Locked Doors Research Articles

Corporate Management’s Inclination to Disclose Financial Information

(1) Retrospective view of corporate financial disclosure: Corporate management disclosed very little; or n.o financial information to stockholders until the turn of the century. Several corporations did not hold any annual meetings for decades, while others did not publish annual reports for years. The first conventional annual report in the American Business Community was issued, in 1858 by Borden Company.' For a long period of time thereafter, even the largest corporations considered it best to disclose as little information as possible about their operations. In 1895, the New York Stock Exchange began recommending the practice of issuing annual reports and five years later requested companies applying for listing to publish them. The first modern annual report was published in 1902 by United States Steel Company. Its president, Judge E. H. Gary, commented in the. sam.e year, Corporations cannot work on a principle of locked doors and shut lips. Most of the corporations at that tim.e reacted unfavorably to this break with tradition, and failed to follow United States Steel Company's lead. A census by the New York Stock Exchange in 1926 showed that 242 of the 957 corporations then listed on the Big Board were issuing quarterly reports and 339 were issuing annual reports.2 Since a large number of the corporations failed to issue annual reports, the New York Stock Exchange in 1926 required that a listed corporation must publish and submit to stockholders at least fifteen days in advance of their annual meeting an annual report containing its financial statements. In the years following, the Exchange intensified its efforts to secure ad.equately informative financial reports from listed corporations. By 1933, however, a large number of listed corporations were still failing to disclose such important financial facts as sales and cost of sales.

THE PREVENTION OF INJURIES TO CHILDREN IN AUTOMOBILES

A telephone survey of 162 randomly selected parents revealed that less than one-fifth locked doors, seated children in the rear, and used restraints when last traveling with their children in automobiles. Eleven percent of the parents stated that they took none of these precautions. In general, greater but statistically insignificant safety behavior was associated with highway travel, fewer child passengers, and the absence of other adults. A series of 200 roadside observations confirm these reports. In only 11% of the cars observed were all children seated in the rear and restrained. In 22% none of these precautions were noted. Again, slight, but nonsignificant differences are noted in association with the number of children and the site of journey. Postal questionnaires were returned by 61 of the 67 American Academy of Pediatrics pediatricians in the county. Three percent of the respondents indicated that they always advised parents about auto safety precautions. A further 55% stated that they did so sometimes or often. The frequency of the pediatric advising was unrelated to parent safety behavior. The need for a more aggressive approach by pediatricians in this area is discussed in the light of the increased risks associated with failure to observe safety precautions.

The role of the approach response in secondary reinforcement

Kindergarten Ss received two light stimuli during training on a push-button task, one (positive) on candy reinforced trials, and one (negative) on all other trials. During extinction all responses yielded the positive stimulus for half the groups, the negative stimulus for the others. A door over the slot-tray was added for experimental groups, and was locked during extinction for half the Ss. For three control groups there was no door present. Least extinction responses were made by the locked door groups, and the positive stimulus groups. The locked door groups also made the least number of approach responses.

Czechoslovakia 1968: The Impressions of a Geographer

Of the impressions which remain from my first visit to Czechoslovakia forty years ago in 1928 two have political overtones. One was the presence of a free Ukrainian university group whose members were preparing for the approaching return to their homeland, and the other was the strong United States influence among students and professional people. Together these illustrate the dilemma of Bohemia through the centuries, compelled to face both ways and inhibited from developing a strong national identity independent of the one or the other. In 1928 the attraction was westward. Cultural ties were being strengthened with the United States to which not so very long before many Czechs, Slovaks, and Ruthenians had migrated. There was the added attraction that there Thomas Masaryk had found a base from which to mount his independence movement. This was the period when the main railway station in Prague was named after President Wilson and a nearby street after Washington. I did not return to Prague until January 1957, a few months after the Hungarian rebellion. Washington Street had survived, but little more remained of the pre-war ties with western Europe and America. The local museum of Marxism and Leninism was featuring a display about Munich, with photographs of Runciman and Chamberlain in tailcoats and top hats, a smiling Hitler putting his name to the agreement, and maps showing the transfer of Sudeten territory to Germany. In hotel lobbies were small, rather silent, knots of people who seemed to be either trying to overhear what their neighbours were saying or to be keeping a weather eye open for the secret police, Soviet or native. That was a very lonely time indeed to be a westerner in Prague. No one wanted to be seen with one and such talks as were possible with professional colleagues took place behind locked doors. A lecture on Canada that I had been invited to offer at Charles University, was held in a professor's office, with an audience of seven. The lecture hall turned out to be unavailable, but the invitation, having been issued, was not to be

Effects of overtraining and two non-correction training procedures upon a brightness discrimination reversal

The effects of overlearning and two non-correction training procedures upon the reversal of a black-white discrimination task were investigated. Overtraining and the Non-Entry pro­ cedure facilitated reversal learning. Experiments concerned with learning in a simul­ taneous discrimination task have used two types of non-correction training procedures. In the Entry (E) procedure an incorrect response is usually defined in terms of the rats entry into the (unbaited) goal­ box associated with S-. In the Non-Entry (NE) pro­ cedure an incorrect response is usually defined in terms of the rats entry into a pre-goal area and/or the pushing against S-, typically a locked door. The E procedure was used by Paul & Havlena (1965) and versions of the NE procedure were used by Reid (1953) and Mackintosh (1963). Hence in the E procedure S enters a goal box following either a correct or an in­ correct response, whereas in the NE procedure S enters a goal box only following a correct response. A group trained under the E procedure and then given reversal training faces non-reinforcement of the pre­ viously correct response; whereas a group trained under the NE procedure is blocked or prevented from making the originally correct response or response chain. On the basis of this observation Paul (1965) speculated that the inconsistent findings with regard to the effect of post-critical trials upon discrimination reversal might be due, in part, to the described differences in training procedures. The present experiment was de­ signed to test the effects of overtraining upon discrim­ ination reversal under the two types of training pro­ cedures. Mefhod Subjects. Thirty-two male albino rats, weighing about 230 gm on their arrival from Charles River Breeding Laboratories, served as Ss.2 Apparatus. A T-maze with a 10-in. gray stem and 20-in. arms was usee:. The maze was 4 in. wide, 5 in. high and covered with wire screening. One arm of the T, up to the center of the choice region was painted white; the other half of the choice region and the other arm was painted black. Twelve and three-quarter in. from the end of each arm there was a one-way swinging door painted the same color as the arm in which it was located. These doors could be locked to prevent S from pushing through them. A small goal dish was attached to the inner end wall of each arm, and was painted the

COERCION OF VOLUNTARY PATIENTS IN AN OPEN HOSPITAL.

The long history of the open hospital, with its goal to limit the coercion of patients, has recently been reviewed.^6,7The open hospital may also be a field of study for more subtle forms of coercion that might go unnoticed in other hospitals. The absence of outright locked doors tends to draw attention to these more indirect forms of control over the patient. In an environment dedicated to the elimination of coercion, the staff and the patients will then be exquisitely sensitive to any which continues to manifest itself. In addition, the absence of the locked ward means that any coercion must be directed by an individual doctor against an individual patient, making it more painfully obvious to everyone in the hospital. This ironic situation provides fertile ground for studying coercion. It might also be used by some as evidence for the inadequacy

McCarthyism in Mexico

In the great Castle of Chapultepec in Mexico, repository of the nation's history, the Hall of the Revolution is locked. The visitor from abroad—and they come by the tens of thousands every year to view the wonders of Aztec, Mayan, Colonial, and modern Mexico—will save the guide some embarrassment by not asking what is concealed behind the massive locked doors. For inside is the vast mural of the Mexican Revolution, meant to be dedicated on November 20, 1960, the 50th anniversary of the profound social upheaval which lifted Mexico for a generation into leadership of the Latin American world.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

Open ward policy at St. Lawrence State Hospital.

1. The open door mental hospital is not presented as anything new since the precedent for this type of administration occurred 75 to 100 years ago as can be found in many hospital records and in the proceedings the American Psychiatric Association. 2. The open ward is not presented as a new therapeutic panacea that will cure patients of their mental illness. 3. It restores to the patient his dignity and pride which a locked door and a key had removed from him. 4. It relieves the patient of symptoms and tensions which have been superimposed on his original mental illness because of locked doors, grates on the windows and any other type of restriction and restraining instruments. 5. Many of the patients develop a sense of responsibility and a renewed interest in life. 6. The open door affects every department in the hospital. 7. The success of this program depends upon the attitude of the director of the hospital and how this attitude is instilled and transmitted through the channels and accepted at the ward personnel level. 8. It is felt that the open door is a tremendous factor in a therapeutic program in that it reinforces every phase of the general program to help the patients either adjust better or become well enough to leave the hospital.

Psychiatric unit in a general hospital.

Three years of experience with a newly established psychiatric ward show that there are advantages in having such a facility within a general hospital. This development proceeded without any disturbing influence on the rest of the hospital. The dangers of suicidal or aggressive behavior were met by skillful screening of the patients on admission, by using the therapeutic milieu to control disturbed behavior, and by establishing a day-room where most of the ward activities now occur. Except for Chamberlain screens on the windows, conversion of one bedroom to a security room, and a locked door separating the wing from the rest of the ward, the change was not in architecture but in policy and procedure. Three case histories illustrate the techniques whereby hospital personnel, the patient's family, and the community were woven into a successful therapeutic scheme.

Behind Locked Doors

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book ReviewNo AccessBehind Locked DoorsLee Kutash, M.SC. ED.Lee KutashMaplewood, N. J.Search for more papers by this author, M.SC. ED.Published Online:30 Apr 2018https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1959.13.1.188aAboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail "Behind Locked Doors." American Journal of Psychotherapy, 13(1), pp. 188–189 Access content To read the fulltext, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access. Personal login Institutional Login Sign in via OpenAthens Purchase Save for later Item saved, go to cart PPV Articles - APT - American Journal of Psychotherapy $35.00 Add to cart PPV Articles - APT - American Journal of Psychotherapy Checkout Please login/register if you wish to pair your device and check access availability. Not a subscriber? Subscribe Now / Learn More PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5 library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development. Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.). FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited byNone Volume 13Issue 1 1959, pp. 1–263Pages 188-189 Metrics PDF download History Published online 30 April 2018 Published in print 1 January 1959

Group Therapy behind Locked Doors

Group Therapy behind Locked Doors

The Categorical Imperative: A Study in Kant’s Moral Philosophy by H. J. Paton

BOOK REVIEWS The Categorical Imperative: A Study in Kant's Moral Philosophy. By H. J. PATON. London: Hutchinson, 1947. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948. Pp. 288, with index. $4.00. This book, by one of the foremost Kantian scholars of our day, is a most valuable addition to the already extensive literature dealing with Kant's moral philosophy. The author, who is White's Professor of Moral Philosophy at Oxford University, has already treated of this subject in his The Good Will, and Can Reason be Practical, and has dealt authoritatively with Kant's theoretical doctrine in his well-known Kant's Metaphysic of Experience. The present work is the fruit of some twenty years of reflection, and is far from being a repetition of what he has already written. It treats principally of the Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten), in which Kant seeks to discover, formulate, and justify the supreme principle of morality in so far as it can be gathered from an analysis of the moral judgments on which good-living men seek to act. The main purpose of Prof. Paton's work is to help the reader to understand Kant's text and arguments; and if this were his sole purpose, his book would be as opportune as it is successful . But he found that " a whole series of misinterpretations has become traditional and stands in the way of an unprejudiced approach " to the text (p. 15) , so that his book has the added aim of defending the thought of Kant against such misconceptions. " Thus Kant is commonly supposed to maintain that no action can be moral if we have any natural inclination towards it or if we obtain the slightest pleasure from its performance; and again that a good man must take no account whatever of the consequences of his actions but must deduce all the manifold duties of life from the bare conception of moral law as such-without any regard for the characteristics of human nature or the circumstances of human life (ibid.) ." Prof. Paton sets out to show that such views, though they may find some support in a cursory reading of the text, are not advanced by Kant. Other criticisms may be levelled against him, and Prof. Paton does frequently draw attention to flaws in Kant's arguments, but he cannot be accused of views so contrary to morality and common sense. " Such interpretations are a distortion of his actual teaching, which is always reasonable, even if it may not always be correct (ibid.) ." The great value of this work as an exposition of the Grundlegung will perhaps be fully appreciated only by those who have tried to understand Kant by direct and unaided study of the text. Reading Prof. Paton after 271 272 BOOK REVIEWS such an experience is like 'being presented with a key after having tried in vain to open a locked door. I do not know of any other treatise which presents Kant's doctrine with such clarity and objectivity, and with such detailed references, not only to the text, but also to the other works of Kant. This is a truly scholarly work, in which the author draws on that extensive knowledge of Kant's whole system which only a lifetime of study can give and which is indispensable for the proper understanding of particular works. Thus, from this book alone, the beginner would acquire quite a comprehensive outline of the Critique of Pure Reason, and many a more advanced student will find new light thrown on several of the knotty problems of Kant's theoretical philosophy. The first chapter is an admirable description of the critical method as employed by the founder of Criticism; the function of reason is clearly explained (pp. 96-102), as also are analytic and synthetic propositions (pp. 120-128), the spontaneity of mind (pp. 143, 4), the function of schemata (pp. 143, 4; 158, 9) and the meaning of laws of nature (pp. 69, 146 ff.). Chapter 22, in particular, on the intelligible world, and the following chapter on membership in this world, have much to say on the relation between intellect and sense...

THE CARE OF THE INSANE

Insanity has always interested the world. Its history runs back through the ages to the earliest times and it has played a conspicuous part in human affairs in every country since man first came upon the earth. Other affections or diseases cause the loss or disuse of one or more members of the body, but insanity involves the unfortunate sufferer’s whole being and changes his relations with all external things. It robs him of self-control; it takes away his responsibility before the law and, frequently, renders him a pitiable, helpless wreck, wholly dependent upon others for all his wants. It is an ailment that comes alike to the weak and to the strong; to the rich and to the poor, and brings the shadow of appalling disaster into the home where before were happiness and contentment. For the great majority of insane persons unable to care for themselves under the stress of their awful affliction the State is called upon to provide hospitals. These State institutions are, therefore, of vital interest to the public and especially to the medical profession at large The nineteenth century saw wonderful advances in the care of the insane throughout the world, but the greatest strides were unquestionably made during the last quarter of that period. Scarcely more than a score of years ago our asylums were still prison-like structures, gloomy without and more gloomy within. With few exceptions, the wards were guiltless of ornamentation and the barred window, the locked door, the crib bed, the massive furniture fastened to the floor, and a dozen or more inhuman devices for mechanical restraint, made up a picture well calcu-

Precautions against Fire in Lunatic Asylums

The importance of the subject which I propose for discussion is such that I need make no apology for bringing it under your notice. Fire, always a dreaded calamity, becomes complicated with many additional horrors when it breaks out in an asylum for the insane. The crowding under one roof of a mass of human beings, most of whom are incapable of acting for themselves, the locked doors, the secured windows, the often insufficient means of egress, are conditions which render a conflagration an exceptionally appalling calamity.

Strychnia and its Antidote

THE following circumstance I think worth noticing. Wanting to banish some mice from a pantry, I placed on the floor at night a slice of bread spread over with butter in which I had mixed a threepenny packet of “Battle's vermin killer”, which contains about a grain of strychnia along with flour and prussian blue. The following morning I was roused by a servant telling me that a favourite skye terrier was lying dead. I found that the mice had dragged the slice of bread underneath the locked door and that the dog had thus got at it and eaten part equal to about one-sixth of a grain of strychnia; it lay on its side perfectly rigid; an occasional tetanic spasm showed that life was not quite extinct. Having notes of the experiments made by direction of the British Medical Association last year, on the antagonism of medicines, and wherein it was conclusively proved that a fatal dose of strychnia could be neutralised by a fatal dose of chloral hydrate, and that the minimum fatal dose of the latter for a rabbit was twenty-one grains, I at once injected under the dog's skin forty-five grains of the chloral in solution, my dog being about twice the weight of a rabbit. In a quarter of an hour fancying the dog was dead, as the spasms had ceased and it lay apparently lifeless, I moved it with my foot, when it at once struggled to its feet and shortly after staggered to its usual corner by the parlour fire; it took some milk, and except for being quieter than usual seemed nothing the worse for the ordeal it had passed through.