The age of the Local Bubble (LB) constrains the timescale on which the interstellar medium in the solar neighborhood evolves. Previous estimates placed the age of the LB at ≳ 14, , and attributed its expansion to ∼ 15-20 supernovae (SNe), yet a companion paper suggests this age may be overestimated. Myr We place new constraints on the age of the LB and reevaluate the question of whether its expansion triggered or suppressed local star formation. We reconstructed the LB’s geometry and momentum using publicly available 3D dust maps and compared them to the high-quality sample of simulated SN remnants in the SISSI project. Independent constraints on the star formation history and SN rate were obtained from a Gaia DR3–based census of nearby star clusters. We find that sim7- 59 SNe over to respectively, are required to explain both the LB's momentum and size and confirm that such a high SN rate can be sustained by local star clusters. Our analysis yields a substantially smaller LB age than previous estimates, requiring a correspondingly larger number of SNe, driving its expansion. We show that this result is in tension with the conclusion that the LB is powered solely by SNe from the Scorpius–Centaurus OB association, which ceased star formation around the time the LB formed. If our estimates are correct, it follows that the majority of star formation in the solar neighborhood happened before the formation of the LB and was not triggered by its expansion. Instead, the SNe that powered the LB appear to overall have quenched the ongoing star formation process. This does not rule out that star formation in the clouds, located near its current edge, could have been affected by the LB expansion.

The function of the neocortex is fundamentally determined by its repeating microcircuit motif, but also by its rich, interregional connectivity. We present a data-driven computational model of the anatomy of non-barrel primary somatosensory cortex of juvenile rat, integrating whole-brain scale data while providing cellular and subcellular specificity. The model consists of 4.2 million morphologically detailed neurons, placed in a digital brain atlas. They are connected by 14.2 billion synapses, comprising local, mid-range and extrinsic connectivity. We delineated the limits of determining connectivity from neuron morphology and placement, finding that it reproduces targeting by Sst+ neurons, but requires additional specificity to reproduce targeting by PV+ and VIP+ interneurons. Globally, connectivity was characterized by local clusters tied together through hub neurons in layer 5, demonstrating how local and interegional connectivity are complicit, inseparable networks. The model is suitable for simulation-based studies, and the model is made openly available to the community.

The function of the neocortex is fundamentally determined by its repeating microcircuit motif, but also by its rich, interregional connectivity. We present a data-driven computational model of the anatomy of non-barrel primary somatosensory cortex of juvenile rat, integrating whole-brain scale data while providing cellular and subcellular specificity. The model consists of 4.2 million morphologically detailed neurons, placed in a digital brain atlas. They are connected by 14.2 billion synapses, comprising local, mid-range and extrinsic connectivity. We delineated the limits of determining connectivity from neuron morphology and placement, finding that it reproduces targeting by Sst+ neurons, but requires additional specificity to reproduce targeting by PV+ and VIP+ interneurons. Globally, connectivity was characterized by local clusters tied together through hub neurons in layer 5, demonstrating how local and interegional connectivity are complicit, inseparable networks. The model is suitable for simulation-based studies, and the model is made openly available to the community.

Mobility networks are vital for economic activity, social interaction, and urban development, yet they remain highly vulnerable to external shocks. The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly disrupted human mobility, but most studies have focused on short-term responses or macroscopic patterns, leaving long-term structural transformations underexplored. Here, we analyze Mexico’s intermunicipal mobility network from 2020 to 2021 using a mesoscopic decomposition framework that distinguishes local (short-distance) components from global (long-distance) connections. This multiscale approach moves beyond static or node-level metrics to reveal how connectivity itself was reshaped. Clustering analysis and change point detection further uncover temporal shifts in mobility dynamics. Our results show three clear phases. Before the pandemic, the network was dense and highly connected. During the pandemic, mobility fragmented into smaller, locally cohesive clusters, reflecting sharp declines in long-distance travel. After restrictions eased, mobility partially recovered but never fully returned to its pre-pandemic structure, indicating lasting behavioral and structural shifts. Regional disparities were pronounced: western and northwestern regions showed greater resilience, while southeastern regions remained fragmented longer. Broader lifestyle changes—including remote work, digitalization, and e-commerce—reinforced local clustering and weakened interregional ties, pointing to a durable reconfiguration of mobility networks. By integrating a temporal, multiscale perspective, this study reveals how crises reshape both local cohesion and interregional connectivity. Beyond documenting disruption, it shows that mobility systems do not simply “bounce back.” Instead, they reorganize, often unevenly, underscoring the urgency for adaptive transport policies, resilient urban planning, and digital infrastructure capable of supporting mobility in a permanently altered landscape. These insights provide a data-driven foundation for future mobility resilience strategies.

Abstract Inspired by the notions of local equivalence in monopole and Heegaard Floer homology, we introduce a version of local equivalence that combines odd Khovanov homology with equivariant even Khovanov homology into an algebraic package called a local even–odd (LEO) triple. We get a homomorphism from the smooth concordance group to the resulting local equivalence group of such triples. We give several versions of the ‐invariant that descend to , including one that completely determines whether the image of a knot in is trivial. We discuss computer experiments illustrating the power of these invariants in obstructing sliceness, both statistically and for some interesting knots studied by Manolescu–Piccirillo. Along the way, we explore several variants of this local equivalence group, including one that is totally ordered.

Light Field Salient Object Detection (LFSOD) aims to identify visually distinctive regions by leveraging the complementary spatial-angular information inherent in 4D light field imagery. A major challenge lies in modeling angular dependencies and maintaining spatial coherence under sparse supervision. In this paper, we propose a weakly supervised network that consists of three interdependent modules. First, the Light Field Division (LFD) module utilizes epipolar geometry to extract direction-aware boundary features, enhancing the encoding of angular disparities. Second, the Light Field Spatial Association (LFSA) module anchors cross-view feature alignment using central-view point annotations, thereby enforcing spatial consistency and mitigating redundant representations. Third, the Light Field Saliency Local Clustering (LFLC) module introduces a joint boundary-appearance modeling strategy that integrates adaptive clustering with error-aware regularization to refine structural predictions. Experiments on three benchmark datasets show that our method consistently outperforms mainstream weakly supervised approaches. It also achieves superior performance compared to several fully supervised methods.

Public health is increasingly being viewed as the result of numerous interrelated elements within intricate systems. A systems mapping approach highlights the potential direct and indirect impacts of public health programmes, the contexts within which they take place and the relations between the multiple factors at play. We report on an approach to evaluate the extent to which a city-wide programme of interventions, delivered in two locations to improve child health (ActEarly) provided activities across the child health system and addressed early-life core outcomes which were selected based on priorities identified by key stakeholders. Data from an 'ActEarly project log' and other information sources were used to gather a detailed picture of 68 projects that were delivered within the programme. We then used a matrix approach to map these activities against activities and outcomes from an existing child health map (CHM) of the determinants of child health inequalities and a project specific public health core outcome set (COS), developed by community and policy maker input, for systems-wide promotion of early life health and wellbeing. This was conducted alongside the creation of a new systems map and a network analysis to highlight how ActEarly operated across the children's health system (scaled in proportion to the number of projects). The map showed substantial ActEarly activity across all six CHM domains (95/139 factors) with most projects targeting the service and governance domains. There was a focus on service/governance areas of the child health system, rather than individual behaviour change, which aligned with ActEarly's objective of influencing structural barriers to health. Projects also mapped well onto 32 of the 35 outcomes across the COS domains, with the exception of Adult Obesity, Safety at Home, and Domestic Abuse. This suggests that ActEarly aligned well with the priority outcomes from local representatives, partners and community groups.

To improve the efficiency of early warning for rock failure, this study records acoustic emission (AE) events during the uniaxial compression of limestone. Within a point-process framework, a mutual-exciting network of AE events is constructed, and a spherical multifractal method is introduced to characterize its nonlinear evolution. On this basis, a data-driven multifractal early-warning model is developed. The results show that with increasing stress, the mutual-exciting network evolves from numerous isolated events to multiple localized clusters, and eventually to a connected global structure. The distribution of triggering probability first widens, then narrows, and widens again, indicating multiscale and multilevel interactions among AE events. The range of polar angles gradually becomes smaller and its median decreases, suggesting that AE events develop directionally along the axial direction, while the azimuth remains broadly distributed, implying continued lateral competition. The multifractal spectrum of the mutual-exciting network progressively broadens and shifts downward and leftward. Meanwhile, the evolution laws of the multifractal parameters [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] capture the transition of AE event triggering from random occurrence to localized clustering and finally global directional organization. Based on these findings, a multifractal early warning model is established, tested, and evaluated. The model achieves a false alarm rate of 4.28%, a recall of 91.55%, a hit rate of 95%, and an average first warning at 78.77% of [Formula: see text]. Compared with traditional early warning models based on [Formula: see text]-value and AE event rate, the proposed method demonstrates higher accuracy and reliability, offering significant practical value for engineering applications.

This study evaluated the efficacy of computed tomography (CT)-based three-dimensional (3D) stereotactic localization for surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF). A retrospective analysis of 54 patients undergoing rib fracture fixation was performed: 33 in the 3D stereotactic localization group and 21 in the conventional intraoperative localization group. Number of fracture sites fixed, number of surgical incisions, use of thoracoscopy, localization accuracy, preoperative Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score, VAS score on the third postoperative day, delta of VAS scores, surgical field exposure time, intraoperative blood loss, average incision length per plate, drainage volume on the first postoperative day, postoperative hospital stay, and incidence of complications were compared. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in the number of fixed fractures, surgical incisions, VAS scores (preoperative, postoperative, and delta of VAS scores) or incidence of complications. The 3D group exhibited significantly higher localization accuracy (94.21% vs. 75%) and superior perioperative outcomes including shorter exposure time, less blood loss, smaller incision, reduced drainage, and shorter hospital stay. The CT-based 3D stereotactic localization method is an effective and valuable technique for SSRF, improving localization accuracy and superior perioperative outcomes.

Background:Blount disease is growth disorder of the proximal tibia, resulting in genu varum, internal rotation, and procurvatum. Three different forms of the condition are described: infantile, or early onset, juvenile onset, and adolescent or late onset. Although several hypotheses exist, the etiology of Blount disease remains unknown. The best-founded hypothesis is the “increased mechanical force hypothesis”. In particular, the relation between obesity and Blount disease. Although, most studies supporting this hypothesis are conducted in high income countries. However, unlike in the Western population that was studied to establish this hypothesis, Blount disease is relatively common in African countries and obesity is not.Methods:This study is a retrospective, case control study in a rural hospital in Ghana (2012-2021). Demographic information, body weight, and age at presentation were collected. The World Health Organization (WHO) weight-for-age growth standard was used. Overweight was defined as a percentile between 85th and 97th. Obese as a percentile between 97th and 99th. Above the 99th percentile was defined as severely obese.Results:In total 96 patients with infantile Blount disease were included, all of black Ghanaian descent. The mean age of onset of Blount disease in our patients was 1.7 (±0.9) years, and the mean age at presentation was 6.3 (±3.4) years. This was not different between boys (n = 27) and girls (n = 69). The mean weight for age percentile in our population was 56.8th (±35.3th), and 68% was of normal weight, 15% overweight, 8% obese, and 9% severely obese. Our study population had a significant (p < 0.05) higher mean weight percentile compared with the local control group (n = 79, 37.0th ± 26.0th).Conclusion:Although our study population of patients with infantile Blount was significantly heavier compared with the control group, the mean weight (56.8th ± 35.3th) was well within normal values. Obesity might have a role in the development of infantile Blount disease, but it is shown to be not as an important factor in the Ghanaian population (18% obese) compared with the more extensively studied US population with much higher obesity rates.Level of Evidence:Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

This study aims to formulate development strategies for a billiard business in Kota Uneng, Sikka Regency, using the SWOT analysis approach. The activity was carried out through field observations, interviews with the business owner, SWOT training sessions, and guided preparation of the strategic matrix. The analysis indicates several strengths, including a strategic location, adequate facilities, and affordable service prices. However, weaknesses were also identified, such as limited capital, insufficient promotional activities, and suboptimal operational management. Opportunities arise from the growing interest in recreational activities and the potential for collaboration with local community groups. Meanwhile, threats include competition from similar businesses and shifts in entertainment preferences. Based on these findings, SO, WO, ST, and WT strategies were formulated to be implemented gradually to enhance competitiveness and ensure business sustainability. These strategies provide a practical guide for improving service quality and strengthening the market position of the billiard enterprise.

Heatwaves pose increasing risks to human health and socio-economic systems, yet their spatiotemporal organization and underlying synergistic mechanisms remain insufficiently understood, particularly with respect to daytime and nighttime processes. Using a dual identification framework combining absolute and relative temperature thresholds, this study systematically investigates the spatiotemporal evolution of daytime and nighttime heatwaves across China during 1961–2022. A complex network approach is further introduced to characterize the interannual co-variability and interdecadal structural evolution of heatwave activity from a system-level perspective. Results reveal a pronounced interdecadal transition in the early 1990s, accompanied by a fundamental reorganization of heatwave co-occurrence networks. Heatwave frequency exhibits a clear post-transition desynchronization, characterized by a sharp decline in network connectivity and fragmented local clustering, indicating a shift from large-scale, circulation-dominated coherence toward increasingly localized and heterogeneous heatwave occurrences. In contrast, heatwave duration shows an opposite evolution, with significantly enhanced spatial synchronization after the transition. Degree centrality and clustering coefficients increase markedly, and high-connectivity cores expand from coastal regions into inland areas, including North, Central, and Northwest China. This coexistence of desynchronized heatwave occurrence and strongly synchronized persistence suggests an emerging high-risk regime in which heatwaves occur more randomly but, once initiated, tend to persist coherently across large regions. Furthermore, a dual-layer network analysis reveals previously undocumented cross-temporal coupling between daytime and nighttime heatwaves, with pronounced regional differences. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are more strongly influenced by local processes, whereas northern China is increasingly governed by large-scale circulation control and enhanced regional clustering after the transition. These findings demonstrate that complex network analysis provides a powerful framework for uncovering hidden structural changes in extreme heat events and offer new insights into the evolving risks of compound and persistent heatwaves under climate change.

BackgroundInappropriate antibiotic use, driven by self-medication and community-level misconceptions remains as a major contribution to antimicrobial resistance in India. This study assesses the impact of pharmacist-led, community-based education in the reduction of self-medication practices and antibiotic expectations in rural South India.Cost-Saving OutcomesSelf Medication RatesMethodsWe conducted a controlled pre-post study between July to December 2024 in two demographically similar rural villages of Tamil Nadu, India. The intervention village was provided with a multi-modal educational program, involving weekly awareness sessions, illustrated handouts and social media campaigns. The social media campaign aimed local community groups to promote the importance of proper health-seeking behaviours and to reduce self-medication. The control village received standard care. The primary outcomes included changes in self-medication behaviour and antibiotic expectations, measured using pre- and post-intervention knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) surveys as well as self-medication rates from local pharmacy data.KAP Score Improvement ComparisonResultsA total of 827 participants (412 in the intervention and 415 in the control village) completed both the pre and post-surveys. In the intervention village, self-medication practice was significantly reduced by 63.6% (from 44.5% to 16.2%, p < 0.001), while the control village showed no significant change. Antibiotic expectation during fever episodes dropped from 62% to 24% in the intervention village (p < 0.001). Mean knowledge scores increased by 41% in the intervention group (p < 0.001). Post-campaign, 88% of participants in the intervention village recognized pharmacists as a trusted health resource. Analysis of pharmacy records showed a 67–72% reduction in average treatment costs for common self-treated conditions.ConclusionThe study highlights the significant contributions pharmacists can make in promoting antimicrobial stewardship and reducing AMR at the grassroots level. This intervention model, which uses digital and social media platforms, could be applied in other rural areas & communities which could make people understand the importance of AMR.DisclosuresAll Authors: No reported disclosures

When individuals are co-infected with distinct SARS-CoV-2 lineages, homologous recombination can generate mosaic genomes carrying mutations from both parental lineages. A variety of methods exist to detect recombinant sequences and their parental lineages in surveillance-scale datasets comprised of millions of SARS-CoV-2 genomes. However, these methods often rely on user-specified parameters, such as the probability a recombination breakpoint occurs between adjacent positions on the query sequence. In this study, we devise a hidden Markov model that detects recombinant SARS-CoV-2 sequences and identifies their parental lineages within a test set of sequences. Our method does not depend on user-specified parameters and can accommodate de novo mutations on the query sequence that are not present in the predicted parental lineages. To achieve this, we use maximum likelihood to estimate parameters that characterize the transition and emission probabilities in our hidden Markov model. Applying our method to 440,307 SARS-CoV-2 sequences sampled in England between September 2020 and March 2024, we detect 7,619 recombinant sequences corresponding to 1.73% (95% CI: [1.69%, 1.77%]) of all sampled sequences. We observe a positive association between the proportion of query sequences detected as recombinant in each week and community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. This is consistent with higher prevalence increasing the risk of co-infection by distinct lineages and promoting the emergence of recombinant sequences. Finally, we observe localized clusters of recombination breakpoints within spike and in intergenic regions.

In Cambodia, limited conceptual understanding of antimicrobials and the wide availability of over-the-counter medications increases antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threats. Community-based campaigns are critical to foster fundamental concepts of antimicrobials, their appropriate use and potential consequences of AMR. A circus-based drama on AMR was co-designed with a non-profit arts school and local youth groups, in coordination with two provincial health authorities. Events held across three venues were attended by >1200 people and the accompanying social media campaign received >0.5 million views. Following the success of the campaign, the circus drama's key messages are being developed into educational materials for school children nationwide.

Malnutrition, particularly stunting, remains a critical public health challenge in Indonesia, prompting the government to launch the Free Nutritious Meals Program (MBG) as a strategic intervention. However, the program encounters significant implementation obstacles, including bureaucratic fragmentation and suboptimal inter-agency coordination. This study aims to analyze the mechanisms of cross-sectoral collaboration, identify supporting and inhibiting factors, and evaluate their impact on the program's effectiveness and sustainability. Utilizing an interpretive qualitative paradigm and a case study approach, data were collected through participatory observation and in-depth interviews with key strategic informants from the National Nutrition Agency (BGN) and crisis communication practitioners. The research applies the frameworks of Collaborative Governance (Ansell &amp; Gash) and the Agency Network/Cluster Model to interpret the findings. The results indicate that the MBG program successfully integrates collaborative elements, such as a conducive policy context and active stakeholder engagement with a horizontal network architecture. This structure connects central actors to local clusters, enabling adaptive responses to crises and logistical challenges in remote areas. The study concludes that combining collaborative processes with a flexible network structure creates a resilient communication model that relies on horizontal synergy rather than vertical hierarchy to ensure sustainable nutrition enhancement.

Uneven ionomer distribution and sulfonate groups (-SO3 -) poisoning at platinum (Pt) sites significantly impede Pt utilization and local mass transport in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Herein, we report an electrostatic landscape design on nanocarbon supports that harnesses strong and uniform ionomer adhesion to create a poison-resistant Pt interface, effectively mitigating direct poisoning of Pt sites by -SO3 - groups and enhancing active sites accessibility and local mass transport. The resulting PtFe/FN-C catalyst exhibits an exceptionally low ionomer coverage of only 6.4%, enabling a peak power density of 1.39W cm-2 and an oxygen transport resistance of only 44.5s m-1 in PEMFC testing. Furthermore, it demonstrates impressive durability, with only a 2mV voltage loss after 30 000 cycles at 0.8A cm-2. This work establishes a new principle for interface engineering where overall polymer-support adhesion governs local catalyst-functional group interactions, offering a general strategy for designing high-performance, poison-resistant electrocatalysts for energy conversion technologies.

A systematic spatial resilience analysis of population flow networks in underdeveloped mountain towns is essential for sustainable urban–rural integration. Using mobile signaling data from March 2023, this study constructs a population flow network across 69 towns in the Yimeng Mountainous Region. This study proposes a novel targeted-attack framework based on centrality and assesses structural resilience along the three dimensions of efficiency, transitivity, and connectedness. Population flows exhibit a twin-core north–south structure, characterized by a hub-and-spoke system in the south and a self-stabilizing triangular configuration in the north. The network demonstrates strong spatial agglomeration and heterogeneity, with modular clustering revealing four functional modules shaped by administrative boundaries. It exhibits small-world properties, attributed to high transmission efficiency and strong local clustering. The network shows robust resilience to disruptions. Targeted attacks based on betweenness centrality significantly compromise structural resilience; efficiency, transmission, and connectivity change linearly at low attack intensities but decline sharply at higher levels.

Acute alcohol intake disrupts resting state network topology in healthy social drinkers.

We deployed the VANTAGE (VAN for Transmissible Agent Genomic Epidemiology) mobile system in Lviv, Ukraine, demonstrating end-to-end sequencing of dried blood spot samples within a clinic van usually serving de-occupied and frontline regions. HIV-1 pol sequences were obtained from 50% of samples, all subtype A6. Median time to 100× coverage was 38 min. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a local transmission cluster including a displaced person and the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance mutation E138A, supporting real-time HIV genomic surveillance in humanitarian crises.