Local Thrombosis Research Articles

Possible association between adenomyosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation and thromboembolism: A systematic review

Adenomyosis is an estrogen‑dependent gynecologic disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue within the myometrium. Adenomyosis presents with abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain and infertility. Recently, patients with adenomyosis with life‑threatening disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or thromboembolic events have been reported. The purpose of the present systematic review was to examine the possible associations between adenomyosis and severe complications, and to investigate the clinical characteristics, risk factors and potential mechanisms. A literature search was performed for case reports, reviews of the literature, and preclinical and clinical studies published between January, 2000 and November, 2021 in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using a combination of specific terms. A total of 20 articles reported these complications. Adenomyosis is characterized by morphologically and functionally abnormal blood vessels, with increased intramural pressure, increased expression of pro‑angiogenic markers, excessive angiogenesis and increased microvascular density. Changes in blood coagulation‑fibrinolysis markers are encountered even in asymptomatic women during menstruation. Repeated bleeding in larger lesions causes coagulopathy that may result in localized thrombosis or DIC. In addition, elevated levels of mucinous tumor markers, CA125 and CA19‑9, induce blood hyperviscosity and hypercoagulability that predispose patients to thromboembolism. On the whole, as demonstrated herein, adenomyosis may cause a wide range of symptoms from asymptomatic to life‑threatening DIC and/or thromboembolism.

The mechanism by which enoxaparin sodium–high-viscosity bone cement reduces thrombosis by regulating CD40 expression in endothelial cells

ObjectivePMMA bone cement leads to the development of local thrombi. Our study found that ES-PMMA bone cement, a novel material, can reduce local thrombosis. We used a simple and reproducible animal model to confirm the reduction in local thrombosis and preliminarily explored the associated molecular mechanism.MethodsNew Zealand rabbits, which were used to model thrombosis using extracorporeal carotid artery shunts, were divided into the following three groups, with 10 rabbits in each group: the sham group, PMMA group and ES-PMMA group. Four hours after modelling, experimental samples were collected, and the degree of thrombosis was compared between the groups. The expression of thrombomodulin in endothelial cells was quantified in vascular tissues samples.ResultsThrombosis was observed in the PMMA group and ES-PMMA group but not in the sham group. The thrombosis weight was 0.00732 ± 0.00089 g/cm in the PMMA group and 0.00554 ± 0.00077 g/cm in the ES-PMMA group (P < 0.001). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT–qPCR) and Western blotting revealed that the expression of CD40, which can regulate thrombosis in vascular endothelial cells, was significantly lower in the ES-PMMA group than in the PMMA group.ConclusionCompared with PMMA bone cement, ES-PMMA bone cement can reduce local thrombosis by decreasing the expression of the thrombus-associated regulatory protein CD40 in vascular endothelial cells.

Thrombotic Conditions in Patients with COVID-19: Dynamics of D-Dimer and Tactics of Anticoagulant Therapy

In patients with COVID-19, histological examination of the pulmonary vessels shows serious disorders (local thrombosis and microangiopathy), significantly different to those in the control group composed of patients with influenza. Some studies have shown that coronavirus enters cells by binding angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 which is found mainly on the alveolar epithelium and endothelium. The increase in D-dimer levels is typical for patients with COVID-19. Although many inflammatory processes can affect D-dimer levels, an increase in D-dimer during COVID-19 is more likely to indicate thrombosis. The aim. To analyze the patients who have suffered from COVID-19 and to determine possible risk factors for the development of thrombotic complications and define the surgical or medical therapy tactics. Material and methods. The study was conducted from October 2020 to April 2021 in Ukraine (Zaporizhzhia, Uzhhorod, Kherson and Kyiv). We analyzed 121 patients aged 46.9± 15.3 years, 64 (52.8%) men and 57 (47.1%) women. All the patients had positive PCR test for COVID-19. The changes in D-dimer were analyzed. Results. Forty-one (33.9%) patients had thrombotic complications. Pulmonary embolism (PE) was diagnosed in 14 patients, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in 17, acute stroke in 2 and peripheral artery thrombosis in 8 cases. An increase in D-dimer level was observed in most patients and was not associated with clinical manifestations of thrombosis. At a D-dimer level of 11,000-10,564 ng/ml the patients had clinical symptoms of thrombotic condition which was confirmed by computed tomography or ultrasound examination. At an increase over 725-7000 ng/ml, there were no clinical signs of thrombosis. We performed standard medical therapy in patients with PE and DVT. In case of arterial thrombosis open surgery was performed in 4 patients and direct catheter thrombolysis in 1 case. Conclusion. In our opinion, anticoagulants should be prescribed for patients with a D-dimer level of more than 700 ng/ml. Full anticoagulation is prescribed for severe forms of COVID-19 or confirmed thrombosis. We didn’t find any correlation between the development of thrombotic complications in patients with COVID-19 and comorbidities, body mass index and other factors. Medical therapy was successful in all cases of PE and DVT, anticoagulants were prescribed for 1 year. Femoral artery thrombectomy was successfully performed in 4 patients. After direct catheter thrombolysis we got peripheral pulse. In all cases of arterial thrombosis, we prescribed anticoagulants for 2 months after discharge and acetylsalicylic acid for a long time.

A117 MANAGEMENT OF VARICEAL BLEEDING WITH ENDOSCOPIC INJECTION OF N-BUTYL-2-CYANOACRYLATE IN PREGNANCY

BackgroundAlthough variceal bleeding is rare in pregnancy, pregnant woman with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension are at greater risk of variceal hemorrhage due to increased splanchnic blood flow. Variceal hemorrhage is associated with increased risk of maternal and fetal mortality. Most documented cases of variceal bleeding in pregnancy report the use of elastic ligation for hemostatic management. Histoacryl glue has become increasingly utilized in the acute management and secondary prophylaxis of gastric and ectopic varices in the general population.AimsEvidence surrounding the use of Histoacryl glue in pregnancy is limited. We report two cases of variceal bleeding during pregnancy managed successfully with glue.MethodsVarices were confirmed endoscopically. Images were obtained and reviewed. Aliquots of injected glue were recorded. Maternal and fetal outcomes were monitored during pregnancy and post-partum.Results Case 1: A 39-year-old G4P3L0, presented at 20 weeks gestation following several episodes of hematemesis. Urgent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) revealed hyperemia and portal hypertensive gastropathy in the fundus. A gastric varix with high-risk stigmata was injected with a total of 9mL of 50/50 Histoacryl/Lipodol and bleeding stopped. The patient returned to the hospital two weeks following discharge with melena. Repeat EGD showed mild portal hypertensive gastropathy with a clot at the site of the previous bleeding. No further intervention was required, and the patient delivered at 37 weeks via elective caesarian-section. Case 2: A 41-year-old G2P0L1 presented at 26 weeks gestation with severe anemia refractory to five units of blood transfusion. Urgent EGD showed a large gastric varix with recent stigmata of hemorrhage, but no active bleed. A total of 13 mL of 75/50 Histoacryl/Lipidol was injected into the varix with no further bleeding. She delivered by elective caesarian-section at 37 weeks gestation. Repeat EGD performed following delivery showed a larger varix with fresh clot at the inferior portion of the fundus. Due to concern for re-bleeding, a total of 4 mL of 50/50 Histoacryl/Lipidol was injected at the site. CT scan post-partum showed prominent gastric varices with glue visualized within the peripheral branches of the portal vein (Figure 1).ConclusionsOur cases highlight the successful management of gastric varices using Histoacryl glue in pregnancy. Risks associated with Histoacryl glue include glue embolization, local venous thrombosis, as well as extrusion of glue and ulceration. The general complication rate is quoted between 0.5%-5%. One of the two cases was associated with a maternal complication, with evidence of new portal vein thrombosis following injection. The safety of sclerotherapy in pregnancy with cyanoacrylate remains unclear, and further evaluation of the management of gastric varices in this unique population are required. Funding AgenciesNone

The effect of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine on arterial thrombosis development and platelet aggregation in female rats

ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 adenoviral vector vaccine (ChAd) against coronavirus disease 2019 has been associated with vaccine-induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia (VITT), especially in young women who have presented with unusual localized thrombosis after receiving the vaccine. The pathogenesis of VITT remains incompletely understood. We tried to provide new insights into mechanisms underlying this phenomenon in the model of arterial thrombosis electrically induced in the carotid artery of female rats. At 28 days post-vaccination, ChAd induced SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody responses in all animals. The analysis of the blood vessel/thrombus area showed slight luminal narrowing of the carotid artery with extravasation of blood in vaccinated rats. These small changes were not accompanied by differences in thrombus weight and composition. The vaccinated animals presented a slight increase (by around 14–24%) in platelet aggregation. ChAd did not significantly affect blood coagulation, platelet counts, and their activation markers. Unaffected thrombus formation, the lack of thrombocytopenia and all the measured blood and hemostasis parameters that predominantly stayed unchanged, indicate that the ChAd does not increase the risk of arterial thrombosis development in female rats.

Histone Deacetylase 3: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis, the pathological basis of most cardiovascular disease, is characterized by plaque formation in the intima. Secondary lesions include intraplaque hemorrhage, plaque rupture, and local thrombosis. Vascular endothelial function impairment and smooth muscle cell migration lead to vascular dysfunction, which is conducive to the formation of macrophage-derived foam cells and aggravates inflammatory response and lipid accumulation that cause atherosclerosis. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) is an epigenetic modifying enzyme closely related to chromatin structure and gene transcriptional regulation. Emerging studies have demonstrated that the Class I member HDAC3 of the HDAC super family has cell-specific functions in atherosclerosis, including 1) maintenance of endothelial integrity and functions, 2) regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, 3) modulation of macrophage phenotype, and 4) influence on foam cell formation. Although several studies have shown that HDAC3 may be a promising therapeutic target, only a few HDAC3-selective inhibitors have been thoroughly researched and reported. Here, we specifically summarize the impact of HDAC3 and its inhibitors on vascular function, inflammation, lipid accumulation, and plaque stability in the development of atherosclerosis with the hopes of opening up new opportunities for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Ischemic Stroke and Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) in COVID-19 patients: Mechanisms and Role of Coagulopathy

Background: COVID-19 has a devastating impact on patients not only due to the severity of pulmonary disease but also the multitude of other manifestations. Objective: We discuss here myocardial ischemia and stroke, associated with COVID-19, from a hyper-coagulation perspective. Method: Original studies, case reports, and systematic reviews from different databases were studied for this review article. Results: Elevated inflammatory markers [e.g. ferritin, C-reactive protein, interleukins, antiphospholipid antibodies] together with elevated D-dimer levels point to an inflammatory source of activation of the coagulation cascade. Furthermore, the features of macro and microthrombi, because of dysregulated coagulation, point to local thrombosis as well as distant thrombo-embolism. Conclusion: Inflammation cascade and changes in coagulation markers leading to coagulopathy in COVID-19 patients emphasize the need to develop investigation techniques that can independently guide therapy.

COVID-19 infection complicated by priapism

SARS-CoV-2 infections are accompanied by a high incidence of thromboembolic events. The infection is responsible for endothelial injury, with frequent presence of anti-phospholipid antibodies and a pro thrombotic state. All of these manifestations lead to localized thrombosis mainly in the lungs and much more rarely to arterial thrombosis. We report the case of a 67-year-old patient who presented to the emergency room for priapism complicating a Covid-19 infection.

The effectiveness and safety of the use of antithrombotic therapy in COVID-19

The article is a non-systematic review of the literature, addressing the effectiveness, safety and appropriateness of antithrombotic drugs for COVID-19 in patients undergoing treatment in different settings: in the hospital phase, including the intensive care unit, in the outpatient phase after discharge from hospital, in primary outpatient treatment. The issues of thrombotic complications during vaccination and the necessity of their prevention are discussed. The studies confirm the importance of prophylactic doses of anticoagulants in all hospitalized patients. The use of increased doses has proven ineffective in patients with a severe course of the disease who are being treated in the intensive care unit. In moderately severe infections, there is a clear benefit of increased doses of anticoagulants in reducing the risk of organ failure, but definitive conclusions can only be drawn after the final results of the studies have been published. Prolonged pharmacological prophylaxis after hospital discharge may be useful in individual patients, but the overall risk of thrombotic complications in the long-term period does not appear to be high. The available data do not support the use of anticoagulants in the treatment of coronavirus disease in the outpatient settings, since the risk of thrombotic complications is not increased in such patients, and the safety of anticoagulant use has not been evaluated. Sulodexide may be useful in selected outpatients at increased risk of disease progression. Vaccination may provoke the development of atypical localized thrombosis by immune mechanisms, but the risk of such complications is lower in the coronavirus disease itself. Anticoagulant prophylaxis during vaccine administration is not indicated.

Vertebrobasilar and internal carotid arteries dissection in 188 patients

Arterial dissection mainly represents a tear of the intima coat (the intimal flap) with a consecutive penetration of blood into the arterial wall, due to a disruption of the internal elastic lamina and the media coat, and formation of a false lumen or local intramural (subintimal) hematoma [1–3]. In this case, a luminal stenosis develops which can progress to an occlusion with a subsequent hypoperfusion or ischemia of the cervical spinal cord, brain parenchyma, retina, and certain peripheral nerves, as well as the occasional local thrombosis with a potential distal thromboembolism [1,3–13].

Unusual association of priapism with Wolfram syndrome

Wolfram syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from mutation of WFS1 gene located on 4p16.1 and is characterized by diabetes insipidus (DI), diabetes mellitus (DM), optic atrophy, and sensorineural deafness with features of neurodegeneration, renal anomalies, and primary gonadal atrophy. Priapism itself is a rare disease with isolated reports in association with type-2 DM due to change in coagulation status causing endothelial dysfunction and local vascular thrombosis leading to ischemic priapism. Here, we present a case of a 14-year-old male with type-1 DM and optic atrophy who was presented to us with two episodes of priapism. He was suspected to have Wolfram syndrome and his genetic evaluation for WFS-1 gene confirmed the diagnosis. Our case suggests that priapism is an atypical association in patient with the Wolfram Syndrome due to hypercoagulability in type-1 DM which is rarely reported.

Pulmonary embolism in patients with COVID-19 and value of D-dimer assessment: a meta-analysis.

PurposeTo investigate, in a meta-analysis, the frequency of pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with COVID-19 and whether D-dimer assessment may be useful to select patients for computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA).MethodsA systematic literature search was performed for original studies which reported the frequency of PE on CTPA in patients with COVID-19. The frequency of PE, the location of PE, and the standardized mean difference (SMD) of D-dimer levels between patients with and without PE were pooled by random effects models.ResultsSeventy-one studies were included. Pooled frequencies of PE in patients with COVID-19 at the emergency department (ED), general wards, and intensive care unit (ICU) were 17.9% (95% CI: 12.0–23.8%), 23.9% (95% CI: 15.2–32.7%), and 48.6% (95% CI: 41.0–56.1%), respectively. PE was more commonly located in peripheral than in main pulmonary arteries (pooled frequency of 65.3% [95% CI: 60.0–70.1%] vs. 32.9% [95% CI: 26.7–39.0%]; OR = 3.540 [95% CI: 2.308–5.431%]). Patients with PE had significantly higher D-dimer levels (pooled SMD of 1.096 [95% CI, 0.844–1.349]). D-dimer cutoff levels which have been used to identify patients with PE varied between 1000 and 4800 μg/L.ConclusionThe frequency of PE in patients with COVID-19 is highest in the ICU, followed by general wards and the ED. PE in COVID-19 is more commonly located in peripheral than in central pulmonary arteries, which suggests local thrombosis to play a major role. D-dimer assessment may help to select patients with COVID-19 for CTPA, using D-dimer cutoff levels of at least 1000 μg/L.Key Points• The frequency of PE in patients with COVID-19 is highest in the ICU, followed by general wards and the ED.• PE in COVID-19 is more commonly located in peripheral than in central pulmonary arteries.• D-dimer levels are significantly higher in patients with COVID-19 who have PE.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00330-021-08003-8.

Glioblastoma cell populations with distinct oncogenic programs release podoplanin as procoagulant extracellular vesicles

Vascular anomalies, including local and peripheral thrombosis, are a hallmark of glioblastoma (GBM) and an aftermath of deregulation of the cancer cell genome and epigenome. Although the molecular effectors of these changes are poorly understood, the upregulation of podoplanin (PDPN) by cancer cells has recently been linked to an increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in GBM patients. Therefore, regulation of this platelet-activating protein by transforming events in cancer cells is of considerable interest. We used single-cell and bulk transcriptome data mining, as well as cellular and xenograft models in mice, to analyze the nature of cells expressing PDPN, as well as their impact on the activation of the coagulation system and platelets. We report that PDPN is expressed by distinct (mesenchymal) GBM cell subpopulations and downregulated by oncogenic mutations of EGFR and IDH1 genes, along with changes in chromatin modifications (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) and DNA methylation. Glioma cells exteriorize their PDPN and/or tissue factor (TF) as cargo of exosome-like extracellular vesicles (EVs) shed from cells in vitro and in vivo. Injection of glioma-derived podoplanin carrying extracelluar vesicles (PDPN-EVs) activates platelets, whereas tissue factor carrying extracellular vesicles (TF-EVs) activate the clotting cascade. Similarly, an increase in platelet activation (platelet factor 4) or coagulation (D-dimer) markers occurs in mice harboring the corresponding glioma xenografts expressing PDPN or TF, respectively. Coexpression of PDPN and TF by GBM cells cooperatively affects tumor microthrombosis. Thus, in GBM, distinct cellular subsets drive multiple facets of cancer-associated thrombosis and may represent targets for phenotype- and cell type–based diagnosis and antithrombotic intervention.

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Is Associated with a Low Thrombosis Risk Due to Storage Pool Deficiency in Platelets.

Venous thrombo-embolism (VTE) disease is the second most common cause of mortality in cancer patients, and evaluation and prevention of thrombosis risk is essential. VTE-associated risk varies according to the type of tumor disease. Oral cancer is the most frequent type of head and neck cancer, and it represents approximately 2.1% of all cancers worldwide. Most tumors are squamous cell carcinomas and are mainly due to tobacco and alcohol abuse. VTE risk associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is low. However, many studies have shown that OSCC has the following biological features of cancers associated with a high thrombosis risk: modified thrombosis and fibrinolysis mechanisms; strong expression of procoagulant proteins; secretion of procoagulant microparticles; and production of procoagulant cytokines. Using an original mouse model of tongue squamous cell carcinoma, our study aimed to clarify this paradoxical situation. First, we showed that OSCC tumors have a pro-aggregatory phenotype and a high local thrombosis risk. Second, we found that tongue tumor mice do not have an elevated systemic thrombosis risk (the risk of an “at distance” thrombosis event such as lower extremity deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism) and even show a reduction in risk. Third, we demonstrated that tongue tumor mice show a reduction in platelet reactivity, which explains the low systemic thrombosis risk. Finally, we found that tongue tumor mice present granule pool deficiency, thereby explaining the reduction in platelet reactivity and systemic thrombosis risk.

Systemic consequences and clinical aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection

HintergrundCOVID-19 wird als systemische Erkrankung eingestuft. Ein schwerer Verlauf mit tödlichem Ausgang ist möglich und unvorhersehbar.FragestellungWelche Organsysteme sind primär betroffen? Welche Organveränderungen prädisponieren für einen ungünstigen Verlauf? Welche Organschädigungen finden sich bei letalem Ausgang?Material und MethodeDaten aus publizierten Obduktionsstudien (davon 28 eigene publizierte Fälle) in Hinblick auf Organschädigung und mögliche Todesursachen.ErgebnisseDie schwersten Veränderungen finden sich in den Lungen in Form eines diffusen Alveolarschadens als akutes Atemnotsyndrom des Erwachsenen (ARDS), zum Teil bereits mit Fibrose. Thrombosen in kleinen bis mittelgroßen Pulmonalarterien sind mit Lungeninfarkten vergesellschaftet. Häufige Komplikationen sind bakterielle Bronchopneumonien, seltener Pilzpneumonien. Pulmonale Thromboembolien finden sich in 20–30 % der tödlichen Verläufe, auch bei Fehlen einer tiefen Beinvenenthrombose. Eine intestinale Beteiligung von COVID-19 kann mit ischämischer Schädigung des Darmes einhergehen, in erster Linie bedingt durch Schock oder lokale Thrombose. Die Nieren zeigen eine akute Tubulusschädigung als Ausdruck eines akuten Nierenversagens, Lymphknoten und Milz einen Schwund der Lymphozyten, die Nebennierenrinde eine Hyperplasie. In der Leber finden sich häufig eine Steatose, Leberzellnekrosen, ein portales Entzündungsinfiltrat und eine Proliferation der Kupffer-Zellen. Häufige Grunderkrankungen sind in den Autopsiekollektiven arterieller Hypertonus mit hypertensiver und ischämischer Kardiomyopathie und Diabetes mellitus. In großen bevölkerungsbasierten Studien ergibt sich aber für Hypertoniker im Gegensatz zu Diabetikern kein erhöhtes Mortalitätsrisiko.SchlussfolgerungenPulmonale Kreislaufstörungen mit arteriellen Thrombosen, Infarkten und Pneumonien sind wesentliche und oft letale Komplikationen des ARDS bei COVID-19. Die Erkenntnisse aus Obduktionsstudien haben Therapie und Prophylaxe beeinflusst.

Antitumor proteinkinase inhibitor imatinib may be regarded as a potential correcting agent for COVID-19 associated pulmonary fibrosis

Imatinib mesilate (Glivec) is a well-known antitumor target inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase, which is effective in different cancer types expressing Bcr / Abl and, in particular, in hemoblastosis. A higher interest to imatinib during the COVID-19 epidemic is explained by the fact that cancer patients are one of the COVID-19 risk groups. Moreover, imatinib target mechanism of action, which is effective in cancer, can have a high potential against the most severe COVID-19 complication such as the disease associated pulmonary fibrosis. COVID-19 associated interstitial pulmonary fibrosis develops as an autoimmune process caused by systemic inflammation with atypical (idiopathic) pneumonia resulting from acute respiratory distress syndrome with the tyrosine kinase mechanism of signaling pathway activation and cellular response. Experimental and clinical results showing antifibrotic and dose-related antithrombotic imatinib effect demonstrate perspective use of this antitumor agent to correct COVID-19 associated pneumonia causing a high death rate of patients with COVID-19.The review presents literature data of 2001–2020 discussing pathologic genetic and clinical characteristics of the fibrosis which exacerbates COVID-19 pneumonia in adults. The sequence of the disease processes demonstrates that disease progression with the decreasing oxygen saturation in the peripheral blood intensifies local thrombosis in the lungs. As a result, hypoxia is developing, which is difficult to control and can cause lethal outcome in severe cases. Yet, the conventional antifibrotic and thrombolytic agents can only partially control the process of pneumofibrosis including that of cancer patients. The approximate antifibrotic dose of imatinib 400 mg / day is therapeutic for oncopathology. The antitumor drug registered in many countries and well described side effects and contraindications needs no long-term registration studies for a new indication, therefore, it may be easily prepared for clinical testing.

Síndrome de Nicolau, una patología infrecuente tras la adminitración de penicilina benzatinica

Introducción: El síndrome de Nicolau también conocido como Embolia cutis medicamentosa o Dermatitis livedoide, es una patología infrecuente que se presenta como complicación de una inyección intramuscular, intraarterial o subcutánea, con grados variables de lesión tisular, incluyendo necrosis de la piel y tejidos blandos. La fisiopatogénia se desconoce, pero se cree que está relacionada a una lesión vascular inicial, con inflamación local, vasoconstricción arterial refleja, trombosis arterial local y oclusión vascular por microémbolos. El tratamiento consiste en la trombólisis y desinflamación. Con menor frecuencia las complicaciones podrían ser necrosis extensas, amputaciones e incluso la muerte. &#x0D; Objetivo: Describir un caso clínico enfocado en el síndrome de Nicolau, una patología infrecuente tras la administración de penicilina benzatínica.&#x0D; Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, presentación de un caso clínico.&#x0D; Resultados: Se describe el caso clínico de un paciente masculino de 32 años de edad, sin antecedentes patológicos, acude por dolor intenso en glúteo derecho con limitación total al movimiento, de 24 horas de evolución, teniendo como causa aparente la autoadministación de penicilina benzatínica. Exploración física, en región glútea derecha se observa una placa violácea dolorosa a la palpación, miembro inferior derecho con ausencia de tono y arrefléctico. Pulso femoral y poplíteo disminuido, pedio ausente, con acrocianosis derecha. Laboratorio, leucocitos 24.470, dímero D 4292, LDH 837, CPK 1282, prueba rápida de COVID-19 negativa. Eco doppler de miembro inferior derecho con disminución del flujo sanguíneo. Tratamiento fibrinolítico y de soporte inmediato con evolución favorable. Luego de la valoración del paciente, se determinó un diagnóstico definitivo y su tratamiento médico inmediato, logrando evitar posteriores complicaciones. Como impresión diagnostica inicial se sospechó lesión inespecífica del nervio ciático. Al ser una patología poco frecuente, el diagnóstico final se llevó a cabo tras un análisis detallado del caso y exámenes complementarios. &#x0D; Conclusiones: El Síndrome de Nicolau es una patología poco frecuente, se necesitan exámenes de laboratorio e imagen para su diagnóstico definitivo. Puede presentarse tras la administración inadecuada de un medicamento de uso cotidiano, como la penicilina benzatínica

Spontaneous fragmentation and embolization of chemoport catheter- a case report

Central venous access devices are commonly utilized in cancer patients. These devices include central venous catheters, peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC line), Hickman catheter and totally implantable central venous devices of the port-a-cath type (chemoport). These devices can be retained for a long time and may be used for administration of chemotherapy, blood products, total parenteral nutrition and frequent blood sampling. Complications associated with chemoport include vascular injury, hemothorax, pneumothorax, local site infection, sepsis, catheter thrombosis, drug extravasation and mechanical malfunction. Spontaneous fragmentation of chemoport catheter is a rare complication. We report a case of spontaneous fragmentation of chemoport catheter from its midway and its migration into the lower lobar branch of left pulmonary artery. It was retrieved using percutaneous endovascular approach under fluoroscopic guidance.

Pulmonary Embolism Secondary to Catheter-Related Thrombosis

A central venous catheter is a device used for chemotherapy. Catheters are at high risk for local venous thrombosis. Once a catheter-related thrombosis is formed, the risk of concomitant pulmonary embolism is regularly underestimated. A 58-year-old man with a non-metastatic pulmonary cancer reported a right-side cervical pain and episodes of hemoptysis. A thrombosis of the right internal vein was detected with compressive ultrasound imaging. Because of the presence of abnormal respiratory signs, a CT scan was performed that confirmed a pulmonary embolism. A catheter related thrombosis is associated with a number of clinically relevant complications, including catheter dysfunction, recurrent deep venous thrombosis, post thrombotic syndrome, anticoagulation-associated bleeding and pulmonary embolism. The risk of fatal pulmonary embolism should not be missed.

Effect of Meperidine on Equine Blood Histamine, Tryptase, and Immunoglobulin-E Concentrations.

Objectives: To evaluate changes in immunological parameters following subcutaneous (SC) and intramuscular (IM) administration of meperidine in horses through quantitative analysis of plasma tryptase, histamine, and IgE levels.Methods: Six adult horses were enrolled in a prospective randomized crossover design. Horses were administered one treatment per day, with a seven day washout period: (a) meperidine 1 mg/kg IM, saline 6 mL SC; (b) saline 6 mL IM, meperidine 1 mg/kg SC; (c) saline 6 mL SC, saline 6 mL IM. Blood samples were obtained for plasmatic histamine (baseline, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min) via LC-MS/MS and plasmatic tryptase (baseline, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min) quantification with enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays. Serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentrations prior to any meperidine treatment and 7–14 days following the first meperidine treatment were evaluated with enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays. Histamine and tryptase concentrations were evaluated with a mixed-effect analysis of variance. The levels of IgE at baseline (before the administration of the first dose of meperidine) were compared with the IgE values at 60 min following the second meperidine administration with the Paired t test. Biopsies of localized injection site reactions from subcutaneous meperidine administration were collected from two horses.Results: No statistically significant elevations from baseline in histamine (p = 0.595), tryptase (p = 0.836), or IgE (p = 0.844) were found in any of the horses in this study. There were no differences between treatment groups. Administration of SC meperidine caused a localized vasculitis and thrombosis with regional edema and hemorrhage.Conclusion: No evidence of anaphylactoid or anaphylactic type reactions occurred following IM or SC meperidine administration.