg7 5)Nc3 Qa5 6) Bc4? Qc5! 7)Bxf7 + KxBf7 -/+ and White resigned in forty moves, although he could have resigned at move 6.

Application of basic mathematical skills in the analysis of economic examples

This article examines the issue of the practical application of mathematical skills in teaching school curricula, namely on topics related to economics, and based on the topic "Statistics". It presents key facts about knowledge and applications of logic in a given situation, for the development of "economic" topics. During the study, a test was conducted based on the topics covered. The relevance of the study is due to the demand by the modern school to strengthen the applied economic orientation in teaching mathematics and considering the introduction of a separate subject "Fundamentals of Economics". The foregoing has served as the basis for choosing a research topic, the purpose of which is to study the application of practical skills of grades 8-10 in the applied economic orientation of teaching mathematics.Keywords: mathematics, economic orientation, school program, system of education.

Integrating Deep Learning with Logic Fusion for Information Extraction

Information extraction (IE) aims to produce structured information from an input text, e.g., Named Entity Recognition and Relation Extraction. Various attempts have been proposed for IE via feature engineering or deep learning. However, most of them fail to associate the complex relationships inherent in the task itself, which has proven to be especially crucial. For example, the relation between 2 entities is highly dependent on their entity types. These dependencies can be regarded as complex constraints that can be efficiently expressed as logical rules. To combine such logic reasoning capabilities with learning capabilities of deep neural networks, we propose to integrate logical knowledge in the form of first-order logic into a deep learning system, which can be trained jointly in an end-to-end manner. The integrated framework is able to enhance neural outputs with knowledge regularization via logic rules, and at the same time update the weights of logic rules to comply with the characteristics of the training data. We demonstrate the effectiveness and generalization of the proposed model on multiple IE tasks.

Sociomaterial practices for value co-creation in the sharing economy

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to address the research question of how human actors and technology interact together in practices in the context of a sharing economy. The theoretical foundation of this paper is based on the existing literature about the sharing economy and studies that have been carried out examining value co-creation and sociomateriality.Design/methodology/approachThis paper adopts a qualitative case study method for the empirical investigation. Using theoretical sampling, Xbed, an internet, unmanned and self-service hotel platform based in Guangzhou, China, was chosen for the empirical investigation. The case was built on multiple sources of data, including archival materials, on-site fieldwork and in-depth interviews. Then, the case was interpreted based on a number of theoretical concepts, with a particular emphasis on the sociomaterial perspective.FindingsThis paper shows how human actors and technology interact with one another in a number of interrelated ways, which collectively result in the value co-creation necessary for creating a sharing economy. The authors have found that various forms of sociomateriality (the intersection between technology, work and organization) play a key role in co-creation and that interactions between these sociomaterial assemblages (assemblage-to-assemblage (A2A)) drive the development of a sharing economy. These sociomaterial assemblages have dynamic and evolving characteristics.Practical implicationsThe authors argue that the key to the success of a sharing economy lies in how to engage participating actors with material entities (e.g. technology applications) to form action-enabling sociomaterial assemblages, as well as in determining how these assemblages can be systematically arranged to collectively form a larger assemblage. We suggest that managers need to conceive how relations between the social and the material realms can be structured by adopting a service logic that aims to help the beneficiary function better. The authors also suggest that managers have to consider what assemblages are necessary and how they are connected, to construct a full access-based service.Originality/valueThis paper conceptualizes the sharing economy as a system of value co-creation practices and empirically examines such practices from a sociomaterial perspective. This paper adopts the concept of sociomaterial assemblages to investigate sharing practices, through which the knowledge of the role of technology in the development of a sharing economy is enhanced. This paper also expands the knowledge of service-dominant logic by using a microfoundation perspective to look at the value co-creation that emerges as a result of the interaction between sociomaterial assemblages. These assemblages also act as constitutive elements of a service ecosystem.

EXISTENCE OF NORMS OF LAW AS A PROBLEM IN DEONTIC LOGIC

Problem setting. The existence of the rule of law as a problem of deontic logic is defined in the plane of logical and ontological problems of law, its origin is connected with the Jorgensen dilemma. The study of legal norms as existing established their inconsistency with the ideal of rational science. The existence of contradictions and gaps in the law does not correspond to the principles of consistency and completeness. The study of existing legal norms requires the further development of deontic concepts, clarification of the criteria for the existence and logical significance of legal norms, the development of formalization, and so on.Recent research and publications analysis. The origin of deontic logic is associated with the name of Aristotle, later it was systematically investigated by G.V. F. Leibniz, I. Bentham, in the twentieth century it was finally formed. In the works of S. Mali, A. Hoffler, E. Menger, an axiomatic system for describing deontic concepts was created. The problem of the existence of legal norms in deontic logic was posed in the work “Deontic Logic” by G. von Wrigt and later investigated in the writings of K. Alchurron and E. V. Bulygin, who analyzed the completeness and consistency of the legal system, conflicts in legislation and “white spots” "in the right. They first created the formal theory of norms as a second-order logical theory. In Ukraine, research on deontic logic was carried out by A. E. Konversky, S. I. Maksimov, E. N. Yurkevych and others.Paper objective. The purpose of the study is to reveal the problem of the existence of rules of law in terms of the tasks of logical analytics, the level of development of logical tools in deontic logic, taking into account and deepening knowledge of the logic of practical thinking of lawyers.Paper main body. Modern deontic logic explores logical forms and the rules for their application in normative contexts. These contexts are sets of prescriptive and descriptive statements. The deontic concept connects the content of the utterance with a certain action under certain conditions. This creates the character of the norm. Systems of deontic logic are based on the traditional logic of utterances and the interdependence of deontic concepts (“forbidden”, “obligatory”, “allowed”). In deontic deduction, the conclusion is made by analogy with the action and is evaluated in terms of "justified" / "permissible", and not "true" / "false". The basic principles for the deontic system are the principles of deontic completeness and consistency. The existence of rules of law determines their strength and is associated with the establishment or termination of the regulatory relationship, which is the relationship between the authority and the subject of the norm. To consider the various aspects of normative relations, the concepts of different degrees of abstraction are taken: communication, utterance and proposition. The principle of consistency of the norm determines the possibility of its implementation, and hence the possibility of its existence. Conflicting rules issued by different authorities may exist ("conflict of will"). And the contradictory norms formulated by one instance mean the presence of irrational will. The introduction of the ontological criterion of rational / irrational will becomes crucial for the logic of practical thinking regarding the existence of legal norms. Conflicting norms in the same norms corpus cannot be simultaneously enforceable. In the formalization of deontic expressions, propositional norms are reduced to propositions about the existence of norms, provided that the norm is promulgated by a certain authority.Conclusions of the research. The development of the problem of the existence of rules of law in deontic logic has developed a logical methodology by deepening knowledge of ontological topics and logic of practical thinking, expanding the concept of the corpus of rules of law, rethinking the principles of consistency and completeness of the legal system, as well as the possibilities and symbolic instrumentalization, which logistical tools, symbolization of legal instance, clarification of logical meanings with respect to existing norms.