Local Industrial Areas Research Articles

Influence of seasonal variability on source characteristics of VOCs at Houston industrial area

We studied the seasonal variations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the Houston metropolitan area in the summertime and wintertime of 2018. The analysis of hourly measurements obtained from the automated gas chromatograph (auto-GC) network showed the total VOC average concentrations of 28.68 ppbC in the summertime and 33.81 ppbC in the wintertime. The largest contributions came from alkane compounds, which accounted for 61% and 82% of VOCs in the summer and winter, respectively. We performed principal component analysis (PCA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and identified seven factors in the summertime and six factors in the wintertime, among which alkane species formed three factors according to their rate of reactions in both seasons: (1) the emissions of long-lived tracers from oil and natural gas (ONG long-lived species), (2) fuel evaporation, and (3) the emissions of short-lived tracers from oil and natural gas (ONG short-lived species). Two other similar factors were (4) emissions of aromatic compounds and (5) alkene species of ethylene and propylene. Summertime factor 6 was associated with acetylene, and one extra summertime factor 7 was influenced by the biogenic emissions. The factor 6 of wintertime was affected by vehicle exhaust. Higher nighttime and lower daytime values of the ethylene/acetylene ratios indicated a stronger rate of photochemical degradation during the summertime. Higher reactivities of alkenes and aromatics with radicals make seasonal differences of these compounds less variant. Also, the exploration of the photochemical processes of the VOCs showed that the ethylene and propylene had the highest contributions to the summertime and wintertime ozone formation as well as the emissions of the isoprene, which showed a high impact on summertime ozone. Our results acknowledged that ethylene and propylene continue to be significant emissions of VOCs, and their emissions control would help the mitigation of the ozone problem in downwind areas related to emissions at the Houston Ship Channel (HSC). Based on trajectory analysis, we localized the main VOC emission sources in HSC near local industrial areas and regions south of the HSC. Ambient concentrations of VOC in both seasons revealed compounds that measured at the HSC were influenced by the emissions from the petrochemical sectors and industrial complexes, especially from the Baytown refinery and Bayport industrial district next to the HSC and Galveston Bay refineries at the south of the study area.

Transforming of Economic Structure of a Local Industrial Area in the Heisei Period : Various Aspects of the Input-led Regional Economy

Transforming of Economic Structure of a Local Industrial Area in the Heisei Period : Various Aspects of the Input-led Regional Economy

Understanding Business Disruption and Economic Losses Due to Electricity Failures and Flooding

Failure of critical national infrastructures can cause disruptions with widespread economic impacts. To analyze these economic impacts, we present an integrated modeling framework that combines: (1) geospatial information on infrastructure assets/networks and the natural hazards to which they are exposed; (2) geospatial modeling of the reliance of businesses upon infrastructure services, in order to quantify disruption to businesses locations and economic activities in the event of infrastructure failures; and (3) multiregional supply-use economic modeling to analyze wider economic impacts of disruptions to businesses. The methodology is exemplified through a case study for the United Kingdom. The study uses geospatial information on the location of electricity infrastructure assets and local industrial areas, and employs a multiregional supply-use model of the UK economy that traces the impacts of floods of different return intervals across 37 subnational regions of the UK. The results show up to a 300% increase in total economic losses when power outages are included in the risk assessment, compared to analysis that just includes the economic impacts of business interruption due to flooded business premises. This increase indicates that risk studies that do not include failure of critical infrastructures may be underestimating the total losses.

THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN HIGH PERFORMANCE WORK PRACTICES AND PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS

ABSTRACT A vast majority of research characterizes organizational politics as an aversive phenomenon and thus recommends exploring the factors that minimize its intensity. This study primarily endeavored to examine the role of high performance work practices (HPWPs) in controlling organizational politics. The moderating influence of Machiavellian personalities on HPWPs- politics was also evaluated. Through a questionnaire survey, 243 responses were obtained from engineers working in a local industrial area of capital city of Pakistan. The results showed an inverse relationship between HPWPs and perceived organizational politics (POP), and the moderating role of Machiavellianism was substantiated. Practical implications are presented based on the study results.

Water Meta-cycle model and indicators for industrial processes- the pulp & paper case in China

To address the increasingly grim water environmental crisis and achieve the sustainable development goal in 2030, a fresh water Meta-cycle model and corresponding indicators are proposed to optimize the water resources utilization within a local industrial area. The out-of-date single-track and linear water utilization mode is improved in the Meta-cycle model in which it possesses the characteristics of closed-loop, multiple order and high efficiency. The efficient and ecological utilization, conservation, regeneration as well as recycling of water resources are highly emphasized in the model. The water Meta-cycle model comprises 5 levels: the natural metabolic level (Level 0), the ecological treatment level (Level 1), the wastewater treatment in industrial park level (Level 2), the wastewater pretreatment within enterprise level (Level 3), and the production related water within enterprise level (Level 4). Based on this conceptual model, a series of indicators is presented in the paper, including recycling rate and recycle time, water source diversity index, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, direct water footprint of the model and adaptive evaluation of water treatment. A case of a typical pulp and papermaking enterprise is used to illustrate the proposed model. The results demonstrate the key role of ecological regeneration cycle. It is expected that the Meta-cycle model will be an effective mode for the safe and sustainable management of regional water resources.

Source Apportionment of Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter in Industrial Areas of Kaduna, Northern Nigeria

This study was conducted to investigate the sources of fine and coarse airborne particulate matter in an urban environment in Nigeria. A total of 278 samples were collected over a twelve-month period from two industrial areas (Kudenda agricultural processing AP and Refinery industries NNPC) in Kaduna, Northern Nigeria for PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 on nuclepore polycarbonate filters using a Gent sampler. Elemental concentrations and black carbon analyses were performed using X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) and optical transmissometry respectively. The annual average concentrations for PM2.5 at each site (Kudenda and NNPC) were 135.7 µg m –3 and 37.2 µg m –3 and for PM2.5–10, concentrations were 269.2 µg m –3 and 97.4 µg m –3 , respectively. These values exceeded the Nigerian Annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 15 µg m –3 for PM2.5 and 60 µg m –3 for PM10. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to identify sources and quantify their contribution to pollutants at the sampling sites in one of the most industrialized cities in Nigeria. Four sources were resolved for both PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 and were identified as: Residual oil 49% (17.16 ± 0.04 µg m –3 ), Soil 29% (10.36 ± 0.26 µg m –3 ), Continental dust 18% (6.20 ± 0.18 µg m –3 ), and Motor vehicles emissions 4% (1.56 ± 0.02 µg m –3 ) for PM2.5 while that for PM2.5–10 were Soil 50% (27.37 ± 1.03 µg m –3 ), Continental dust 21% (11.55 ± 0.26 µg m –3 ), Vehicular emissions 18% (9.87 ± 0.03 µg m –3 ), and Petrochemical 11% (6.23 ± 0.02 µg m –3 ). About 82% and 79% were attributed to anthropogenic sources for both fine and coarse samples, respectively. Continental dust was associated with northwesterly and northerly regional transport. Residual oil combustion was the predominant fine PM source and was attributed to fuel oil combustion for power generation and process energy within the local industrial areas. Although transported continental dust is an important source, the majority of the airborne PM in this industrial area was the result of local emissions.

Environmentally-Atmospherical Monitoring of Industrial Machine Builder State

In the article is considered the system of monitoring of acoustic pollution of the local industrial areas, providing noise control and prediction of the nature of its distribution in the local industrial zone and into the residential area. The system of control includes the control channel of the level of acoustic noise (passive channel), the channel for receiving the meteorological information (active channel), the system of data processing and forecasting.

Fast and reliable source identification of criteria air pollutants in an industrial city

Most of industrial cities in developed countries use automatic station networks for monitoring of Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs), and the tremendous amount of data acquired are often used to verify that the concentrations are within safety levels and to warn the population in the other case. Furthermore, these data can be used to investigate the source–receptor relationship. In this study, the data were collected from automatic monitoring stations in Ulsan, the most industrialized city in South Korea. The dataset consists of hourly concentrations of five CAPs (SO2, CO, O3, NO2, and PM10) recorded at 13 monitoring stations in the city during a full year (March 2011–February 2012). Different types of sources were identified by studying the temporal (daily and seasonal) trends and spatial distributions of CAPs with wind directions. It was confirmed that SO2 pollution in Ulsan originated mostly from local industrial areas, whereas CO and NO2 were also substantially influenced by mobile sources. The high PM10 levels resulted from both local industries and traffic sources as well as from remote sources. The originality of this work comes from the study of the high episodes of pollutions on a case by case basis as well as on average data. Moreover, rather simple statistical tools developed in this study can be used for a real-time diagnosis of the local pollution in large urban and industrial areas.

Ambient Trace Metals Sources in Taichung, Taiwan: Principal Component Analysis

There were eight trace metals, including As, Hg, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cr, Cu, and Pb, measured in the total suspended particles collected in central Taiwan using PS-1 samplers at five different sites. Overall, these trace metal concentrations were lower in summer than other seasons, and higher in industrial areas than in wetland. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was utilized to identify the pollutant sources for each site. Three distinct sources were found in this study, and the results suggest that mobile sources were the main factor contributing to Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cr emissions, which were mainly from urban areas and in the vicinity of highways intersections. Within addition, municipal solid waste incinerators are significantly associated with emissions of As, Hg, Cu, and Pb. Finally, smelters were associated with high Hg, As, Fe, and Zn emissions from local industrial areas. However, contributions from two known point sources, a coal-fired power plant and a steeling plant could not be distinguished from the PCA results. This may be due to the prevailing wind directions and limitations of the measurements used in this work. These two sources are located to the west of these sampling sites, while the prevailing wind direction in this area was southwest.

전주공단지역의 주요VOCs 배출농도 측정 및 배출원별 특성 분석

It will be necessary to make proper management plans to preserve the air quality in good level for the public. In order to make these plans, source information and detail emission inventories of the city and near industrial areas should be given. However, lack of the source measurements data makes us more difficult to complete the source inventory. VOC source Inventory could be utilized for the feasibility study to estimate the contribution of VOC sources presenting to the receptor such as residential area. It may give policy maker an idea how to control the air quality, and improve their social environment in the area. This study shows data that measured VOCs concentrations from the local industrial areas in Jeonju during from May 2005 to January 2006. The samples were collected from the near sources in 7 major factories in the industrial park as well as 5 general sources in near city Jeonju area to elucidate the abundances of speciated VOCs and their spacial and temporal distributions depending on source bases. Industrial sources are as follows; chemical, food, paper, wood, metal, non-metal (glass), and painting (coating) industries. The 5 general sources are sampled from tunnel, gasoline gas station, dry cleaning shop, printing (copy) shop, and road pavement working place in urban area. To understand the near source effect at receptor, samples from the 2 receptor sites (one is at center of the industrial complex and the other site is at distance residential area downwind from the center) were collected and analyzed for the comparison to source concentration. The mass contributions of the speciated VOC to total mass of VOCs measured from the different sources and ambient (2 receptors) were presented and discussed.

Heavy Metals in Drinking Waters from the Paraiba Do Sul – Guandu River System, Rio De Janeiro State, Brazil

The main goals of the present work are the determination of the critical metals in the Paraiba do Sul - Guandu River System (PSR-GR), and the analysis of tap waters supplied to local cities as well as the city of Rio de Janeiro, to evaluate the metal pollution. Results show that four metals (Pb, Cu, Cr and Zn) out of eight released by the local industrial area are the critical metals in the PSR-GR system. Suspended particles are the main compartment in transporting these metals downstream. Analysis of the performance of tap water treatment plants pointed out the main parameter for these treatment plants is the retention of suspended particles. Iron and manganese had the highest concentrations.

Solvent abuse: presentation and clinical diagnosis.

1 Solvent abuse is not a new phenomenon--it has been practised by children and adolescents in America and elsewhere since the 1950s. 2 It was in November 1970 that police in the west of Scotland first identified the problem in a local industrial area. Since then there appears to have been an enormous increase in the size of the problem throughout Britain. 3 This paper deals with a review of 400 cases of solvent abuse referred to the investigator between 1975 and 1981. The substance used, the methods employed and the many and varied clinical effects resulting from solvent misuse in these cases are reviewed and discussed.

INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE GAKUNAN PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY DISTRICT (SECOND REPORT)

This paper is a sequel to the author's report of the Gakunan Pulp and Paper Industry District published in the Geographical Review of Japan Vol. 35 (1962), No. 9. In this paper an attempt is made to illustrate how a small local industrial area has lost or left its local characteristics. The recent tremendous growth of industry in Japan is still taking place largely in the already highly industrialized areas and in their vicinities. After the Korean War, under the nation's new economic policy, which intended to foster concentration of manufacturing production, still it is gradually having an impact on many other parts of the country. In this trend, Shizuoka Prefecture came to rank seventh in the manufacturing production of Japan. In this prefecture the Gakunan District has played an important role in its industrial growth, especially in such industrial groups as machineries and chemicals. There were three stages in industrialization of this district as the author pointed out before. Concentration of manufacturing production has long been lasting since the economic depression after World War I, or the second stage in industrialization. In this process most paper factories, which were initially established by local landowners, came into the hands of some paper commission merchants, because of fall of landowners. Through this stage, most landowners fell and few could be industrial capitalists. Daishowa-Seishi was established in 1938 by those merchants, being heir to old enterprisers' properties. In the period of World War II, some monopolistic enterprises such as Toshiba and Nissan, which are now ones of the leading producers of electrical machineries and automobiles respectively, opened their factories in the Gakunan District. The factories were moved and located here from the Tokyo-Yokohama Industrial Belt in response to expanding military demands. Besides, consideration of danger from air attack was an innegligible factor in such industrial localization. A quite similar tendency is becoming visible in other newly opened establishments by monopolistic enterprisers. This phenomenon is today's typical pattern of industrial localization in formerly locally developed industrial areas. It shows that a small local industrial area is losing its old-type local characteristic which industries were based on local labor, and means that the next stage in industrialization is taking place. Under the circumstances mentioned above, the primary industry is declining. Small-scale fishing activity in coastal water is completely gone, and agricultural industry is declining. Along part of the Tokaido Railroad or surrounding sites of the Tagonoura Port, a very spacious cultivated land, mostly for paddy fields, is changing into industrial purposes including residential sections belonging to some large-scale factories. Figure 2 shows industrial impact on agricultural land. Black sign indicates intustrial land use, faint colored sign is for settlements. Old small factories by local capital are located in and near old settlements, and in contrast, new large factories by monopolistic capital are located along the Tokaido Line encroaching on paddy fields. Thus, many farmers lost a large portion of their farming land, in some cases even their own homes. They must have jobs other than agriculture. In this industrialized district, farmers have many oppotunities to obtain jobs, so most of them stay in their towns or villages and get livelihood there. Though many families in rural settlements change their occupations to those of secondary or tertiary industries, they do not become pure wage workers rapidly as so expected, by completely leaving agriculture and because of their low wages. Part-time farming families are increasing year by year. Side work ratio to the total farming families is now over 85%.

The Industial Division of the Kanto District

This article is made with purpose to distinguish the limits of Keihin Industrial Area in Pan-Kanto Industries. Keihin Industrial Area can produce a third of all industrial additional value in Japan. The industries, in local industrial area in Kanto Area, consist of (1) the industrial group of nonferrous metals, wooden furnishings, milling, starch, marine processed foodstuffs, cement, earthenware and imitation stone in ceramic-quarrying industry, (2) the group which comes from fiber industry, (3) the group which springs up in the central cities of the districts and (4) the assemblage industry which adopts knock-down systems.The assemblage industry is the main feature in Keihin Industrial Area. The area, however, is extremely limited and distinguished from North-Kanto Area of which industries have their origin in the fiber industry, when regarding the districts, where the ratio of assemblage industry accounts for a third of whole additional value produced in 1960, as Keihin Industrial Area. After minute investigation, we find that there exists former cotton culture area lying between North Kanto Industrial Area based on the silk industries and Keihin Industrial Area. While the cotton culture area disappeared in the stage of farmers' manual labor, the production system in the silk industrial area organized with the wholesalers at the center was smoothly changed into the modern industries. That is considered the cause of gapping between Keihin and North Kanto Industrial Areas.According to the above mentioned, we can say that the existence of preceding industry and investment is necessary for the formation of modern industrial area, and we consider, without either of the two, collective modern industrial area can not be formed.