Local Police Departments Research Articles

Embezzlement at the Grandview Community Recreation Association

ABSTRACT This case is based on actual fraud at a not-for-profit organization. In this case, students assume the role of a volunteer forensic investigator who assists the local police department to investigate the possible embezzlement case for a recreation association. Students learn about the activities and the people who are involved with the association. Through the examination of various documents, they identify any discrepancies between the association's accounting records and bank statements. Students apply the fraud triangle to gain a perspective on the possible motivation, opportunity, and rationalization of the likely perpetrator. Students become familiar with the concept of embezzlement and larceny, and recommend fraud prevention practices for the association. After completing this case, students are more aware of why and how small not-for-profit organizations are more susceptible to fraud than are other organizations. This case is appropriate for use in a forensic accounting course or an advanced auditing course.

Lessons from a patient with cardiac arrest due to massive pulmonary embolism as the initial presentation of Wilms tumor: a case report and literature review

BackgroundFinding an abdominal mass or hematuria is the initial step in diagnosing Wilms tumor. As the first manifestation of Wilms tumor, it is exceedingly rare for pulmonary tumor embolism to present with cardiac arrest. A case of a patient whose sudden cardiac arrest due to massive pulmonary tumor embolism of Wilms tumor was not responsive to resuscitation is presented.Case presentationThe patient was a five-year-old girl who collapsed suddenly during activity in nursery school and went into cardiac arrest in the ambulance. Unfortunately, she was not responsive to conventional resuscitation. A judicial autopsy conducted at the local police department showed the main cause of her sudden cardiac arrest was attributed to multiple pulmonary tumor embolisms of stage IV Wilms tumor.ConclusionsExcept for one reported case, treatments were not successful in all eight cardiac arrest cases with pulmonary tumor embolism of Wilms tumor. These results indicate that it is challenging not only to make an accurate diagnosis, but also to provide proper specific treatment in the cardiac arrest setting. We propose that flexible triage and prompt transfer to a tertiary hospital are necessary as an oncologic emergency to get such patients to bridging therapy combined with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or immediate surgical intervention under cardiopulmonary bypass.

Malaria among foreign migrant workers in Savannakhet Province, Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic

BackgroundAlthough mobile and migrant populations are considered an important group in malaria elimination settings, there is currently a lack of understanding about foreign migrant workers in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). The present study aimed to document the migration characteristics, positive rate of malaria infection, and preventive and treatment-seeking behavior for malaria among foreign migrant workers in the malaria-endemic districts of Savannakhet province, Lao PDR.MethodsA community-based survey was undertaken in four districts of Savannakhet province between February and June, 2015. Questionnaire-based interviews and blood examinations, including rapid diagnostic tests and PCR assays, were conducted with 391 migrant workers who were registered at local police departments.ResultsMost of the study participants were men (75.7%) and Vietnamese (92.6%). The median age (interquartile range) was 31 (25 to 41) years old. Most common occupation was factory worker (47.6%), followed by trader/shopkeeper (21.5%) and plantation worker/farmer (16.4%). The median length of stay (interquartile range) in the districts was 405 (183 to 1207) days. The majority of the participants (85.9%) had not worked in a province other than the study province, nor had the majority (92.6%) worked in a foreign country other than the Lao PDR. Although most of the participants (62.7%) reportedly used a bed net daily, these nets were mostly conventional untreated ones. No one tested positive for malaria. However, 10.0% of the participants reported a malaria-like illness episode that had occurred in the Lao PDR. The most common measure taken for the episode was to visit a hospital/health center in the Lao PDR, followed by conducting self-medication alone. Forty-one participants reported an experience of working in the forest while living in the Lao PDR.ConclusionsForeign migrant workers who are registered at local police departments are unlikely to play a major role in maintaining local transmissions and spreading drug-resistant malaria in the study province. However, some of them were involved in forest-related activities, suggesting that these workers are potentially at risk of malaria. The Lao National Malaria Control Program should educate foreign migrant workers about the risk of malaria when living in Lao PDR.

Public Safety Decision-Making in the Context of Smart and Sustainable Cities

Prominent urbanization forces governments to rethink their management processes, incorporate new technologies and ensure quality of life through practices aligned with the concepts of smart and sustainable cities. With a qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews with commanders of two local police departments, this study investigated information orientation in the strategic decision-making process in the area of public safety in a small Brazilian city. The police departments have a limited ICT infrastructure to support the strategic decision-making process because their information systems are not connected. The results show that although the city of Pato Branco (Brazil) is considered a smart city in the area of public security, there are limited resources in several aspects of the police departments for the effective management of their ICT infrastructures. The impact of resource constraints reflects throughout the entire information use lifecycle - identification, collection, organization, processing, etc. - which fuels the strategic decision-making process. The implantation of an operations center could significantly reduce the effects of the problems identified in this research and further research may reveal the operational, technical, economic and financial viability of this proposal.

Race and Consequences: An Examination of Police Abuse in America

The past few years have witnessed numerous media images of law enforcement officers shooting and in many cases, killing unarmed African American men and women. In significant amount of the cases, despite overwhelming video footage, police officers have not been held accountable for their actions. Most of the incidents have involved White policemen killing African American men. The study aimed at determining the covariates of shootings. Using the Racial Threat Hypothesis, victim characteristics and incident characteristics are investigated with the aim of identifying common themes that emerge surrounding shootings. Data were obtained from media coverage including newspaper, television footage and the Mapping Police Violence Database. Content analysis was performed on the data in order to identify common themes present in the shooting incidents. Two police officers were interviewed in order to ascertain whether their responses were consistent with the themes that have risen regarding police abuse of African American citizens. A major theme that developed in nearly all incidents was efforts by both local officials and police departments to dehumanize the victims. A second theme that emerged was to blame the victim, often by exaggerating his or her ability to harm an officer. It was concluded that to end police violence, reform is needed that takes into account justice, fairness, racism and racial stereotypes.

Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017) dir. by Martin McDonagh

Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017) dir. by Martin McDonagh Caroline Fernelius In Missouri, there exists no town by the name of Ebbing, a fact belied by the gritty, at times unflinching realism of Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (dir. Martin McDonagh, 2017). Amidst dreams of cowboys and Indians, McDonagh has conjured an anti-mythos of a land and a people brutalized, repeatedly, not by the glossy and nostalgia-commanding hardships of yesteryears but by twenty-first-century scourges: police brutality, racism, and uneven national patterns of industrialization that inevitably leave places like Ebbing behind. Viewers get the sense from the film's opening sequence that Ebbing—at once self-contained (not a single Starbucks dots Main Street) and devastatingly reflective of these global truths—reverberates with the unmistakable anxiety of a place deeply unsure of itself. Minutes after the film commences with a series of shots of decrepit, dirty road-side billboards, the local advertising agency boy, Red (Caleb Landry Jones), snarkily concedes that not many frequent those parts anymore, at least not "since the freeway got put in." Although viewers never see this aforementioned freeway, it looms off-screen as an emblem of the irrevocable instability of a town caught between what was and what is, between community and individual, between the promised order of Western civilization and the threat of chaos that underlies all manmade entities, including notions of justice. Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri follows mother Mildred Hayes' (Frances McDormand) increasingly controversial and at times violent efforts to track down her daughter Angela's (Kathryn Newton) rapist and murderer after the local police department fails to turn up any leads in a span of seven months. In so doing, the film portrays Ebbing and its inhabitants as perhaps senselessly wedded to the idea of control in an uncontrollable world; in the age of sniffer dogs and big data, Angela's remains provide [End Page 225] nothing of use to law enforcement. Without any eyewitnesses, Chief Willoughby (Woody Harrelson) remains frustratedly in the dark as an anguished Mildred sponsors billboards in protest, drills a hole in the thumb of the town dentist, sets fire to the police station, and (potentially) commits murder just after the film's end. Intriguingly, Mildred's version of asserting order, albeit usually in vain, assumes essential incompetence at the institutional level and relies upon extralegal brute force. The mother's iteration of justice might read as primitive, but Ebbing is presented as a disorderly place in which one lacks options—it is a land between the twin coasts of progress and reason that attracts ghosts rather than financiers, a space where bandits and plunderers might do their damage and escape unscathed into the dusty horizon. Chief Willoughby, a superficially plausible option to represent the faith in the collective that Mildred sorely lacks, sides unmistakably with her on at least one front. Dying of pancreatic cancer, Willoughby leaves the hospital against doctor's orders, and less than halfway through the film, he commits suicide so as to establish some degree of bodily autonomy in the face of a rapid and inevitable physical decline. When the holy trinity of institutions—the church, the state, and marriage—proves incapable of delivering more palatable versions of redemption, the film suggests that justice must instead be seized forcefully. During a dinner-date scene, Mildred encounters her ex-husband out with his (much younger) girlfriend, a down-on-her-luck former zookeeper who chummily insists on the adage, "anger begets greater anger." Maybe so, but Ebbing hosts a cast of characters with little else but anger at their immediate disposal. While looking on in disgust, then, viewers might refrain from blaming such characters for their behavior. As Mildred burns down the police station, slow-moving imagery and the words of a now-dead Willoughby ("Hate never solved nothing. But calm did. And thought did") contrast uneasily with an awesome display of uninhibited wrath, of a primal need to act rather than be acted upon, to assert something, anything in a place where one's assertions fall dumb in the face of cosmic, uncontrollable forces. In the end, Ebbing presents as a place just out of reach of the...

Social worker's experience with regard to counteracting domestic violence on the basis of the project "A shelter for years is a house, mom and dad” – A child-friendly patrol

The project “Shelter for years is home, mom, dad” – child-friendly patrol was created out of concern for the safety of children and to promote the correct patterns of family life – without violence, and addiction. Municipality Welfare Centre in Sosnowiec and the local Police Department noticed the possibility of being partners who could help each other in solving problems related to working with dysfunctional families. The cooperation of these two institutions has been to minimize the traumatic experiences of children and to start a family support system in solving its difficult life situation. Very quickly, in Sosnowiec, the first effects and effectiveness of 'child-friendly patrol' were noticed. Other institutions and organisations began to join in cooperation that helped in achieving it, thus gaining the trust of the inhabitants of Sosnowiec and increasing their effectiveness in helping people in need. Thanks to the partnership project, a broadly understood interdisciplinary cooperation for people experiencing violence and people using violence has developed. The system of helping/protecting children against the injured parties was has also developed through joint activities.

Massachusetts regional effort better equips officers for BH disorders

With increasing calls involving mental and behavioral health needs, three local police departments in Northborough, Southborough and Westborough. Massachusetts, have teamed up to add a mental health jail diversion program, The MetroWestDaily News reported Oct. 27. The police will share a mental health clinician, who will be available to respond alongside officers to crisis situations. Westborough police took the lead in securing a grant from Advocates Inc., a Framingham agency that helps people with mental illness. The program offers training to all officers on how to de‐escalate situations involving mental illness. The clinician will help with issues of homelessness, domestic abuse, sexual assault and substance abuse, among other issues, the chief said. The clinician will split time between the three departments going on ride‐alongs and following up with residents. The person hired will be ready to respond if there is a critical need in one of the towns. “I believe we need to do more for mental health for our society at large,” Westborough Police Chief Jeffrey A. Lourie said. He hopes to officially launch the program by Jan. 1. All officers in the three towns will receive training on how to work with the clinician.

MOVING BEYOND PLANS FOR EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS: ORGANIZATIONAL RESILIENCE IN RESIDENTIAL CARE FACILITIES

The devastating aftermath of hurricanes Katrina and Rita brought to national attention the importance of emergency preparedness for long-term care facilities. Although most facilities have an emergency plan, these plans may not adequately capture their “organizational resilience,” or adaptive capacity to handle the unexpected. Adequate links to the community and sufficient facility resources are critical to a resilience approach. However, little research focuses on the preparedness of residential care facilities (RCFs). In addition, we do not know whether RCFs with certain characteristics (e.g., CCRC or chain membership) are more likely to have access to resources that foster resilience. Data come from the 2015 Ohio Biennial Survey of Long-Term Care (response rate=88%; N=576), which is the only statewide survey of the entire RCF population in Ohio. A survey module adapted questions from the 2014 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Emergency Preparedness checklist. We conduct a series of logistic regressions to examine facility characteristics of RCFs that are associated with different checklist items that measure organizational resilience. Being part of a CCRC was associated with a higher likelihood of having a backup generator (Odds ratio =3.90, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.86–8.18) holding other facility characteristics constant. RCFs that are part of a CCRC are also more likely to work with local police departments and hospitals to develop their plans. Chain membership was associated with a higher likelihood of having at least one day’s supply of bottled water (Odds ratio =1.74, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 1.03–2.94). We will discuss implications for policy.

Exploitative Revenues, Law Enforcement, and the Quality of Government Service

A growing body of evidence indicates that local police departments are being used to provide revenue for municipalities by imposing and collecting fees, fines, and asset forfeitures. We examine whether revenue collection activities compromise the criminal investigation functions of local police departments. We find that police departments in cities that collect a greater share of their revenue from fees solve violent and property crimes at significantly lower rates. The effect on violent crime clearance is more salient in smaller cities where police officers’ assignments tend not to be highly specialized. We find that this relationship is robust to a variety of empirical strategies, including instrumenting for fines revenue using commuting time. Our results suggest that institutional changes—such as decreasing municipal government reliance on fines and fees for revenue—are important for changing police behavior and improving the provision of public safety.

Martin Luther King Jr. And Pretext Stops (and Arrests): Reflections on How Far We Have Not Come Fifty Years Later

By January, 1956, the Montgomery Bus boycott was in full-swing. Black citizens in Montgomery, Alabama were refusing to ride the city’s private buses to protest racially segregated seating. On the afternoon of January 26, 1956, twenty-seven-year-old Martin Luther King, Jr. had finished his day of work at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery. On his drive home, King stopped his vehicle to offer a ride to a group of bus boycotters standing at a downtown car-pool location. After the boycotters entered King’s car, two motorcycle policemen pulled-in behind King’s vehicle. While everyone in King’s car tried to remain calm, the police continued to follow King’s car. At the next car-pool location, when some of King’s passengers began to exit, one of the policemen pulled next to King’s window, stating: “‘Get out, King. You’re under arrest for speeding thirty miles an hour in a twenty-five-mile zone.’” While stunned by the police action, King did not protest. He was arrested and taken to the Montgomery City Jail, where he was processed, fingerprinted and jailed with other black prisoners. It has been nearly sixty years since Martin Luther King, Jr. was subjected to this arbitrary and discriminatory police practice. Surely, things have changed in America. After the demise of the Jim Crow system, the enactment of federal and civil rights legislation protecting blacks from discriminatory application of state and local laws, and several decades of Supreme Court rulings enforcing the rights of black citizens, it would seem that law enforcement officials can no longer perform this type of arbitrary and bigoted policing. Although much has changed in America, investigatory or pretext stops unfortunately remain ubiquitous. As in King’s case, these stops are not aimed at enforcing the traffic code. Rather, police who conduct investigatory stops are a fishing expedition to look for evidence of criminal conduct. Various types of law enforcement agencies utilize pretext stops; and high-ranking police officials endorse pretext stops as a crime control measure. Indeed, two decades ago, investigatory stops were given a major boost when the federal government actively encouraged state and local police departments to use traffic laws as a basis for stopping cars suspected of drug smuggling. From one perspective, the use of pretext stops in the War on Drugs specifically, and to fight crime generally, raises no legal alarm. For most white Americans, modern application of this practice may seem annoying, but it is worth the cost in the fight against crime. A motorist is stopped by the police. The officer then questions the motorist about his or her travel plans (and if there are passengers, they are also questioned). Finally, a traffic summons or ticket may be issued. While bothersome, this practice, viewed in the aggregate, does not amount to a constitutional crisis. Moreover, on a rare occasion, criminality is exposed as a result of the stop. Black Americans, however, have a distinctly different perception of the situation. For King, the pretext stop was much more than a “stop.” The upshot was a frightening ride to jail; at one point during the ride, King believed the police were going to lynch him. Today, the modern pretext stop is on display when a black motorist is seen standing on the side of a highway or city street while police (typically white officers) search his vehicle. Study after study has demonstrated that African-Americans are targeted for pretext stops at a rate greater than white Americans. For blacks, particularly black men, a pretext stop is unequivocal notice of their inferior status in America. As Don Jackson, a former police officer, put it not too long ago: “The black American finds that the most prominent reminder of his second-class citizenship are the police.” The authors in this symposium were asked to consider how far America has come in the fifty years after the tragic assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Of course, America has made substantial progress on several fronts that would have pleased Dr. King had he lived to see them. Many aspects of our criminal justice system, however, would have deeply disappointed King. We are confident that the continued and widespread use of pretext stops and their attended consequences would have offended King. Looking forward, America can honor Dr. King by ending pretext stops. This article was presented at “MLK 50: Where Do We Go From Here?,” a symposium co-sponsored by the University of Memphis Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law and the National Civil Rights Museum, on April 2-4, 2018. It will be published in the forthcoming Volume 49 of the University Memphis Law Review.

Domestic Violence Agency Personnel Experiences With and Perceptions of the Lethality Assessment Program.

This study evaluated the experiences with and perceptions of the Lethality Assessment Program (LAP) among domestic violence agency personnel. Interviews were conducted with 16 agency personnel from 11 agencies in Connecticut to assess their beliefs about the goals of the LAP and the achievement of those goals, the perceived impact of implementation of the LAP on their relationship with local police departments, their experiences setting up and implementing the program, the perceived effects of the LAP on the agency's resources, and whether they would recommend continuing with the program. Participants mentioned a number of challenges, as well as benefits associated with participating in the LAP, and all but one person interviewed would recommend continuing with the program. Recommendations for future research on the LAP and for those considering implementing it are provided.

Public Library in the United States: Sanctuary of Sciences or Social Shelter?

Based on local normative acts regulating the rules of conduct in public libraries in the United States, the author analyses the most acute problems associated with non-observance of public order and violation of legal norms by people without definite occupation and permanent home visiting reading rooms. Personnel of the American libraries is concerned with the problem of relationship with the specified category of users representing a quite significant part of the total number of visitors. Of particular concern are the incidents of drug use. Libraries are very vulnerable, as open to everyone, and users can spend there as much time as they would wish. In order to solve the problems associated with stay in library of the unemployed and homeless visitors, libraries actively cooperate with the city’s social institutions and with local police departments. Libraries have always been the guardians of humanistic values; however, today they are vulnerable to the challenges of time; they are trying to find a compromise between their duty to serve all users (regardless of their social status) and the need to maintain public order. There is required serious and responsible work on the rules governing user behaviour for solving this challenging problem. Introduction of rules for readers is dictated primarily by the objective to provide the ability for libraries to fully fulfil their mission. Created to ensure the protection of rights, interests and safety of users and library staff, the rules should be based on the current legislation to avoid ambiguity and, at the same time, to be humane, “flexible” and focused on contemporary realities.

Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking: A Call to Action

I met “Ashley” one March night in the pediatric emergency department. While initially reluctant to discuss her presenting circumstances, the 14-year-old brightened up when I shifted the conversation and asked what she aspired to be when she got older. She smiled and replied emphatically, “A pediatrician; I want to help kids.” While part of me is always warmed when I hear that a young person is interested in dedicating his or her life to serving children and adolescents, I immediately recognized that the odds were stacked against Ashley. She had not chanced upon the emergency department. Instead, she had been brought in by law enforcement for medical clearance after having been missing for the previous 3 weeks. A missing persons report had been filed with the local police department, and the chief complaint on her chart, per her mother, read, “Having sex with many different people at hotels.” The presentation was textbook for a case of domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST): history of running away, returning home with new clothes and accessories, posting sexually explicit images on social media, and staying with an older woman suspected of recruiting younger girls. After completion of the physical exam and laboratory work-up, I wished Ashley the best, and she was escorted out by law enforcement to the state juvenile detention center due to a pending bench warrant. As I watched her leave, I wondered if our paths would cross again in the future, and whether she would be able to achieve her dream of becoming a pediatrician.

Injury analysis of patients according to impact patterns involved in pedestrian traffic crashes

ABSTRACTObjectives: In cases of car-to-person pedestrian traffic crashes (PTCs), the principal issue is determining at what point the car collided with the pedestrian. Accordingly, the objective of the present study was to use the medical records of patients injured in PTCs to investigate the characteristics of crash types and the areas and injury severity and to determine whether there are differences in injuries due to the angle, motion, and position at the point of impact.Methods: The present study examined 231 PTC patients admitted to the emergency room (ER) between January and December 2014. Electronic medical records from the hospital were used to divide the patient data according to Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) codes for injured areas based on sex, age, time of the crash, outcomes after ER treatment, and major symptoms. Among 231 patients, police reports on 67 crash cases, involving 70 people, were obtained with the help of local police departments, and these reports were used to reconstruct details of the actual crash. For statistical analysis, a chi-square test and a one-way analysis of variance calculation were used to compare the Injury Severity Score (ISS) based on groups and stages, with a statistical significance level set to P < .05.Results: With respect to patients who were admitted for PTC, 52.4% were females and 47.6% were males. The frequency of crashes was high in middle-aged and elderly groups, as well as for youths between 10 and 19 years old. With respect to outcomes after ER treatment, discharge to home after symptom improvement was the most common outcome (24.6%). Admissions to the intensive care unit (25.1%) and to the general ward (23.8%) were also high. In terms of major symptoms, the most common injuries were to the head, resulting from a rotatory motion post impact (35.9%), and injuries to the legs, resulting from the impact of a direct collision with an object (25.1%).Conclusions: This study demonstrated that injuries to the chest and abdomen were the most severe in the fender vault group and head and neck injuries were the most severe in the roof vault group. In particular, the Injury Severity Score was highest in the roof vault group.

Assessment on Acacia Woodland Degradation in Dire-Dawa Administration, Eastern Ethiopia

Dry woodlands are vegetation formations which comprise of scrubs, bush lands, thickets, wooded grasslands and dense woodlands. The largest share of Ethiopia’s landmass is categorized as dryland, experiencing moisture stress during most days of the year. Hence, lowland woodlands are the largest remaining forests in Ethiopia, covering an estimated 55 million ha (48-6 per cent) of land. Beyond the socio-economic and ecological importance of forests Ethiopia experienced rapid loss of woodland vegetation annually. At country level the loss is attributed to low level of standard of living of farming community and their close dependency on forest and woodlands. Jeldessa, Gerba-Anano and Chiri-miti kebelles of Dire-Dawa administration which is located in the eastern part of the Ethiopia has a dense acacia woodland species occupying a total area of at 12250 hectare mainly found in Hurso, Jeldessa, Gerba-Anano and Chiri-miti kebelles. The dry forest which was home and source of forage to wildlife and local pastoral communities is dwindling from time to time. As there has been no study on site specific, this study was conducted to assess the recent degradation of dry land forest in Jeldessa, Gerba-Anano and Chiri-miti kebelles of Dire-Dawa administration. The study has employed questionnaire, interview, group discussions and field observation. The findings of the study shows acacia woodland vegetation of the kebelles have been subjected to degradation due to the ease accessibility of the kebelles connected by all-weather roads has triggered fetching of charcoal. Besides, easy money making from charcoal and its rising price has anticipated poor peoples to practice it as a means of livelihood. On the other hand, concentration of livestock, recurrent drought and prosopis juliflora invasion has perceived as major factors degradation. Therefore, the cumulative negative effect of the above factors has contributed to the fast deterioration of acacia woodland coverage. To this end, all concerned body’s particularly local customary institutions, agricultural and police departments have to work in harmony on providing alternative off farm activities. Furthermore, the government induced sedentary agriculture was widely practiced along the river sides of all kebelles therefore, further study on sustainable usage of grazing and woodland forest is very mandatory.

Investing in people: salary and turnover in policing

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between voluntary and involuntary turnover and officers’ salaries.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from the 2013 Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics survey, Poisson regression was used to test hypotheses about the effect of pay and other economic incentives on turnover, while controlling for previously identified influential organizational and community factors, such as crime, community disorganization, geographic region, policing philosophy, collective bargaining, the utilization of body-worn cameras, and workforce diversity.FindingsHigher salaries were significantly associated with lower voluntary and involuntary turnover rates. In addition, other economic incentives and participation in a defined benefits retirement plan were related to voluntary separations but not dismissals. Consistent with prior research, southern agencies and sheriff’s departments reported higher turnover rates than local police agencies and departments operating in other areas of the USA. The effects of workforce diversity were mixed, while collective bargaining was associated with lower rates of voluntary turnover, and the utilization of body-worn cameras was associated with higher rates.Originality/valueIn addition to contributing to the theoretical literature on antecedents of turnover, this research has practical implications by helping law enforcement officials estimate how changes in the compensation structure affect their ability to retain qualified personnel. Due to the complexities of modern law enforcement, maintaining a strong and stable workforce is becoming a greater challenge, and more research is needed to understand which incentives are crucial in recruiting and retaining the most effective policing personnel.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI WISATAWAN MENGINAP DI VILLA

Petitenget area is known for tourist region where villas are established for accomodating guests. This study is aimed to determine what factors affect guests staying at villas in Petitenget area. The results of this study show that factors influenceing guests staying at villas in Petitenget area are classified into 4 factors. These factors include a) the competence factor has eigenvalue of 10.8065 and with the highest value variance of the percentage of 51.4593% for the guests’ decision to stay at the villa. b) Personal factor has eigenvalue of 1.626 and the highest variance value of the percentage of 7.7442% for guests to stay at the villa. c) Image factor has eigenvalue of 1.371 and the highest percentage of 6.5289% variance for guests to stay at the villa. d) Capability factor has eigenvalue of 1.295 and the highest variance value of the percentage of 6.1651% for guests to stay at the villa. The dominant factor influencing guests to stay at the villa in Petinget area is a competence factor. In order to sustain the existence of the villa in Petitenget area, it is recommended that villa should pay attention on the dominant factors and other factors that affect the guests stay at the villa. Other things need to be considered is eestablishing good and intensive cooperation with the local communities and police department. The establishment of the community business Petitenget area can be done in the region to realize a comfortable, safe and clean villa. Improving the quality of human resources remains a priority in order to improve the quality of care. Besides that, consistent promotion both through internet and other media as well as mutual partnership with travel agents and working together with the Badung regency are important, particulary in term of regulations to make the area of Petitenget as a sustainable region for villa establishment.

Armed, but too dangerous? Factors associated with citizen support for the militarization of the police

Images of police officers riding in armored vehicles and carrying military-grade weapons have become part of the public consciousness following the events in Ferguson, Missouri and several other high-profile police–citizen encounters. Although a great deal of research has investigated how and why US citizens perceive the police in various ways, almost no empirical work has asked how citizens perceive the militarization of the police. The current study analyzes data from a survey of 1005 US citizens to identify characteristics that are related to support for the use of military weapons and vehicles by local police departments. The results indicate that several demographic factors and perceptions of crime and the police are significantly related with citizen support for the militarization of the police. The implications of this research are discussed.

Immigration and the War on Crime: Law and Order Politics and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

The 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) was a momentous law that recast undocumented immigration as a crime and fused immigration enforcement with crime control (García Hernández 2016; Lind 2016). Among its most controversial provisions, the law expanded the crimes, broadly defined, for which immigrants could be deported and legal permanent residency status revoked. The law instituted fast-track deportations and mandatory detention for immigrants with convictions. It restricted access to relief from deportation. It constrained the review of immigration court decisions and imposed barriers for filing class action lawsuits against the former US Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). It provided for the development of biometric technologies to track “criminal aliens” and authorized the former INS to deputize state and local police and sheriff's departments to enforce immigration law (Guttentag 1997a; Migration News 1997a, 1997b, 1997c; Taylor 1997). In short, it put into law many of the punitive provisions associated with the criminalization of migration today.Legal scholars have documented the critical role that IIRIRA played in fundamentally transforming immigration enforcement, laying the groundwork for an emerging field of “crimmigration” (Morris 1997; Morawetz 1998, 2000; Kanstroom 2000; Miller 2003; Welch 2003; Stumpf 2006). These studies challenged the law's deportation and mandatory detention provisions, as well as its constraints on judicial review. And they exposed the law's widespread consequences, namely the deportations that ensued and the disproportionate impact of IIRIRA's enforcement measures on immigrants with longstanding ties to the United States (ABA 2004).Less is known about what drove IIRIRA's criminal provisions or how immigration came to be viewed through a lens of criminality in the first place. Scholars have mostly looked within the immigration policy arena for answers, focusing on immigration reform and the “new nativism” that peaked in the early nineties (Perea 1997; Jacobson 2008). Some studies have focused on interest group competition, particularly immigration restrictionists’ prohibitions on welfare benefits, while others have examined constructions of immigrants as a social threat (Chavez 2001; Nevins 2002, 2010; Newton 2008; Tichenor 2009; Bosworth and Kaufman 2011; Zatz and Rodriguez 2015).Surprisingly few studies have stepped outside the immigration policy arena to examine the role of crime politics and the policies of mass incarceration. Of these, scholars suggest that IIRIRA's most punitive provisions stem from a “new penology” in the criminal justice system, characterized by discourses and practices designed to predict dangerousness and to manage risk (Feeley and Simon 1992; Miller 2003; Stumpf 2006; Welch 2012). Yet historical connections between the punitive turn in the criminal justice and immigration systems have yet to be disentangled and laid bare.Certainly, nativist fears about unauthorized migration, national security, and demographic change were important factors shaping IIRIRA's criminal provisions, but this article argues that the crime politics advanced by the Republican Party (or the “Grand Old Party,” GOP) and the Democratic Party also played an undeniable and understudied role. The first part of the analysis examines policies of mass incarceration and the crime politics of the GOP under the Reagan administration. The second half focuses on the crime politics of the Democratic Party that recast undocumented migration as a crime and culminated in passage of IIRIRA under the Clinton administration.IIRIRA's criminal provisions continue to shape debates on the relationship between immigration and crime, the crimes that should provide grounds for expulsion from the United States, and the use of detention in deportation proceedings for those with criminal convictions. This essay considers the ways in which the War on Crime — specifically the failed mass incarceration policies — reshaped the immigration debate. It sheds light on the understudied role that crime politics of the GOP and the Democratic Party played in shaping IIRIRA — specifically its criminal provisions, which linked unauthorized migration with criminality, and fundamentally restructured immigration enforcement and infused it with the resources necessary to track, detain, and deport broad categories of immigrants, not just those with convictions.