Local Social System Research Articles

Unlocking system transitions for municipal solid waste infrastructure: A model for mapping interdependencies in a local context

Rapid global urbanization, urban renewal and changes in people's lifestyles have led to both an increase in waste generation and more complex waste types. In response to these changes, many local governments have invested in municipal solid waste infrastructure (MSWI) to implement circular strategies. However, matching and bridging the costly and logistically complex MSWI with the dynamic social context is a central challenge. In this paper we aim to explore the interdependencies between MSWI and the local social system, and then conceptualize and empirically validate the systemic nature of MSWI. We first review the current MSW treatment methods, corresponding infrastructure, and the challenges facing them. Then, we interrogate system-oriented concepts and use two key insights to set up a conceptual model for mapping the interdependencies in a MSWI system (MSWIS). Finally, a case study of the Dutch city of Almere is used to empirically validate the MSWIS model and identify the social systems that contribute to the development of the MSWIS. The analysis reveals that the development of MSWIS is beyond the municipality's control: efficient resource recovery facilities established by businesses under market rules and waste reuse facilities constructed by social organizations/individuals based on their own needs are key pieces of the puzzle to complete the MSWIS. This highlights the ability of the framework to capture interdependencies that go further than just the formal municipal sphere of influence.

Нереализованная идентичность

This article examines unfulfilled identity, which is expressed in the subject’s inability to actualize his or her identity due to internal complexes or social pressures. First, the main types of mistakes that can lead to erroneous actions and processes are highlighted. These processes, form an unfulfilled identity. The first type of mistake is the misunderstanding of one’s own natural state and social expectations. In this case, the subject cannot relate his or her abilities, characteristics and functional properties to reality. As a result, there is a tendency to form only the apparent integrity of an identity that can easily collapse. As a result, the subject is unable to be fully established as a person. This kind of identity has been called a ‘failed’ identity. The second mistake is to shift perception to external factors, disregarding internal experiences and attitudes. Thus, one’s interests, needs, and desires are replaced by others that are taken from the environment. A substituted identity is formed, which also does not have the property of completeness because of the lack of systemic connections between the personality and reality. Such an identity is called ‘substituted’. The author discusses the main reasons for the formation of an unfulfilled identity. The reasons are divided into different systems: global, local-social and individual. Thus, the first cause is identified as globalization. Its influence covers all subsequent systems. Globalization leads to the blurring of norms, differentiation and separation of values and attitudes. The processes of upbringing within different social institutions are included in the local-social system. The author outlines the main problems of upbringing and growing up, which affect the formation of identity. Subjective distortions are on the next level, complexes and mistakes that lead to unfulfillment. They include the inability to concentrate and accept the consequences of choices, associated with a lack of responsibility; denial of biological determinants and the narrative of one’s own existence, a lack of life resources.

Representation of Women: A Corpus-based Analysis of Pakistani English Newspapers

This study investigates the use of gendered lexical items and collocates to deconstruct the patriarchal social system of Pakistan with the help of corpus tools. Media frame the mind and thinking of people with its repetitive announcements. Women being a part of the society are also part of media news but they are underreported by reporters and editors as most of the news are male- filtered news. Pakistani English newspapers are one of the popular sources of getting information across Pakistan. The local social system and male dominating mindset have influenced all types of media in Pakistan. It is observed that like all other fields of life, women are marginalized in Pakistani English newspapers too. It is hypothesized that male are over represented as compared to female and women related news are written by female writers and reporters. A corpus of 270 Pakistani English Newspapers has been selected from The News International, The Dawn and Daily Times with 90 articles from each paper. A corpus-based analysis has been carried out to identify gender discrimination and gender stereotypes in Pakistani society. All collocate of women and men are kept in attention in this work. The results reveal that women are represented as a minority and marginalized victims by male dominating society. On the contrary, the modern writers raise their voices to support and highlight the role of women in society. The study is the first attempt of its kind for an amalgam of corpus-based and CDA approaches.
 Keywords: representation, corpus-driven analysis, newspapers, women, marginalized, minority

To stay or to move? Investigation on residents' migration intention under frequent secondary disasters in Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area.

The deterioration of the living environment caused by the earthquake is the main migration motivation of residents in the area of the secondary earthquake disaster, and their migration intention is one of the most important factors affecting residents' happiness. This paper uses 957 effective survey samples from 12 secondary geological disaster areas after the Wenchuan earthquake to research the migration intention of residents and its influencing factors. It can be found that 45.2% of residents are willing to migrate, which means they have an instinctive reaction to profit-seeking and harm-avoiding, but it has not become a realistic choice. Investigation facts and research results show that the instinctive response of profit-seeking and harm-avoiding drives residents to make different choices. The migration of residents in areas where secondary geological disasters occur is affected not only by disasters such as debris flow, landslides, and collapse, but also by many factors such as life convenience, family income, expectations for future life, gender, education level, psychological feeling. The improved life and the optimization of the economic conditions brought about by the success of post-disaster reconstruction have made the vast majority of people more confident in the future of the disaster-stricken areas, which made most people choose to stay in those areas. This paper will provide policy suggestions for residents' migration and the reconstruction of the local social governance system in secondary geological disaster areas, which is helpful to improve ecological livability and residents' happiness in the Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area.

Ecosystem services provided by dry river socio-ecological systems and their drivers of change

AbstractDry rivers are a type of non-perennial river characterized by extreme dry conditions and dominance of terrestrial habitats. They are present in all continents, being especially abundant in arid and semiarid regions. Recent studies have shown their capacity to provide ecosystem services, although they are often undervalued and altered. This study is a literature review on the ecosystem services provided by dry rivers to human well-being. We apply the conceptual framework for the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. First, we describe and exemplify the services provided by the natural system and its biodiversity. Second, we present the contributions of the local social system to service provision through co-production processes. Finally, the main drivers of ecosystem change that alter service provision are listed and discussed. We found that dry rivers and their biodiversity contribute to local human well-being. The ecological knowledge and culture of local human communities acquired over generations contribute to service provision maintaining the socio-ecological system’s sustainability and its resilience to disturbances. Among drivers of change, those of a social-cultural (e.g., sedentarization) and economic (e.g., globalization) nature affect dry rivers’ capacity to provide ecosystem services the most. Reconciling people and dry rivers requires a great deal of research and education.

Improving infant feeding, care, and dental hygiene practices in South Asian infants aged younger than 2 years in east London through women's group participatory learning and action cycles (NEON): a behaviour intervention trial

BackgroundFeeding practices developed during the first 1000 days of life can affect growth, development, and lifetime risk of nutrition related and dental-related diseases. In the UK, barriers to recommended complementary feeding practices among South Asian caregivers include food access, bicultural issues, and inconsistent advice from health professionals and community members. We aimed to improve infant feeding, care, and dental hygiene practices among South Asian communities in East London boroughs by co-developing a culturally sensitive intervention and adapting the WHO-recommended women's group Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) cycles. MethodsWe developed an intervention package, in collaboration with multilingual community facilitators, community members, and stakeholders from the local health and social care system (ie, health visitors, dieticians, dentists, children's centres, and local authorities), that consisted of: PLA group facilitator manual, picture cards of recommended or non-recommended feeding practices, healthy recipes book, community asset map, and list of local resources and activities. We conducted monthly intervention development meetings with South Asian community facilitators (n=10) and workshops with South Asian community members (n=25). The inclusion criteria were pregnant women, mothers or female carers for infants younger than 2 years, backgrounds from Indian Gujarati or Punjabi, Sri Lankan, Bangladeshi, or Pakistani backgrounds, and living in the London Boroughs of Tower Hamlets, Newham, or Waltham Forest. The community was involved at three levels: researchers assisting in recruitment and data collection, meeting and workshop facilitators, and intervention developers. The primary outcome was to codevelop the intervention toolkit. This study has obtained ethical approval from the UCL Research Ethics Committee (identifier 17269/001). Community members have agreed to participate and given audio or video consent before their participation in the workshops. Verbal consent was witnessed and formally recorded. FindingsBetween Feb 1, 2020, and Nov 30, 2020, we held eight intervention development meetings in community centres and online. Between Dec 1, 2020, and Feb 28, 2021, four workshops took place online using Zoom. Participants contributed valuable input for intervention development on content, activities, photographs, cultural recipes, artistic design, objectives, schedule, and location. We were able to develop the intervention toolkit with positive perceptions from the community facilitators and community members. InterpretationWe developed a culturally sensitive approach in partnership with health and social care practitioners to address public health issues in a resource-poor ethnically diverse community. Greater use of community assets aligns with the NHS 10-Year Forward Plan. FundingNational Institute for Health Research (reference NIHR300020).

Dynamics of Land Use Changes on The Livelihoods of The Local Communities in Baringo County: Understanding The Drivers

This paper examined the dynamics of land use changes on the livelihood of the local communities in Baringo County. Land is a principal factor of production, a source of life and livelihoods. It provides a means of living and a variety of uses such as agricultural, human settlement, environmental conservation, urban and industrial development purposes among others. These uses compete for space in a fixed area, hence the rising land use conflicts and degradation. The situation has threatened lives and livelihoods, making it difficult to plan for the livelihood activities in the County. This is happening against the backdrop of land use policy changes including; sessional paper no 3 of 2009 on the National Land Policy, the Constitution of Kenya 2010, the Land Act, 2012, the Land Registration Act, 2012, the Community Land Act, 2016 and sessional paper no 1 of 2017 on National Land Use Policy that were intended to alleviate the situation. This situation is now a major threat to the livelihood of the local communities in Baringo County. This study, therefore, sought to examined the dynamics of land use changes on the livelihood of the local communities in Baringo county with specific objective to establish the drivers of the changes. A comprehensive desk review of existing literature was done, and land use changes were descriptively analyzed. The review spanned from pre-colonial (before 1895), colonial (1895 to 1963), independence (1963 to 2010) including the subsequent years of land reforms following the promulgation of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 onwards to 2020. The study found that the key drivers of land use changes originate from the change of land use policies from customary to European-like systems during the colonial era (1895 to 1963). These drivers revolve around the conflicts in the application of land use policies and laws, dual production system (different land use for registered private land in arable areas and the unregistered community land in non-arable areas within the county) occasioning wide productivity gap and economic disparity. Further the knowledge gaps associated with colonial perceptions, ideologies, and attitudinal practices, which led to misconception and wrong policies aggravated the situation. The consequences disorganize the local community land use and social system, broke down the traditional grazing and cropping patterns, depleted soils fertility & degraded the environment. In addition, the study found out that in the unregistered community land, land use conflicts were rampant, and characterized by invaded and claim interest as well as unscrupulous legal manipulation of land ownership records leading to dispossession. These two salient features are the main drivers of land use changes that led to continuous and frequent fatal inter-ethnic land use conflicts among the local communities; causing displacement and destruction of property among other atrocities working against politically weak local community. This scenario destabilized livelihood possibilities making it difficult for local communities to engage in basic livelihood activities and create uncertainty for future development. The study concluded that the security of land tenure perpetrates land use conflicts particularly in the unregistered community land. The government, therefore, need to register the community land to enhance land tenure security in the county.

Bias Gender Kapamangkuan Di Desa Mengesta Kecamatan Penebel Kabupaten Tabanan

The analysis of the kapamangkuan gender bias in Mengesta village is a socio-cultural study of the imbalance of rights and obligations between pamangku lanang and pamangku istri. This study uses a qualitative methodology, data collection were done through observations, literature study, and in-depth interviews with 7 traditional and religious leaders as informants. The present study concludes that the procedures for pamangku candidates' coronation were as follows: selection, lineage, nyanjan ceremony, and distribution of lekesan. Gender inequality exists due to several factors, namely: the purusa and pradana system in Balinese culture; 2) male dominance in kapamangkuan; 3) kapamangkuan education prioritizes pamangku lanang; 4) The labeling of pamangku istri with their domestic duties as ceremonial amenities maker, and 5) menstrual cycle myths factors. Furthermore, the gender identification in kapamangkuan in Mengesta village are as follows: 1) The labeling of pamangku istri as the socialization of women into gender polarity; 2) the kapamangkuan education system based on biological differentiation, 3) a second marriage system that is considered unholy, 4) through unclear patterns of pamangku istri's clothing, and 5) Gender identification through adat (local social system). In general, there is still injustice to pamangku istri regarding her rights and obligations despite her equal position as a pamangku.

The Influence of Education and Local Culture on Community Preparedness in Facing Disasters

This research is motivated by the awareness of the importance of community preparedness against disasters, especially for island communities whose locations are in disaster-prone areas. Maringkik Island, East Lombok Regency was chosen as the research location because the island is included in the southern part of Lombok Island which has the potential for megathrust with earthquakes above 8 SR. The objectives of this study were to determine: (1) the level of community education in Maringkik Island and its effect on community readiness in dealing with current disasters, (2) the level of understanding of disaster preparedness in the community in patron-client relationships, and (3) the level of disaster preparedness in the local social system of community in Maringkik Island, East Lombok Regency. The method used in this research is mixed methods, a combination of quantitative and qualitative research. The data were collected using in-depth interviews and surveys using a questionnaire that had been prepared. The results obtained from this study are that community preparedness in facing disasters is influenced by several factors, namely the level of education and knowledge as well as existing socio-cultural values. In addition, the existing patron-client pattern actually contributes to the community's low understanding of disaster preparedness. Community behavior and preparedness in the event of a disaster are still traditional, instinctive and natural, not based on modern science. Therefore, this study recommends the importance of disaster-specific subjects in schools and routine disaster mitigation-related training from related institutions.

Nature in Your Face - Disruptive Climate Change Communication and Eco-Visualization as Part of a Garden-Based Learning Approach Involving Primary School Children and Teachers in Co-creating the Future.

The paper describes an innovative structured workshop methodology in garden-based-learning (GBL) called “Nature in Your Face” (NiYF) aimed at provoking a change in citizens behavior and engagement as a consequence of the emotional activation in response to disruptive artistic messages. The methodology challenges the assumption that the change needed to meet the carbon targets can be reached with incremental, non-invasive behavior engineering techniques such as nudging or gamification. Instead, it explores the potential of disruptive communication to push citizens out of their comfort zones and into creative modes of re-creating futures. This is done by confronting us with consequences of consumption by means of art and eco-visualizations. The aim being to achieve awareness, mental flexibility, and spurring debate. Thus, we invite them to react – and act upon these reactions by communicating their feelings or thoughts. This is used as an entrance point for broader and/or deeper engagement in a structured three-step methodology; (1) Framing: A disruptive element is introduced into the local environment. This triggers an emotional reaction, which then is taken up in a process of framing the problem and working with solutions. (2) Twisting: in a guided process, the initial energy from the emotional confrontation is twisted into a creative exploration of innovative solutions, from the perspective of the children. (3) Using: The last stage is using the developed solutions in the local social system (or refining them further). The methodology is being applied in cooperation with a primary school, and is iteratively adjusted and evaluated in a formative, action-research based approach scenario. NiYF is to stimulate societal engagement through deliberately confronting stakeholders with unexpected and potentially upsetting appearances of nature, climate effects, or carbon-neutral lifestyle scenarios. We have verified the practical usefulness and potential of the methodology and found that NiYF triggers societal engagement and transition, negotiating responsibilities and unlocking action potentials. We also found that eco-anxiety, denial, self-efficacy and cognitive dissonance form children’s understanding of plastic. The project marks a paradigm shift from creating knowledge to using knowledge to create action, and a focus on learning from evaluating and adapting the approach in the field.

Volcanic eruptions, successive poor harvests and social resilience over southwest China during the 18–19th century

Volcanic eruptions, climate changes and their influences on crop harvests and social development are of increasing concern in science communities. Using a dataset of crop harvest scores of southwest China from 1730 to 1910, which was derived from the memorials to the emperors in the Qing Dynasty of China, reconstructed climate proxies and the chronology of large volcanic eruptions occurring between 10°S and 15°N, we analysed possible relationships between crop harvests, climate changes and volcanic eruptions. In addition, some archives of policies and measures related to crops and social development extracted from the chronicles were used to analyse social resilience when faced with poor harvests. The results show that crop harvests in the study area generally increased with fluctuations when there were less low-latitude large volcanic eruptions from 1730 to 1810. However, from 1811 to 1910, volcanoes at low latitudes erupted more frequently, which contributed to concurrent low temperature and drought. Meanwhile, the crop harvests showed a step-down decrease during the following periods of 1810s, 1850s, 1870s and 1890s. Though, the local social system was certainly resilient in facing of such climate and agriculture disasters, i.e. the local society remained stable without significant famine, large-scale migration or social unrest until 1911. The strong resilience of local social systems owed largely to various relieving measures, such as, building barns, exempting or reducing local taxes, allocating farmland to immigrants, and central government dominated grain purchasing and distribution to alleviate disasters.

Research on Risk Assessment of Port Project Investment and Construction

Xu, X.; Yang, Z.; Jin, L., and Hao, L., 2020. Research on risk assessment of port project investment and construction. In: Bai, X. and Zhou, H. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 115, pp. 187-189. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Compared with general engineering projects, port engineering projects have large investment scale, long cycle, uncertain natural environment in which the port is located, and diversified potential influencing factors, which are all sources of risk for port engineering projects. With the increasing trend of economic globalization and integration, ports are playing an increasingly important role in stimulating regional economy and local economy. However, because port construction is a capital-intensive industry with a long payback period, investment in port projects has to bear greater risks. The construction and operation of port projects often have a significant impact on the local economic and social system and the existing space and natural environment. Based on the introduction of the characteristics and causes of the investment risks of port construction projects, this paper analyzes the potential risk factors of port construction project investment in China, and gives suggestions for the risk evaluation of port construction project investment combined with the characteristics of the investment risks of port construction projects.

STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING THE SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SYSTEM FOR THE ELDERLY IN IAŞI

The article is the result of a complex research activity. The starting point was to make a diagnosis of the Iasi community on the needs of social assistance. The interest of local authorities is to ensure optimal conditions for the provision of quality social services, leading to an improvement in the quality of life of people at social risk. This article makes a complex assessment of the social problems faced by the local community in Iasi, using the analysis of documents, questionnaires and focus groups. The special contribution is given by the development strategy of the resulting local social assistance system, with emphasis on the category of elderly beneficiaries.

Formation of the System of Local Bodies of Social Security in the Ukrainian SSR (First Half of the 1920s)

The purpose of the article based on the analysis of archival sources and official documents, highlights the process of formation of local social security bodies in the Ukrainian SSR during the formation of the totalitarian regime. Find out the features of the social policy of the Soviet state and its political and ideological priorities in the social sphere. Determine the objective and subjective reasons for the failure of local social security bodies to provide full assistance to those in need. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of scientific character, objectivity, historicism. Methods: general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (problem-chronological, structural-synthetic, comparative). To identify the size of the social contingent of persons under guardianship, the author used elements of the statistical method. Scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the history of the formation of the Soviet social security system in provinces, cities and districts actually became the subject of this study for the first time. The author analyzed the structural and functional changes in the work of local social security bodies, which led to the centralization of the administrative apparatus and the decentralization of functions and the mechanism of servicing those in need. Conclusions. The formation of the local social security system went through two periods: the first lasted from February 1919 to June 1920, during which an independent three-stage social security system was formed in the Ukrainian SSR. The second falls on 1921-1925, during which there were significant functional changes in social security due to the transition to NEP. The first period was characterized by a philanthropic orientation of the social security organs, coverage of all categories of the population, and during the NEP there was a strict policy of “denationalization” of social security. The state has shifted many responsibilities of social self-sufficiency to the cooperation of disabled people, social insurance agencies and various committees of mutual assistance. The middle link has lost the coordination functions of assigning pensions and other benefits, turning into an organizational, inspection and instructor unit.

LAND MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS ESTIMATION

Land tenure social and economic development state of the art is the evidence of the need for further improvement of land management considering the existing economic potential. Full assessment indicators of local community land management effectiveness are substantiated in the article. Local community land management economic, environmental and social effectiveness assessment criteria system has been suggested.

Traditional and new approaches to childcare and social work with at-risk families in Poland

The implementation of new legislation in the welfare system, and childcare system in Poland, which has been included in social services since 2000, determined a new paradigm connected with replacing the responsibility for a child to family and to professional residential, non-residential, as well as a local social support system. Due to new legal regulations related to organization, task and functions of childcare institutions, e.g., residential intervention centres, children’s homes, foster families – should undertake cooperation between all components of socio-educational environment, which are involved in child development and the process of her/his inclusion. It means that a care institution, more than in the past, should become an integral element of the environment, where the child is growing up and where it is located approaching full socialization of the child taken under its care. New solutions in the childcare system are also amenable to family reintegration including even dysfunctional families in process of care, and underline the role of social childcare institutions in creating better conditions for respecting individual cultural, ethnic and religious needs for maintaining his/her own traditions and habits of child, family and environment. These new paradigms based on humanistic approaches in social work with children and families have found their application not only in the reform of social care system, but also in the concept of education of social workers. The paper will try to analyze some issues related to the childcare system and social work with families at risk in Poland, giving some examples of changes in the field of social work practice with children and families in the prospect of the new concepts and standards in the Polish Welfare System.

A Study of Data Continuity in Adult Social Care Services

Financial challenges in adult social care services are a considerable concern for UK government. With an ageing population, UK local authorities were reported to have spent £168 million more than budgeted in 2015–16 and had struggled to maintain care quality and manage unprecedented demand. We report on the assessment process employed in adult social care in Birmingham, the UK’s second largest city, and use data-analytic methods to examine the flow and continuity of data from referral, through the assessment process, to the resulting service provision. We identify the decision-making points and the data recorded for service users throughout the workflow. Data are derived from the local government social care system in Birmingham and span 2013–16. Findings highlight the complexity of the social care system, the fragmentation of the data and the discontinuity of data flow within the system. This data analysis resulted from a two-year study commissioned by Birmingham City Council as part of the ‘case for change’ following several poor Ofsted reports. Our commission was to understand what could be ascertained from a data-led investigation, independently of how the data were collected and used. This research establishes the foundation for service improvement and potential resource savings.

Humanitarian medical treatment of prisoners with serious illnesses

이 연구는 중증질환 수용자의 인권적 의료처우와 관련한 유엔피구금자최저기준규칙을 포함한 국제규범을 살펴보고 형의 집행 및 수용자 처우에 관한 법령, 법무부의 수용자의료관리지침 등을 비교분석하여 국제적 인권규범 수준에 준하는 정도의 국내법의 정비방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 교정시설의 중증질환 수용자의 의료환경은 매우 열악하여 2016년을 기준으로 의사는 정원의 79%에 그치며, 안양교도소 등 14개소는 전문의가 한 명도 없었다. 2013년 이후 4년 동안 교정시설에서 매년 질병으로 22명이 사망하였고, 형집행정지거부로 외부진료를 받지 못하고 사망한 경우는 66명으로 나타났다. 또한 2016년을 기준으로 교정시설 수용자 중 34.2%가 질병관리본부가 정한 4대중증질환을 앓고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그런데 현행 형의 집행 및 수용자 처우에 관한 법령은 국제규범의 중증질환 수용자에 대한 인권적 의료처우의 가이드라인에 미치지 못하는 것으로 분석되었다. 유엔피구금자최저기준규칙, 유엔수용자처우기본원칙, 유엔경제사회이사회결의안 2004/35, 유럽평의회 각료위원회 권고 No.R (93) 6, 유럽평의회 각료위원회 권고, No. R (98) 7, 말기질환에 대한 세계의료협의회 선언 등은 중증질환 수용자에 대하여 외부의료시설로의 이송원칙, 조기석방, 차별 없는 진료기회, 임종호스피스, 에이즈보균 수용자의 조기석방 등 구체적인 가이드라인을 제시하고 있다. 이를 바탕으로 중증질환 수용자의 인권적 의료처우를 위한 국내법의 정비방향을 다음과 같이 제시하였다. 첫째, 교정시설 중증질환 수용자 의료처우 규정의 명문화가 필요하다. 둘째, 중증질환 수용자의 범주 및 처우규정의 명문화가 필요하다. 셋째, 임종 호스피스의 제공과 지역의료사회체계와의 연계규정 명문화가 필요하다. 넷째, 중증질환 수용자에 대한 최우선적 형집행정지제도의 명문화가 필요하다. 다섯째, 교정시설 의료인프라 수준의 명문화 규정이 필요하다.The purpose of this study is to compare the international norms on humanitarian medical treatment for prisoners with serious illnesses, the administration and treatment of correctional institution inmates act. Based on this, I tried to suggest the improvement direction of the administration and treatment of correctional institution inmates act based on the international human rights norm. The medical environment for the patients with serious diseases of the correctional facilities is very poor, and as of 2016, there are only 79% of doctors in total, and 14 hospitals, including Anyang Prison, have no specialists. From 2013 to 2016, 22 people died of the disease each year at the correctional institution, and 66 prisoners were found to have died without receiving external medical treatment because of the reject of the sentence execution suspension permission by the prison government. As of 2016, 34.2% of the patients in the correctional institution have suffered from the four serious diseases prescribed by the KCDC. However, it is analyzed that the current laws do not conform to the human rights medical treatment standard for the severe disease prisoner prescribed by international norms. International norms such as the United Nations Guidelines for the Minimum Standards for Detained Persons provide specific guidelines for the transfer of illness prisoners to external medical facilities, early release, equitable access to medical care, terminal illness hospice and early release of AIDS prisoners. Therefore, the direction of the improvement of the administration and treatment of correctional institution inmates act for the human rights medical treatment of the severe disease prisoner is as follows. First, it is necessary to label the medical treatment provisions of the correctional institution’s serious illness prisoners. Second, it is necessary to clarify the category of serious illnesses and treatment regulations. Third, the provision of terminal illnesses hospice and the stipulation of linkage with local medical social system are necessary. Fourth, it is necessary to stipulate the top priority for the sentence execution suspension permission of serious illnesses. Fifth, regulations on the level of medical infrastructure of correctional facilities are necessary.

Technological Change as a Monetary Phenomenon

This article attempts to study the function of monetary systems as networks of communication, which facilitate the channelling of social effort in the presence of exogenous conditions. A model of monetary system is being proposed, where monetary balances are algorithms of response, built up in the presence of uncertainty induced by technological change. Empirical research brought in support to that model demonstrates strong and negative a correlation between the velocity of money and the share of aggregate depreciation in current output, with intriguing links to exogenous mechanisms of energy absorption in the local social system.

Technological Change as Monetary a Phenomenon

This article attempts to study the function of monetary systems as networks of communication, which facilitate the channelling of social effort in the presence of exogenous conditions. A model of monetary system is being proposed, where monetary balances are algorithms of response, built up in the presence of uncertainty induced by technological change. Empirical research brought in support to that model demonstrates strong and negative a correlation between the velocity of money and the share of aggregate depreciation in current output, with intriguing links to exogenous mechanisms of energy absorption in the local social system.