Local Organic Wastes Research Articles

Surface Area Analysis of Activated Carbon Material From Palm Frond Waste using Different Activation Agents

<p>Carbon is one of the abundant elements obtained from organic matter, one of which is found in the fronds of oil palm trees which is found on the Kalimantan Island. This research uses local organic waste in East Kalimantan to be used as activated carbon material, palm frond waste. Activated carbon material is one of the materials that has a high surface area and is widely applied for adsorbent materials.<em> </em>This study aims to analyze and compare the surface area of activated carbon synthesized from palm frond waste using different activating agents. This research also analyzes the nature of the material structure, surface area, pore size and pore volume of activated carbon. The method used is the process of thermal activation and chemical activation to convert carbon into activated carbon with variations of activating agents, phosphoric acid (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). XRD, BET-SAA and SEM-EDX characterization tests were conducted. The results obtained show that the amorphous structure of activated carbon has been formed and there is an increase in BET surface area due to the activation process. The surface area obtained for the Non-Activated Carbon (C) sample is 15,149 m<sup>2</sup>/g, Activated Carbon-NaOH (AC-1) is 2,082 m<sup>2</sup>/g, Activated Carbon-H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (AC-2) is 307,692 m<sup>2</sup>/g. This shows that the best sample with the highest surface area is the AC-2 sample which uses the H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> chemical activator solution.<em></em></p>

Utilization of Spent Mushroom Substrate and Local Organic Wastes as Sustainable Growth Media for Enhanced Cocoa Seedling Development

Utilization of Spent Mushroom Substrate and Local Organic Wastes as Sustainable Growth Media for Enhanced Cocoa Seedling Development

Agricultural plant jiaosu: valorization of organic wastes for sustainable agriculture

Agricultural plant jiaosu (APJ) represents a novel and highly valuable ecological input with multiple applications. It is utilized as foliar fertilizer, drip irrigation fertilizer, bio-pesticide, and decomposing fungicide, facilitating the enrichment of local beneficial microorganisms and the efficient treatment of local organic waste. The technology offers the advantages of straightforward operation, minimal equipment requirements, and low cost. Its potential applications and research areas are extensive, with benefits including enhanced plant growth, improved crop quality, soil ecology enhancement, reduced environmental pollution, and prevention of crop pests and diseases. Despite its potential, there is a shortage of review papers on APJ in agricultural practices. This essay aims to provide an overview of the concept, categorization, preparation methods, and primary ingredients of APJ. It also discusses the impacts of APJ on agro-ecological systems and reviews current research, focusing on aspects such as raw material selection, microbial fermentation, the fermentation process, and detection technologies. However, further investigation and study are necessary due to the complex composition of APJ.

Practising urban agriculture positively influences household organic waste management habits: A quantitative study from Florianópolis, Brazil.

Proper household organic waste management practices are crucial to limit the negative environmental and health impacts that can result from inappropriate municipal waste treatment. The environmental impacts of organic waste have previously been described in the literature, and the main treatment strategy for managing such waste relies on technical facilities such as biodigesters. However, such technologies require significant financial investments, which could hinder their application in areas with lower economic power. Among the several available organic waste treatment strategies, composting for urban agricultural (UA) use has become increasingly popular. Although the literature suggests that UA can contribute to organic waste management by encouraging self-treatment practices, investigations into how practising UA can influence household waste management behaviours have been limited thus far. To this end, we analyse the role of practising UA along with other demographic variables, such as age, gender, education, income and housing conditions, in influencing citizens' household organic waste management behaviours. The city of Florianópolis, Brazil was selected as a case study since that municipality recently passed a new organic waste regulation law that supports the use of organic compost in UA. We surveyed 206 individuals regarding their household organic waste management habits in four behavioural areas: (i) separation, (ii) use of public services, (iii) self-treatment and (iv) reduction. The dataset comprises 102 individuals who were actively engaged in UA activities and 104 who were not involved in UA to compare habits of the two groups. The results show that UA practitioners are more likely to separate and self-treat their organic waste and use the derived compost for gardening activities. The use of public facilities for organic waste management is influenced by people's housing conditions. Respondents who lived in an apartment with no access to a garden logically had a lower willingness than did those with garden access to self-treat the organic waste produced. On the other hand, the results show that UA practitioners compost their own organic waste regardless of their housing conditions. The results show a strong, positive influence of practising UA on self-composting and thereby highlight the role of such practices in sensitizing urban residents to waste management issues and supporting local organic waste management strategies. Although the debate over the role of UA in organic waste management is still open, we reveal that highlighting this role could support a shift towards a circular approach to organic waste treatment.

Pecan Biomass and Dairy Manure Utilization: Compost Treatment and Soil In-Situ Comparisons of Selected Pecan Crop and Soil Variables

A compost program was developed on-farm, utilizing tree trimming biomass from a commercial pecan farm comprised of 14-year-old improved cultivar Western Schley pecan (Carya illinoinensis) tree stands. The direct soil application of shredded pecan tree biomass (P) and dairy manure (M) served as a standard on-farm practice. Three composts were produced using P and M with varying levels of other inputs and processing. The PM compost contained only P and M and its production included only weekly turning and watering. The other two composts included P, M, unfinished compost, and clay inputs, and either additional landscaping residues (A) (designated PM/A compost) or “green chop” (on-farm grown legumes, G) (designated PMG/A compost); production of PM/A and PMG/A composts included additional processing steps intended to improve compost quality per the recommendations of a compost consulting company. Soil samples were taken at three depths (0–15 cm, 15–30 cm, 30–61 cm) in November 2017 from the 1.3 ha study plot of trees. The standard practice and compost treatments were applied at approximately 18 t/ha in January 2018 and 2019 at a 15 cm depth. Soils were re-sampled at the end of the two-year study. Composts and soils were analyzed for: pH, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), electrical conductivity, and total carbon, organic matter, magnesium, calcium, sodium, nitrate-N, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), available phosphorus, potassium, zinc, manganese, iron, and copper contents. Pecan tree leaf nutrient content, stem water potential, and leaf greenness were also measured one and two years after soil amendment application. While increases in several soil properties were observed with the treatments, only available phosphorus content was significantly different between pre and post at all depths. Electrical conductivity, TKN, Fe, Cu, SAR, and Na content showed significant differences in the upper soil layers. No differences in leaf properties were observed. This suggests that there are minimal differences in the outcomes for compost application compared to in-situ biomass application; additional compost inputs and processing did not provide additional short-term soil or plant benefits for pecan tree production. More work is needed to determine if there are long-term benefits to soil quality, plant health and performance, or carbon sequestration that impact the economic and environmental decision-making processes for composting and application of local organic wastes.

Enhancing bauxite residue properties for plant growth: Gypsum and organic amendment effects on chemical properties of soil and leachate

Enhancing bauxite residue properties for plant growth: Gypsum and organic amendment effects on chemical properties of soil and leachate

Added Value of Local Organic Wastes to Develop Aromatic Plants in Agroforestry

<span>An agroforestry system consisting of fast-growing aromatic plants, such as citronella grass (<em>Cymbopogon nardus</em> L.) and tree crops that produce aromatic substances, such as ylang-ylang (<em>Cananga odorata</em> (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson forma genuina), was an alternative to the sustainable agricultural system. The growth and oil production of citronella grass can be enhanced by fertilization and planting patterns. The effects of planting patterns of citronella grass and ylang-ylang and compost application from various organic wastes on plant growth, biomass weight, and citronellal and geraniol content of citronella grass were investigated in a field experiment. The experiment consisted of two factors: planting patterns and types of fertilizer. Planting patterns (main plot) consisted of two levels, with citronella grass planted between ylang-ylang rows (IR) and between and within ylang-ylang rows (IWR). Five levels of fertilizer types comprised the subplot: no fertilization (P0), bamboo leaf compost (P1), vetiver leaf compost (P2), dairy cow dung compost (P3), and inorganic fertilizer (P4). Compost made from dairy cow manure significantly increased leaf length, tiller count per plant, canopy width, and citronellal content. Furthermore, its application in the IWR pattern revealed the optimal interaction that significantly increased citronella grass canopy width 4 and 8 weeks after planting. This result indicated that local organic wastes greatly aided the development of aromatic plants in agroforestry.</span>

Recycling local organic waste in peri-urban horticulture: a case-study in the Parisian region

ISHS XXXI International Horticultural Congress (IHC2022): International Symposium on Urban Horticulture for Sustainable Food Security (UrbanFood2022) Recycling local organic waste in peri-urban horticulture: a case-study in the Parisian region

Home and community composts in Nantes city (France): quality and safety regarding trace metals and metalloids.

Home and community composting are key strategies for local organic waste management. The quality and safety of industrial composts are controlled, but those of home and community composts are not, and this could make them unsafe for use in kitchen gardens. Home (n = 20) and community (n = 41) composts, from urban and suburban areas including mildly Pb-contaminated allotment gardens, were analyzed for quality and safety regarding trace metals and metalloids (TMM) using mid-infrared Fourier transform spectrometry (FT-MIR) and portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, respectively. Home composts had a significantly higher Pb content (98mg.kg-1 ± 10mg.kg-1) than community composts (21mg.kg-1 ± 2mg.kg-1). Numerous home composts (85%) and a few community composts (17%) exceeded the organic farming thresholds for Pb (45mg.kg-1) and Zn (100mg.kg-1). The high mineral matter content and the relative abundance of chemical functions attributable to silicates (up to 35%) highly paralleled with TMM contents, mostly concentrated in the fine fraction. Co-inertia analysis highlighted strong and significant links between TMM contents and the whole chemical signature delivered by FT-MIR spectrometry. Pb-contaminated soil could be carried into home compost by green waste or by voluntary addition. Covariance analyses indicated that mineral matter and chemical functions only partly explained the variability in Pb content, suggesting a more complex combination of drivers. Community composting appears as a suitable local solution resulting in high-quality compost that complies with European organic farming regulations, while home composting from allotment gardens should be seriously evaluated to comply with such safety requirements.

An Experimental Study on a Dual-Fuel Generator Fueled With Diesel and Simulated Biogas

Abstract Diesel-fueled generators are widely used for power generation in remote and/or off-grid communities. In such communities, local organic waste streams can be used to generate biogas, which can be used to replace diesel used by diesel generators to lower fuel cost and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Diesel-powered generators can be easily retrofitted with a biogas dosing line in the engine intake to introduce biogas, but appropriate optimization would be of great help to further improve generator performance and reduce GHG emissions. The objective of this research is to demonstrate simplified optimization methods that can reduce GHG emissions (carbon dioxide and methane) from such retrofitted dual-fuel engines under various biogas compositions. The study was conducted on a modern 30 kilowatt (kW) generator using an electronically controlled, four-stroke, four-cylinder, direct injection, turbo-charged diesel engine. The engine was operated with the factory electronic control unit (ECU) and a programmable ECU which allowed for control of the fuel injections and exhaust gas recirculation valve. Biogas was simulated by using natural gas (with more than 95% methane by volume) which was diluted with either carbon dioxide or nitrogen. This study consisted of two areas. The first one was the comparison of the engine performance when operating with biogas using the factory ECU and the programmable ECU with user-optimized fuel injection. The second one was the influence of volume fraction of carbon dioxide or nitrogen in the biogas. Test results reinforced the importance of optimizing the diesel injections when the engine was operated in the biogas-diesel dual-fuel mode to ensure complete combustion and achieve a reduction in GHG emissions. Increasing nitrogen fraction had a minimal effect on the emissions but increasing carbon dioxide fraction caused the NOx and methane emissions to decrease, and the indicated thermal efficiency to increase.

Economic and greenhouse gas analysis of regional bioenergy-powered district energy systems in California

There is an urgent need for building energy services that are not only low-carbon but reliable. District energy systems (DES) have the potential to meet building power, heating and cooling needs efficiently and reliably, but further research is needed to understand their coupling with local renewable energy sources such as biomass. Here we assess the cost and greenhouse gas implications of using bioenergy from local organic waste to power DES in California communities. We describe a set of possible scenarios for bioenergy integration into DES, including fuel switching and retrofitting of existing systems and DES expansion through new projects. In all locations, DES have higher combined capital and operating expenses (ranging from $5–12 million) than conventional fossil fuel building thermal systems. However, the net amortized annual cost of DES can reach as low as 70% that of the conventional system from the sale of excess electricity. Bioenergy-powered DES can offer a cost of carbon abatement on par with distributed solar-powered building thermal systems (50% less to 34% more). Furthermore, upgrading existing DES from fossil to renewable natural gas represents an immediate economical path to decarbonize buildings.

Growth Performance, Biochemical Composition and Nutrient Recovery Ability of Twelve Microalgae Consortia Isolated from Various Local Organic Wastes Grown on Nano-Filtered Pig Slurry

This paper demonstrated the growth ability of twelve algae-microbial consortia (AC) isolated from organic wastes when a pig slurry-derived wastewater (NFP) was used as growth substrate in autotrophic cultivation. Nutrient recovery, biochemical composition, fatty acid and amino acid profiles of algae consortia were evaluated and compared. Three algae-microbial consortia, i.e., a Chlorella-dominated consortium (AC_1), a Tetradesmus and Synechocystis co-dominated consortium (AC_10), and a Chlorella and Tetradesmus co-dominated consortium (AC_12) were found to have the best growth rates (µ of 0.55 ± 0.04, 0.52 ± 0.06, and 0.58 ± 0.03 d−1, respectively), which made them good candidates for further applications. The ACs showed high carbohydrates and lipid contents but low contents of both proteins and essential amino acids, probably because of the low N concentration of NFP. AC_1 and AC_12 showed optimal ω6:ω3 ratios of 3.1 and 3.6, which make them interesting from a nutritional point of view.

The structure and diversity of microalgae-microbial consortia isolated from various local organic wastes

The structure and diversity of microalgae-microbial consortia isolated from various local organic wastes

A Study of Hot Climate Low-Cost Low-Energy Eco-Friendly Building Envelope with Embedded Phase Change Material

The generation and use of energy are significant contributors to CO2 emissions. Globally, approximately 30% to 40% of all energy consumption can be directly or indirectly linked to buildings. Nearly half of energy usage in buildings is linked to maintaining the thermal comfort of the inhabitants. Therefore, finding solutions that are not only technically but also economically feasible is of utmost importance. Though much research has been conducted to address this issue, most solutions are still costly for developing countries to implement practically. This study endeavors to find a less expensive yet straightforward methodology to achieve thermal comfort while conserving energy. This study takes a broader view of multiple habitat-related CO2 emission issues in developing regions and describes a hybrid solution to address them. New technologies and innovative concepts are being globally examined to benefit from the considerable potential of PCMs and their role in thermal energy storage (TES) applications for buildings. The current study numerically investigates the thermal response of a hybrid building envelope consisting of PCM and local organic waste materials for low-cost low-energy buildings. The local organic waste materials used are those whose disposal is usually done by burning, resulting in an immense amount of greenhouse gases. In the first phase, different waste materials are characterized to determine their thermophysical properties. In the second phase, a low-cost, commonly available PCM calcium chloride hexahydrate, CaCl2·6H2O, is integrated with a brick and corn husk wall to enhance the thermal storage in the building envelope to minimize energy consumption. Temperature distribution plots are primarily used for analysis. The results show a marked improvement in thermal comfort by maintaining a maximum indoor temperature of 27 °C when construction is performed with a 6% corn husk composite material embedded with the PCM, while under similar conditions, the standard brick construction maintained a 31 °C indoor temperature. It is concluded that the integration of the PCM layer with the corn husk wall provides an adequate solution for low-cost and low-energy buildings.

Organic Waste Valorisation via Graphical Pinch Analysis of Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio Number

Organic waste valorisation processes becoming popular organic waste management strategies in recent years, as resolving the environmental issues caused by organic waste disposal and making it into useful resources. Organic wastes can be valorised by mixing with other organic wastes to fulfil the requirement of designated bioprocesses such as the production of H2, CH4 and C2H5OH. The amount of carbon and nitrogen was the main factor to be considered in this study, expressed in terms of carbon-to-nitrogen ratio number, NC:N. The locally available organic wastes were used as the main supply of carbon and nitrogen. As the organic waste produced in different cities varies every day, the local organic wastes might not be able to provide sufficient carbon and nitrogen demanded by the designated bioprocesses. This research will reveal the amount of carbon and nitrogen required from external supplies to mix with the carbon and nitrogen found in local organic wastes. This research developed an Organic Waste Valorisation Pinch Analysis (OWVPA) in terms of carbon-to-nitrogen ratio numbers combined with reversed SCC shifting approaches. This Pinch Analysis is a robust and effective tool to estimate the mass flowrate and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio numbers of external supplies required by the designated demand sides.

Adsorptive removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution onto koh-activated carbons derived from saba banana (m. Acuminata balbisiana) peel

Organic pollutants in water are an increasingly prominent problem. Given this challenge, this study reported the high adorptive removal of methylene blue (MB) onto potassium hydroxide (KOH)-activated carbon. To prepare activated carbon, saba banana peel that are local organic waste were carbonized at 400 ° C and activated using various KOH concentrations, e.g.(0,5, 1 and 1,5 M). Physical and microstructural properties of activated carbon were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The efffect of KOH concentrations on the adsorption perfromance of MB on KOH-activated carbon were further investigated. The adsorption process occurred more easily after KOH (1,5 M) of concentration and the adsorption capacity of activated carbon improved by more than 23 %. These results indicate that preparing Banana fruit peels-derived activated carbon using KOH activation is an effective way to reduce pollution and utilize a waste resource.

The Structure and Diversity of Microalgae-Microbial Consortia Isolated from Various Local Organic Wastes

The Structure and Diversity of Microalgae-Microbial Consortia Isolated from Various Local Organic Wastes

Growth Performance, Biochemical Composition and Nutrients Recovery Ability of Twelve Microalgae Consortia Isolated from Various Local Organic Wastes Grown on Nano-Filtered Pig Slurry

Growth Performance, Biochemical Composition and Nutrients Recovery Ability of Twelve Microalgae Consortia Isolated from Various Local Organic Wastes Grown on Nano-Filtered Pig Slurry

EFFECT OF SPAWN SOURCE AND LOCAL ORGANIC SUBSTRATES ON DURATION OF THE CROP GANODERMA LUCIDUM MUSHROOM AND BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY

The study was carried out by using local organic wastes to investigates the growth of mycelium Ganoderma lucidum Mushroom, produce the spawn and prepare a substrate and their effect on the duration and Production efficiency. The experimental results of mycelium growth on a different set of local organic waste show that the minimum growth-period was 13.34 days with the substrate B, such that the mycelium was diffused on the substrate in cottony compact. On the other hand, the mycelium growth continues to 21.34 and 21.67 days with the substrate D and C, respectively, with a significant negative variation (P>0.05) and cottony non compact mycelia growth on the substrate parts. The source of the produced spawn was adopted for mycelium growth results. The results of the substrates characteristics during the stages of substrates preparation have been demonstrated that the highest value of pH was achieved by 6.93 with the substrate A. Moreover, the results show that the maximum moisture content of the substrates was obtained with the substrate B about 67.36%, and that the minimum time period for duration of the crop by two time harvested Done during 107.16 days and 107.33 days on substrates B and E respectively. While The difference was significant (P>0.05) with substrates C and D The second harvest ended after 108.66 days and 108.83 days from substrates Spawning respectively. It was not recorded significant with different source spawn. The best bio-efficiency has been achieved an average of 6.55 % with substrate B. the average substrates efficiency that spawned it by spawn- which its source is the Barley grains achieved 3.88 % Significantly superior (P>0.05) on substrates efficiency that spawned it by spawn- which its source is the Palm trunk sawdust.

COMPARISON OF THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES IN LOCAL ORGANIC WASTE AFTER CULTIVATION OF THE GANODERMA LUCIDUM MUSHROOM AND COMPOSTING BY COMMON METHODS

A study was carried out using local organic waste to develop Ganoderma lucidum mushroom, and assessing the physical and chemical changes occurring on the organic waste after the end of the mushroom cycle, and comparing it with the changes that occur to the organic waste after the composting process. The results of substrates properties ready for inoculation showed that the highest pH value was achieved at a rate of 6.93 with the A substrate (80% oak sawdust + 20% wheat bran) and that the highest moisture content of the substrates was achieved with the B substrate (80% palm trunk sawdust + 20% wheat bran) at a rate of 67.36%. The results showed that the highest production was achieved at a rate of 66.25 g / kg with the substrates B and decreased significantly (P> 0.05), and the lowest production was 18.03 g / kg with the substrates C (80% reeds straw + 20% wheat bran). The comparison results of the change in the physical and chemical properties of organic wastes after cultivation and after the composting showed an increased the rate of loss significantly in the dry matter after the composting process, and achieved at a rate of 39, 43.2 and 44.7% with palm trunk sawdust, reeds straw, cogon straw respectively. Whereas, the percentage of loss after the end of the yield cycle reached (28.71, 23.5 and 23.45%) with the substrate of palm trunk sawdust, reed straw, cogon straw, respectively. Conversely, the comparison results showed that the percentage of decrease in the carbon to nitrogen ratio increased significantly in the palm trunk sawdust after cultivation, and was achieved at a rate of 30.1%, while it reached a rate of 21.63% after the composting.