Background Traditional smart lock systems frequently experience slowness and susceptibility to vulnerabilities during network interruptions due to their dependence on centralized cloud computing. This study assesses a stratified edge–cloud IoT security framework intended for robust home access control. Methods An ESP32-based edge controller was integrated with RFID and biometric sensors via MQTT protocols. Experimental validation was performed during a 14-day longitudinal study comprising 50 authentication cycles to assess accuracy, latency, and edge autonomy. Results The system attained an overall authentication accuracy of 98.0% ( n = 50 ) . Security integrity was maintained with a False Acceptance Rate (FAR) of 0.00% and a stable False Rejection Rate (FRR) of 2.86%. The average local processing response latency was optimized at 1,161.60 ms, maintaining an efficient local access control operational loop during simulated network disruptions via standalone edge-first failover logic. Conclusion The empirical findings show that a stratified edge-cloud system may successfully balance real-time local responsiveness and strong cryptographic security integrity. This dual-layer structure offers a long-lasting, cost-effective alternative for installing resilient IoT-based access control systems in volatile infrastructure situations.

Just as genomes revolutionized molecular genetics, connectomes (maps of neurons and synapses) are transforming neuroscience. To date, the only organisms with complete connectomes are worms1-3, sea squirts4, and comb jellies5 (103-104 synapses). By contrast, the fruit fly is more complex (108 synaptic connections), with a brain that supports learning and spatial memory6,7 and an intricate ventral nerve cord analogous to the vertebrate spinal cord8-12. Here we report the first densely-reconstructed adult fly connectome that unites the brain and ventral nerve cord, and we leverage this resource to investigate principles of neural control. We show that effector neurons (motor neurons, endocrine cells, and efferent neurons targeting the viscera) are primarily influenced by sensory neurons in the same body part, forming local feedback loops. These local loops are linked by long-range circuits involving ascending and descending neurons organized into behavior-centric modules. Single ascending and descending neurons are often positioned to influence the voluntary movements of multiple body parts, together with the endocrine cells or visceral organs that support those movements. Brain regions involved in learning and navigation supervise these circuits. These results reveal an architecture that is distributed, parallelized, and embodied, reminiscent of distributed control architectures in engineered systems13,14.

The ventral tegmental area as a key hub for sleep-wake regulation: A systematic review of cell-type-specific circuits and functional heterogeneity.

Biological systems are never in equilibrium, yet they maintain stability in the face of continuous external disturbances. A prime example of this is organ regeneration, during which organs are reliably rebuilt through controlled cellular proliferation. In this study, we employ a cell-based computational modelling approach to investigate the proliferative response of an organ after injury. We developed a minimal two-dimensional Cellular Potts Model (CPM) using empirical data from regenerating neuromasts in larval zebrafish. Remarkably, the CPM both qualitatively and quantitatively recapitulates the regenerative response of neuromasts following laser-mediated cell ablation. Assuming that cell proliferation is locally regulated by a delayed switch, we discovered that mitotic activity ceases once the type-dependent number of neighbouring cells exceeds a deterministic critical threshold. An intriguing corollary of our findings is that a local negative feedback loop among identical cells may represent a general mechanism underlying organ-level proportional homeostasis.

This paper proposes a hybrid control system for spray drying of extract, aimed at improving the accuracy of moisture stabilization of the dried product in the presence of crosscouplings between control loops and external disturbances caused by variations in raw material properties and air environment parameters. The basic control structure preserves the con-ventional industrial implementation of local PID control loops, while the coordination of in-teracting loops is performed at a supervisory level in the form of an ANFIS-based setpoint corrector. The corrector generates incremental adjustments to the setpoints of the inlet drying-agent temperature and its flow rate based on the current values of outlet gas temperature, product moisture content, and absolute humidity of the inlet air. This architecture enables par-tial compensation of mutual interactions between process channels without altering the struc-ture of local PID control or requiring modifications to the hardware configuration of the sys-tem.The mathematical model of the process was developed in the MATLAB/Simulink en-vironment by identifying individual channels using static characteristics and dynamic re-sponses within a selected operating range, followed by approximation with transfer functions including dead time. Model adequacy was confirmed by comparing simulated output varia-bles with published experimental data from open sources and by iterative refinement of trans-fer-function parameters until a mean relative error of 3% was achieved. Since experimental data from an actual industrial installation were unavailable for training the neuro-fuzzy model, ANFIS training was performed using training datasets generated in the simulation environ-ment based on the developed mathematical model, static dependencies, and a series of simula-tion runs.The effectiveness of the proposed approach was evaluated through comparative simu-lation of a conventional PID-based control system and a hybrid system with ANFIS-based setpoint correction. Performance indicators included overshoot, settling time, and the integral squared error (ISE) criterion under a baseline operating scenario. It was established that the application of the ANFIS corrector reduces the settling time by 33 % (from 180 to 120 s), de-creases overshoot by a factor of 2.4 (from 12 % to 5 %), and lowers the ISE value by 48 % (from 1.00 to 0.52) compared with the PID-only control system. Further research should focus on experimental validation of the proposed algorithm on real equipment, additional training of the ANFIS model using experimental data, and assessment of the supervisory control layer performance in the presence of measurement noise and actuator constraints.

Natural killer cell dysfunction drives keloid pathogenesis.

The thick tradition of pilgrimage in Banjarmasin produces a significant volume of organic flower waste that contributes to the accumulation of waste in landfills (South Kalimantan Provincial Communication and Information Service, 2023; Maylana, 2024). In response to this environmental problem, this research aims to design innovative solutions based on the Circular Economy (CE). This initiative aims to eliminate waste through restorative design (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013). The method used is Action Research (Heron, 1998) to implement the principles of Circular Economy at the local community level, which involves (1) training local communities in waste sorting and (2) developing a business model of organic incense products with upcycling techniques. This implementation simultaneously emphasizes the creation of social and environmental values. This study introduces a novel Community-Based Action Research (CBAR) framework that integrates spiritual values with Circular Economy (CE) principles to upcycle pilgrimage flower waste into value-added products. The 'Mandupa' model exemplifies waste valorization by closing the biological loop; it transforms post-pilgrimage flower waste into a raw material premix, creating a local value loop that minimizes dependence on external raw materials. The Mandupa initiative demonstrates preliminary feasibility for localized waste transformation. Initial data indicates potential reductions in organic waste at the source and provides a foundational model for community-led economic resilience. Ultimately, Mandupa proves that CE principles can be effectively localized, creating a synergy between innovation, community empowerment, and environmental responsibility for a sustainable future in Banjarmasin.

A bstract In this paper, we explore the chamber dissection of the loop-geometry of Correlahedron, which encodes the loop integrand of four-point stress-energy correlators in planar $$ \mathcal{N} $$ N = 4 super Yang-Mills. We demonstrate that at four loops, continuing the pattern of lower loops, the integrand of the four-point correlation function can be written as a sum over products of chamber-forms and local loop integrands. The chambers and their associated forms are identical to those at three-loops, indicating that the dissection may be complete to all loop orders. Furthermore, this suggests that the leading singularities to all loops are simply linear combinations of these chamber forms. This is especially intriguing at four loops since it contains elliptic functions. Interestingly, each elliptic function appears in a subset of chambers. Our geometric approach motivates us to “diagonalize” the representation, where the local integrals only possess a single leading singularity or elliptic cut. In such a representation, all integrands must evaluate to pure functions, including a single pure elliptic integrand. Inspired by this picture, we also present a simplified form of the three-loop correlator in terms of two independent pure functions (weight-6 single-valued multiple polylogarithms), which are directly computed from local integrands with unit leading singularities, multiplied by the leading singularities from chamber forms.

This paper presents the development and investigation of an intelligent control system for a high-frequency ozone generator integrated into an IoT-based and telecommunication environment. A cyber-physical nonlinear mathematical model combining the electrical, thermal, gas-dynamic, and chemical subsystems of the ozone generation process is proposed. The model was implemented in discrete-time form and experimentally validated using the corona–discharge-based high-frequency ozonator ETRO-02. The deviation between simulation and experimental results did not exceed 5.3% for settling time, 6.7% for overshoot, 1.6% for steady-state ozone concentration, and 0.9% for gas temperature, confirming the adequacy of the proposed model. Based on this model, a hierarchical two-level intelligent control architecture is synthesized, consisting of a fast local control loop with a cycle time of 1–5 ms and a supervisory monitoring layer. The proposed adaptive state-feedback control law with online gain adjustment ensures stable real-time operation under nonlinear dynamics, ±20% parameter variations, network delays of 1–10 ms, and packet loss probabilities of up to 5%. As a result, the settling time is reduced from 420 ms to 160 ms, the overshoot from 12.5% to 3.1%, and the steady-state error from 6.5% to 1.6%, while the specific energy consumption decreases from 11.8 to 6.2 Wh/m3. The obtained results demonstrate that the integration of a cyber-physical model with a millisecond-level intelligent control system significantly improves the dynamic performance, robustness, and energy efficiency of high-frequency ozone generators compared to classical control and monitoring-oriented IoT systems. Unlike cloud-centric IoT monitoring architectures that operate at second-level update cycles, the proposed system closes the control loop locally at the millisecond scale, enabling stabilization of fast nonlinear electro-plasma dynamics. The results demonstrate that edge-intelligent adaptive control significantly enhances both dynamic performance and energy efficiency, confirming the feasibility of millisecond-level cyber-physical regulation for industrial ozone generation systems.

SUMMARYCirculating antibodies from previous immune encounters impact initiating humoral responses. Here we investigated how local epitope-specific competition shapes ongoing germinal center (GC) responses by delivering an mRNA-LNP encoded membrane-bound immunogen displaying three conserved HIV-1 Envelope (Env) epitopes to mouse models bearing B cell receptors (BCRs) of defined affinities. High-affinity B cells exhibited shorter GC residency than lower affinity counterparts. B cells engaged GC reactions at equivalent rates in the presence or absence of clonal lineages binding the same epitope with similar affinities; however, higher-affinity clones suppressed lower-affinity counterparts targeting the same epitope. Spatial transcriptomics revealed plasma-like cells within and adjacent to the GC, and early IgG was detectable in draining lymph nodes. Our findings suggest that a self-modulated local antibody feedback loop limits epitope-specific recognition—dampening selection for higher-affinity B cells and facilitating epitope spreading by redirecting the response toward alternative epitopes.

Membrane protein structure and dynamics are highly sensitive to environmental conditions, including changes in pH that can alter the protonation states of ionizable residues and, in turn, influence local electrostatics and stability. Constant-pH molecular dynamics (CpHMD) provides a framework to explore such effects by allowing dynamic proton exchange during simulations. Here, we applied CpHMD at pH:6.5, 7.0, and 8.0, alongside conventional MD, to examine how pH variations may influence the local conformational behaviors of the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR). During the 1.2-μs-long total simulation, loop regions rich in titratable residues, particularly ICL3 and ECL2, showed the strongest responses to protonation changes. CpHMD trajectories suggested a pH-dependent redistribution of loop flexibility and hydrogen-bonding patterns, producing a "see-saw-like" effect, while fixed-protonation Control runs showed more constrained behavior. Across all simulations, the key GPCR microswitches, such as the ionic lock, the Y-Y gate, the NPxxY and PIF motifs, and the Trp286-Phe290 toggle pair, stayed within the ranges expected for an inactive receptor. This suggests that pH changes mainly influence local loop motions in the inactive receptor without pushing it toward activation-like states. Finally, mutual information analysis on both Cα atoms and dihedral angles revealed altered communication between the extracellular and intracellular loops under different pH environments. While limited in time scale, these results provide a computational perspective on how protonation dynamics can modulate the GPCR behavior and highlight the value of incorporating pH effects in molecular-level investigations.

Wireless short-range transmission is essential for precise wellbore trajectory control and real-time formation evaluation. Its signal propagation characteristics are influenced by multiple factors, including antenna type, drill collar, mud, and formation resistivity. Most prior studies are based on Magnetic-field Antennas (MFA) and primarily focus on the effects of formation resistivity variations, whereas the investigations on the influence of drill collars and mud resistivity are limited. In this study, a three-dimensional finite-element electromagnetic model of the “antenna–drill collar–mud–formation” system was developed to investigate wireless short-range transmission. The model was used to characterize and compare the electromagnetic field distributions of MFA and Electric-field Antennas (EFA) under in situ conditions. On this basis, a set of parametric sensitivity analyses on transmission performance was performed to quantify the effects of key factors, including drill-collar conductivity and mud resistivity. The results reveal fundamentally different electromagnetic field distributions for the two antenna types: (1) MFA is dominated by localized circumferential magnetic flux loops, whereas EFA transmits signals through axially extended eddy-current channels. (2) The drill collar exerts opposite effects on the two antennas, suppressing signal levels for MFA while significantly enhancing transmission for EFA, resulting in signal amplitudes that are 103−105 times higher. (3) In addition, mud resistivity has little influence on MFA, whereas increasing mud resistivity leads to the pronounced attenuation of EFA signals. These findings provide a quantitative basis for antenna selection and performance optimization in wireless short-range transmission systems under different Logging-While-Drilling (LWD) conditions.

An enhanced bulk-driven OTA employing a local positive feedback loop for medical wearable device applications

CcbD catalyzes a key condensation step in lincosamide biosynthesis via a Cys-His-Glu catalytic triad, forming an amide bond between an ergothioneine-conjugated thiooctose and an amino acid substrate, either proline (Pro) or its modified derivative 4-propyl-l-proline (PPL), which is covalently linked to a carrier protein (CP). Despite its biological importance, the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme, specifically the elements that stabilize oxyanion intermediates, remains incompletely understood. Here, we combined an AlphaFold3-derived covalent complex model with molecular dynamics refinement and QM/MM umbrella sampling to characterize the acylation and deacylation reaction mechanisms in detail. Both steps proceed via single, concerted yet asynchronous mechanisms, with deacylation identified as the rate-limiting stage (ΔG⧧ = 17.4 kcal/mol). Acylation involves proton transfer from the nucleophilic Cys17 to His131 coupled to nucleophilic attack, forming a tetrahedral intermediate, followed by thioester formation and CP release. Deacylation is initiated by His131-mediated deprotonation of the NH2 group of ergothioneine-conjugated thiooctose, followed by nucleophilic attack on the Cys17-Pro covalent intermediate to form the amide bond. Calculations further reveal that the Cys17 backbone N-H serves as the sole hydrogen-bond donor of the oxyanion hole, with His150 stabilizing the local loop conformation. These mechanistic insights not only highlight principles for designing compact catalytic triads exploiting single-backbone oxyanion stabilization, but also provide a foundation for future CcbD protein engineering aimed at producing non-natural lincomamides with diverse acyl and sugar moieties, thereby offering promising avenues for drug discovery.

Radio frequency (rf) control loops are vital components for the optimal operation of rf systems in synchrotron particle accelerators. Modeling these systems in macroparticle tracking simulations provides improved understanding of the complex interaction between the control loops, the beam-induced voltages in the rf cavities, and the circulating beam. This paper details an implementation of local and global rf control loops in the beam longitudinal dynamics (on) simulation suite, which allow for the coupling of the two systems in a macroparticle tracking code for the first time. First, benchmarks of the local control loops in the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) and Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are given. The implementation coupling the local and global loops is then tested in the SPS with momentum shifts at constant magnetic field and through the damping of phase offsets at injection into the LHC. Both test cases show the expected behavior and validate the model in on. Finally, the SPS simulation model, which now is able to combine beam-induced voltages, global control loops and local ones, is benchmarked against measurements at the bunch-to-bucket transfer into the real accelerator. The simulations, using the coupled implementation of the loops, are able to reproduce bunch-by-bunch beam parameters at flat bottom as well as uncaptured beam generated at injection.

During mitosis, near-spherical chromosomes reconfigure into rod-like structures to ensure their accurate segregation to daughter cells. We explore here, the interplay between the nonequilibrium activity of molecular motors in determining the chromosomal organization in mitosis and its characteristic symmetry-breaking events. We present a hybrid motorized chromosome model that highlights the distinct roles of condensin I and II in shaping mitotic chromosomes. Guided by experimental observations, the simulations suggest that condensin II facilitates large-scale scaffold formation, while condensin I is paramount in local helical loop arrangement. Together, these two distinct grappling motors establish the hierarchical helical structure characteristic of mitotic chromosomes, which exhibit striking local and, sometimes global, chirality and contribute to the robust mechanical properties of mitotic chromosomes. Accompanying the emergence of rigidity, the model provides mechanisms of forming defects, including perversions and entanglements, and shows how these may be partially resolved through condensin activity and topoisomerase action. This framework bridges coarse-grained energy landscape models of chromosome dynamics and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics, advancing the understanding of chromosome organization during cell division and beyond.

Dual channel and dual feedback loop self-learning memristive neural network circuit and its application.

Implementation of GLASS-AMR: An assessment in WHO’s Eastern Mediterranean Region

We present a investigation of solar active regions using a complexity-based framework that combines solar observations with methods from complex network theory. Building on the historical foundation that active regions constitute buoyantly emerging magnetic flux bundles, we leverage continuous multi-wavelength data, particularly synoptic magnetograms from SOHO, to track the morphological evolution and connectivity of these magnetically intense structures in the solar photosphere and low corona. We first identify active regions as topologically coherent features in the photospheric magnetic field, and subsequently construct graphs in which nodes represent individual or recurrent flux elements, while edges capture temporal adjacency. The resulting networks exhibit scale-free degree distributions, non-trivial clustering, and signatures of dynamic reconfiguration reminiscent of self-organized criticality. These emergent properties clarify how local flux emergence, reconnection processes, and coronal loop expansions collectively shape the global magnetic topology. In particular, we find that longer-lived active regions act as network “hubs,” playing a critical role in the redistribution of magnetic energy. Our analysis reinforces the notion that solar magnetic fields evolve through multi-scale interactions, bridging global dynamo action with localized eruptions and shedding new light on the triggers of flares and coronal mass ejections. By uniting data-driven detection techniques with complexity-science tools, this work highlights how network representations can strengthen models of solar activity and refine our understanding of magnetic-field behavior across the solar interior and atmosphere.

Yeast vacuolar fusion is driven by Sec17, Sec18, SNAREs of four families (R [Nyv1], Qa [Vam3], Qb [Vti1], Qc [Vam7]) and HOPS, a catalyst of SNARE assembly. Qc, the only vacuolar SNARE that is not membrane-anchored, has a unique path of assembly with other fusion catalysts. Qc is the only SNARE that binds Sec17 with high affinity. Sec18 confers a high affinity for Qc (but not Qb) on HOPS-dependent fusion, but it has been unclear how Sec18 acts. The membrane complex of Sec17 and Sec18 binds Qc to form a membrane:Sec18:Sec17:Qc complex. Sec18 ATP hydrolysis, though dispensable for fusion, provides a measure of the physical and functional interactions between Qc, Sec17, Sec18, and membranes. Each binary interface in this quaternary complex regulates Sec18 ATPase and fusion. Qc is better than other SNAREs, alone or in combination, for stimulating ATP hydrolysis. We propose a working model in which membrane-bound Qc:Sec17:Sec18 associates with the trans complex of HOPS:R:QaQb, displacing HOPS while providing both Qc for complete SNARE zippering and localized Sec17 apolar loops, the twin driving forces for fusion.