Local Norms Research Articles

The social amplification of risk and climate disaster preparedness: lessons from the Kalapara region in rural Bangladesh

ABSTRACT Risk perceptions significantly influence how vulnerable communities respond to sudden and gradual onset environmental hazards. In this qualitative study, we adapt the Social Amplification of Risk Framework (SARF) based on thematic analysis of 60 interviews with residents of the Kalapara region in rural and coastal Bangladesh. We identify seven components of climate adaptation-relevant risk perceptions that potentially affect household responses to extreme weather events and slow-onset environmental stress: perceptual diversity, risk awareness, experiential knowledge of environmental stress, risk messaging, social norms and cultural values, trust in institutions, and demographic characteristics. By adapting SARF, we observe a broad spectrum of perceptual components and risk awareness, ranging from extreme caution to fatalistic attitudes. We also find evidence of a notable lack of public trust in institutions, weaknesses in top-down communication strategies for climate adaptation, and a heavy reliance on volunteer efforts for disaster preparedness and mitigation. Additionally, maladaptive behaviours may emerge due to ineffective risk communication and poor community engagement. These factors impede proactive responses to environmental stress, such as migration and planned evacuation. Policy highlights The Social Amplification of Risk Framework (SARF) highlights the crucial role of social and cultural influences on risk perception and response strategies, promoting tailored communication that aligns with local norms and values. We propose that SARF-thinking can inform disaster preparedness planning, NGO and government actions by enhancing understanding of migratory and non-migratory decision-making, emergency evacuation management, and planned relocation. SARF guides the integration of risk perceptions into disaster response and evacuation planning, facilitating more effective disaster risk reduction practices and successful adaptation against climate-induced vulnerabilities. This study helps develop targeted policies around planned relocation as communities perceive and manage risks differently in disaster-prone regions worldwide, highlighting the need for adaptive responses informed by local knowledge and cultural contexts.

Publisher Correction: Randomized studies in China show that studying and promoting civic honesty needs to consider local norms

Publisher Correction: Randomized studies in China show that studying and promoting civic honesty needs to consider local norms

The Engagement Paradigm: How Culture Fuels Workforce Success

In today’s globalized, linked business climate, organizations' successes increasingly rest on their abilities regarding workforce engagement. However, the concept of involvement remains complex also impacted by a broad range of elements, like organizational culture, work practices, and leadership. This study examines how important culture is in determining employee engagement as well as, consequently, workforce success. Organizational, and national cultural aspects, each are fundamental pillars. Such pillars do influence motivation, communication, and also general job satisfaction. As firms seek increased output, grasping how engagement and culture sophisticatedly affect each other turns important. The study sharply looks into how these cultural models—from collectivist to individualistic, along with from hierarchical to egalitarian—affect worker commitment, engagement, as well as output. Through studies of a variety of cases from various industries in different regions, the study looks at how companies may use cultural alignment in order to create an atmosphere that encourages engagement of employees. In the study, the psychological and emotional underpinnings of engagement are also examined, with attention toward the importance of shared values, trust, and respect for nurturing a high-performance culture. The study also discusses how global corporations struggle to retain a common goal of employee involvement while adjusting their corporate culture to local cultural norms. It makes the argument that prosperous businesses not only modify their engagement tactics to fit cultural settings, but also take use of cultural diversity as a strength that can promote creativity, teamwork, and long-term success. This study examines the long-term advantages of fostering an engaged culture, offers best practices for developing an engaged workforce, and offers a thorough understanding of how organizational culture influences engagement processes. In the end, it makes the case that culture is a key factor in workforce performance rather than a secondary one, with direct effects on organizational efficacy, employee retention, and competitive advantage in the modern corporate environment. KEYWORDS: Employee engagement, organizational culture, job satisfaction, high performance culture

The International Global Marketing Management using the VIKOR Method

International Global marketing Management is in international marketing activities strategic planning, integration and Implementation refer to it prevails between countries cultural, economic, for legal and social differences adaptive marketing strategies and designing tactics includes. universal in marketing management Some key features and here are the considerations: market research and Analysis: each uniqueness of the target market properties and understanding requests is crucial. This involves conducting thorough market research to gather information on consumer behaviour, preferences, buying patterns, competition, and regulatory environments in different countries. Cultural Sensitivity and Adaptation: Cultural differences Recognize and value Basic. In which language, customs, traditions, Values and Beliefs are included. marketing news, product offerings and advertising strategies with local cultural norms integration is for success necessary Product Localization: of each market Specific requirements and to fulfil the wishes products or services adaptation is most likely necessary It's product features, design, packaging or local produce absolutely to fill of new products in development includes changes. tastes and requirements. Distribution and Channel Management: Choosing the right distribution channels and partners is crucial. This may involve evaluating the effectiveness of existing distribution networks or establishing new ones. Considerations include transportation logistics, warehousing, and the role of intermediaries in the supply chain. Price Strategy and Management: Determining optimal pricing strategies requires an understanding of local market conditions, competitive pricing, cost structures, and consumer purchasing power. Factors such as currency exchange rates, tariffs, and taxation also play a significant role in pricing decisions. Promotional Strategies: Global marketing campaigns must be carefully crafted to resonate with diverse audiences. This includes choosing appropriate advertising channels, messaging, and promotional methods that align with the preferences and media consumption habits of each market. Global Brand Management: Maintaining a consistent brand image while accommodating local preferences is a delicate balance. It involves establishing brand guidelines that allow for customization without diluting the core brand identity. Global marketing management research holds significant importance in today's interconnected world. Here are some Understanding Diverse Markets: Research helps companies gain a deep understanding of the diverse markets they operate in. It provides insights into consumer behaviour, preferences, and purchasing habits, allowing businesses to tailor their strategies to specific cultural, economic, and social contexts. Mitigating Risks and Challenges: Global markets come with inherent risks, including political instability, economic fluctuations, and legal complexities. Thorough research identifies these risks helps in assessment, risk reduction strategies and contingency to implement plans helps companies. Improving product offerings: of various markets personal needs and according to preferences Companies and their products or services Research helps to adapt. It is product customization; Feature improvements or Completely new May include development offerings to address specific market demands. Standardized Global Marketing, Adapted Regional Marketing, Transnational Marketing, Glocalization and Niche Market Targeting. Market Research and Analysis, Cultural Sensitivity and Adaptation, Distribution and Channel Management and Monitoring and Performance Measurement. the Rank of Global Marketing Management for using the analysis of VIKOR Method. Niche Market Targeting is got the first rank whereas is the Glocalization is having the Lowest rank.

Real ethics has dirty feet – data collector perspectives on risk exposure during data collection in conflict-affected Eastern DRC

BackgroundConducting research in humanitarian crisis settings poses multiple logistical and ethical challenges. We studied a community-based intervention called ‘Living Peace Initiative’, collecting household-based data in conflict-affected Eastern DRC, inevitably exposing data collectors and trial participants to risk.ObjectiveThis study explores the perceptions of local study implementers on the ethics of collecting data in a humanitarian crisis setting.MethodsWe used a grounded theory qualitative research Approach. Structured individual interviews were conducted with data collectors (n = 19) and local data supervisors (n = 7). Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis, combining deductive and inductive coding. The analysis was structured around six predefined themes drawn from prior literature, field experiences, and discussions with research team members: motivation, personal safety, trial participant safety, accessibility and working conditions, emotional challenges, and field navigation.ResultsSeveral subthemes emerged. Motivation was reflected in scientific curiosity, professional growth, financial benefits, among others. Personal safety concerns included exposure to armed groups, road inaccessibility, harassment, and illness. Trial participant safety risks included armed conflict, IPV, stigma among others. Accessibility and working conditions were affected by harsh weather, poor infrastructure, network issues, and others. Emotional challenges included exposure to distressing narratives and secondary trauma. Field navigation strategies involved teamwork, and adaptation to local norms. Despite these challenges, data collectors and local data supervisors expressed that the risks were justified and worth taking.ConclusionEven when fully implementing international ethical guidelines, some risks in humanitarian crisis settings cannot be entirely foreseen or avoided. Local data supervisors and data collectors recognize these risks and take partial ownership in managing them as active agents and contributors to the research. In this sense, real ethics has dirty feet: Data collection in such settings cannot be entirely risk-free; but it still might be important to do the research. The decision to accept such risks however should not solely be made by external researchers who follow international ethical guidelines. It should also be informed by the local data collectors and supervisors who understand the risks within context and culture; and include their judgment on whether the research effort is worth doing.

Municipality–Property Owner Collaboration for Climate-Robust Stormwater Management: Experiences and Perspectives from Swedish Actors

Climate change and urban development patterns amplify the risks of flooding and water pollution. While climate-robust stormwater management has the potential to reduce these risks, its implementation remains slow. Enhanced and new forms of collaboration between municipalities and property owners are proposed as the keys to advancing the volume and effectiveness of such measures. However, the practical outline of new collaborative practices between these actor categories within existing built urban environments is still in its early stages. This study uses the experiences and visions of respondents from eleven municipalities and six property companies in Sweden to start examining the challenges, needs, and requirements for such forms of collaboration. The study identifies current challenges, including ambiguous legislation, organizational differences, unclear roles and responsibilities, and weak economic incentives. Requirements for improved collaboration opportunities include overcoming perceived legal obstacles, assigning collaboration coordinators, establishing long-term collaborative forums, and clarifying financial principles and cost-sharing arrangements. Creating the conditions for collaboration thus requires changes in formal national frameworks, as well as changes in local organizational structures, norms, and traditions.

Empowering Tomorrow: The Role of Comprehensive Sexual Education in Preventing Unintended Pregnancies and Sexually Transmitted Infections

Background Sexual health is a critical component of overall well-being, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Comprehensive sexual education (CSE) plays a vital role in promoting responsible reproductive health behaviors, preventing unintended pregnancies, and reducing sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of CSE programs in achieving these goals and to identify key factors that contribute to successful implementation across diverse populations. Objectives The objectives of this study are to evaluate the impact of CSE programs on reducing unintended pregnancies and STIs; to assess the effectiveness of educational strategies in improving knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to sexual and reproductive health; to identify key factors contributing to the successful implementation of CSE programs in different cultural and institutional contexts; to provide recommendations for integrating CSE into school curricula and community health initiatives; and to highlight the need for policy support and sustainable funding to enhance the effectiveness and reach of sexual education programs. Material and Methods An extensive literature review was conducted, analyzing both qualitative and quantitative studies on various sexual education programs implemented globally. The review focused on key themes such as program content, delivery methods, and cultural adaptability. Data were synthesized to assess the impact of CSE on knowledge acquisition, behavior change, and health outcomes related to sexual and reproductive health. Results The findings indicate that CSE programs significantly reduce unintended pregnancies and STI rates. Programs providing age-appropriate, culturally sensitive, and medically accurate information showed notable success in improving participants’ knowledge and promoting responsible sexual behaviors. The study found a 25–30% reduction in unintended pregnancy rates compared to abstinence-only education. In addition, participants in CSE programs reported a 40% reduction in STI incidence due to increased awareness and adoption of safe sexual practices. CSE programs also enhanced participants’ understanding of consent, contraception, and healthy relationships, resulting in more responsible sexual behaviors. Effective delivery methods, such as interactive activities, peer discussions, and collaboration with healthcare providers, contributed to the success of these programs. Furthermore, tailoring CSE content to local cultural norms and involving community leaders improved acceptance and effectiveness. Conclusion CSE is essential for promoting healthy sexual behaviors and reducing negative reproductive health outcomes. The study underscores the importance of integrating CSE programs into school curricula and community health initiatives. Effective implementation requires collaborative efforts between educational institutions, healthcare providers, policymakers, and community organizations. Continued research, policy support, and sustainable funding are necessary to expand the reach and impact of these programs, ultimately contributing to improved public health outcomes.

Choice Vectors: Streamlining Personal AI Alignment Through Binary Selection

Value alignment for AI is not “one-size-fits-all”: even polite and friendly models can still fail to represent individual user contexts and preferences, and local cultural norms. This paper presents a modular workflow for personal fine-tuning, synthesizing four core components from our previous research: (1) robust vectorization of user values and preferences, (2) a binary choice user interface (UI) approach to capturing those preferences with minimal cognitive load, (3) contrastive activation methods for steering large language models (LLMs) via difference vectors, and (4) knowledge graph integration for more auditable and structured alignment. Our approach—descended from past research on “Towards an End-to-End Personal Fine-Tuning Framework”—demonstrates how these elements can be combined to create personalized, context-rich alignment solutions. We report on user studies for the forced-choice UI, describe an experimental pipeline for deriving “control vectors”, and propose a “moral graph” method for bridging symbolic and vector-based alignment. Our findings suggest that multi-pronged personalization can significantly reduce user annotation fatigue, improve alignment fidelity, and allow for more flexible, interpretable AI behaviors.

Health consideration in food consumption: impacts of education level and custom rules adherence

Individual attributes, such as educational background, may influence the degree of health consideration in food consumption. The local social norms may affect the same consideration in the collective level. Represented by education level and the custom rules adherence in food choosing behavior, this study aimed to examine how knowledge influences health consideration in food consumption and how the local social norms moderate this association in a multicultural enriched society. By utilizing the Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) as a conceptual framework, this study analyzed a dataset of 710 urban residents in Indonesia. There was a negative association between education level and health consideration in food consumption in which the custom rules adherence in food choosing behavior moderated against this negative association. For those with a low level of custom-based food consumption, their health consideration is lower as they have higher education level. However, the opposite trend which is a more intuitive positive association was found in those who consume more custom-based food. Socio-cultural factors have a complex impact on food choosing behavior among Indonesian urban residents. Therefore, governmental policies in the health promotion campaign of healthy-nutritious food should incorporate socio-cultural aspects with a deeper understanding of the human mind’s information processing.

A Review of Research on the Effects of Mindful Exercises on Emotion Regulation and Mental Health Among Adolescents

The rising prevalence of mental health challenges among Chinese adolescents—driven by academic pressure, social change, and post-pandemic psychological stress—has underscored the urgent need for accessible, culturally congruent interventions. Mindful movement practices such as Tai Chi and yoga, which integrate breath regulation, body awareness, and meditative focus, have garnered increasing attention for their capacity to enhance emotional regulation and psychological resilience during adolescence. This review synthesizes current empirical research on the psychological and neurocognitive effects of Tai Chi and yoga among adolescents in China, with an emphasis on developmental appropriateness, cultural fit, and mechanisms of change. Drawing from systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and neurophysiological studies, the paper highlights the cognitive and emotional benefits of these interventions—particularly in modulating stress responses, improving executive functioning, and strengthening prefrontal-limbic connectivity. Tai Chi, rooted in traditional Chinese culture and health philosophy, enjoys institutional support and strong cultural legitimacy, making it highly scalable in school and community contexts. Yoga, while culturally imported, has found increasing acceptance among urban adolescents, especially when adapted to local norms and delivered in secular, wellness-oriented formats. The paper also explores the role of interoception, autonomic regulation, and implicit emotional processing as key pathways for therapeutic benefit. Finally, the review discusses comparative cultural considerations, public health implications, and future research directions, arguing that both practices—especially when thoughtfully adapted—can serve as complementary tools for promoting adolescent mental health in China.

Student tenants towards rental housing justice: a study of two Indian cities, Delhi and Prayagraj (Allahabad)

This study explored how the financialization of student housing in Delhi and Prayagraj heightened tenant vulnerabilities and assessed the role of student activism in addressing these challenges. Specifically, it addresses the question, ‘How does the financialization of student housing in Delhi and Prayagraj shape tenant vulnerabilities, and what role does student activism play in addressing these challenges?’ To address this question, the study used a qualitative methodology, incorporating methods like the semi-structured interviews with students, activists, municipal officials, and experts, alongside analysis of grey literature and participant observation. Thematic analysis the resulting data revealed that financialization amplified economic pressures, restricted tenant decision-making, and fostered exploitative practices. Students reported rising rents, unstable housing, and discrimination based on gender and regional identity. While Delhi witnessed some student activism, sustained collective efforts in Prayagraj were limited by structural and cultural barriers. The findings highlight how financialization interacts with local norms to influence housing insecurity and tenant organizing. This study, focusing on a Global South context, contributes to housing justice literature, emphasizing the need for stronger protections, culturally sensitive strategies, and recognition of student tenants as crucial stakeholders in shaping equitable housing policies.

Language and culture in social workers' persuasive approach to drug abuse victims at social rehabilitation institution

This study investigates the significant role of language and culture in the persuasive approaches employed by social workers in rehabilitating victims of drug abuse in Bengkulu. By using a qualitative descriptive method, this research examines the experiences of social workers, rehabilitation center staff, and drug abuse victims through in-depth interviews. The study aims to understand how social workers incorporate local languages, cultural norms, and values into their communication strategies, thus enhancing the effectiveness of rehabilitation efforts. Findings indicate that language and cultural sensitivity are critical in establishing trust, rapport, and a safe environment between social workers and their clients. Victims of drug abuse are more likely to engage in and complete rehabilitation programs when their cultural identity is acknowledged and respected in the counseling process. The study also reveals that culturally tailored communication strategies, including the use of local languages and culturally relevant examples, significantly improve the victims’ understanding of the rehabilitation process, motivating them to actively participate in their recovery. Moreover, the research highlights the importance of social workers being trained in cultural competence, which not only strengthens their relationships with clients but also promotes more effective interventions and positive recovery outcomes. The study’s findings suggest that integrating language and cultural elements into rehabilitation programs is essential for addressing the complexities of drug abuse and achieving better results in the rehabilitation of drug abuse victims, especially in culturally diverse regions like Bengkulu. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the intersection of language, culture, and social work in drug abuse rehabilitation, offering practical implications for policy makers and practitioners.

A Study on the Impact of Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility on Korean Consumers’ Purchase Intentions toward Luxury Brands

In the context of global economic integration and accelerating consumer upgrading, the luxury goods industry is witnessing intensified competition. Concurrently, the modern consumer exhibits a rising concern for social and environmental issues, compelling luxury brands to integrate corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a strategic component of their brand identity. Korea, a nation that merges traditional Confucian values with contemporary consumerism, provides a distinct market environment in which consumer purchase behavior is simultaneously influenced by “symbolic consumption” and ethical considerations. This study examines the impact of perceived corporate social responsibility on Korean consumers’ purchase intentions toward luxury brands. We develop and test a conceptual model that positions CSR perception as an antecedent variable influencing purchase intention, mediated by brand trust, brand attitude, and self-congruity. Furthermore, we explore how cultural orientation (e.g., collectivist values) and social values (e.g., fairness, environmental concern) moderate the effects of CSR perception on buying decisions. Drawing on an empirical survey of 600 valid responses collected from various Korean cities, the findings confirm that (1) perceived CSR has a significant positive impact on the intention to purchase luxury products; (2) brand trust, brand attitude, and self-congruity mediate the relationship between CSR perception and purchase intention; and (3) cultural orientation and social values significantly moderate these relationships, such that collectivist-leaning or socially conscious consumers respond more strongly to CSR-driven brand appeals. From a theoretical perspective, this study enriches the emerging body of literature connecting CSR to consumer behavior in luxury contexts, shedding light on the complex psychological pathways whereby CSR influences consumers’ final decisions. Practically, the results highlight the importance of crafting CSR initiatives that resonate with local cultural and social norms in Korea, including philanthropic activities, eco-friendly production, labor welfare, and respect for local traditions. By internalizing these insights, luxury brands can align their high-end image with ethical commitments, ultimately enhancing brand loyalty and market performance.

Correction to: Female Management Representation and Corporate Financial Fraud: Do Local Gender Norms Play a Role?

Correction to: Female Management Representation and Corporate Financial Fraud: Do Local Gender Norms Play a Role?

Successful strategies that address gender-related barriers and promote bodily autonomy within efforts to scale up and sustain postpregnancy contraception: a scoping review

IntroductionAcknowledging the integral role of bodily autonomy in advancing gender equality, our study aimed to assess the extent to which strategies used in postpartum and postabortion contraception have effectively equipped...

Law and History in Angola: The Collection of Court Cases in the Benguela District Court (1850–1945)

Abstract Court records are rich primary sources to social historians, and much attention has been paid to these types of documents in different African territories. In most cases only summaries have survived, but in Angola complete proceedings have been preserved. Examining the court case collection available at the Benguela District Court, we discuss its strengths and methodological challenges, and present possible themes for future research. The use of these records reveals new aspects of the Angolan past, including more information on local norms and the ability of African women to use the Portuguese courts.

Out-Competing Rivals: Armed Group Governance and Civilian Attitudes in Colombia

What determines the legitimacy of aspiring rulers? Questions about support of the governed are central to theories of state-building and political order. Millions worldwide live under the influence of competing armed groups, yet we know little about how people in these contexts make comparative assessments of would-be rulers. We theorize how local norms, social networks, and the provision of goods and services influence these comparative judgments. We report results from a conjoint survey experiment in Colombia among nearly 2,400 respondents across 54 municipalities contested by multiple armed groups. Armed groups that take community norms into account and those that involve local leaders in decision-making are judged less negatively. Additionally, providing services and limiting violence both reduce negative evaluations of armed groups. These findings help us understand dimensions of political legitimacy under limited statehood and the effects of governance on civilian attitudes in areas of competition.

ETIKA DAN INTEGRITAS MANAJEMEN KEPEMIMPINAN BERDASARKAN NORMA PANCASILA

Leadership that promotes ethics and integrity is the key to success in running an organization, especially in the midst of various modern challenges such as globalization and technological change. In Indonesia, the values of Pancasila are a relevant moral guide for creating dignified and effective leadership. This article discusses the application of Pancasila in leadership, focusing on how principles such as Divinity, Humanity, Unity, Deliberation, and Social Justice can shape a leadership style that is responsible, fair, and in favor of the common good.Through analysis of various sources such as literature, organizational reports, and case studies, this research shows that Pancasila values have an important role in strengthening organizational trust, resolving conflicts fairly, and creating inclusive decision-making processes. For example, the Second Precept encourages leaders to respect human rights, while the Fourth Precept supports a collective approach in every decision taken.However, implementing these values is not without obstacles. Some of the challenges faced include a hierarchical organizational culture, lack of education on Pancasila values, and the influence of global norms that sometimes do not fit the local context. To overcome this, a strategy is needed that includes comprehensive education of Pancasila values, the establishment of a transparent work culture, and regulations that support the application of local norms in management.By making Pancasila the basis of leadership, organizations in Indonesia are not only able to better face global challenges, but also strengthen the nation's cultural values in daily leadership practices.

Rahn Contract at Sharia Pawnshop in Madura: Analysis of Maqasid al-Shariah, Socio-Cultural Dynamics, and Socio-Economic Impacts

This study examines the implementation of the Rahn contract at Sharia Pawnshops in Madura, focusing on its alignment with the principles of Maqasid al-Shariah, the socio-cultural and religious dynamics influencing perceptions and implementation, as well as the resulting socio-economic impacts. The study is motivated by academic debates regarding the effectiveness of Islamic financial instruments in achieving societal welfare goals. Using a qualitative approach and a case study method, the research gathers data through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis. The findings indicate that, in general, the Rahn contract at Sharia Pawnshops in Madura has fulfilled the objectives of Maqasid al-Shariah, particularly in terms of asset protection (hifz al-mal) and social welfare. However, its implementation still faces challenges, especially regarding transparency and financial literacy among the public. Furthermore, the socio-cultural and religious dynamics in Madura play a significant role in shaping public perceptions of Rahn, where local wisdom values and religious norms influence the use of Sharia pawnshop services. From a socio-economic impact perspective, the study finds that Sharia Pawnshops contribute to increased financial inclusion, better access to capital for small businesses, and a reduction in reliance on the conventional interest-based pawn system. However, there are some challenges, such as administrative fees that are still perceived as high by some members of the community and limited access in remote areas. These findings provide valuable insights for developing a more inclusive Rahn system that aligns with local community needs. Policy recommendations include enhancing Sharia financial education, optimizing Rahn-based financing schemes, and strengthening regulations to ensure transparency and sustainability for Sharia Pawnshops in Madura.

Enabling Conditions for Nature-based Solutions for Climate Adaptation in the Guinean Forests of West Africa: Evidence From Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Guinea

This article presents findings of the baseline survey for the project “Nature-based solutions for climate adaptation in the Guinean forests of West Africa” in the context of relevant legal, policy, institutional, and gender equity issues in six biodiverse and climate-change sensitive areas in three countries: Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Guinea. Quantitative and qualitative data suggests that there are differences between the perceptions and/or experiences of male and female actors of many aspects of nature-based climate adaptation, such as perceptions of vulnerability to climate change, levels of participation of women in planning and implementing climate adaptation and reforestation activities, and knowledge of the concept of biodiversity. The data suggests that statutory and customary laws and local norms generally support women’s rights to actively participate in nature-based solutions such as agroforestry, although there are challenges in ensuring that women are fully involved in planning such activities, and benefit fully from them.