Local Filtering Operations Research Articles

Nonlocality activation using local filtering operations based on CGLMP inequality

Entanglement is necessary but not sufficient to demonstrate nonlocality as there exist local entangled states which do not violate any Bell inequality. In recent years, the activation of nonlocality (known as hidden nonlocality) by using local filtering operations has gained considerable interest. In the original proposal of Popescu [Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 2619 (1995)] the hidden nonlocality was demonstrated for the Werner class of states in d ≥ 5. In this paper, we demonstrate the hidden nonlocality for a class of mixed entangled states (convex mixture of a pure state and color noise) in an arbitrary d-dimensional system using suitable local filtering operations. For our demonstration, we consider the quantum violation of Collins-Linden-Gisin-Masser-Popescu (CGLMP) inequality which has hitherto not been considered for this purpose. We show that when the pure state in the aforementioned mixed entangled state is a maximally entangled state, the range of the mixing parameter for revealing hidden nonlocality increases with increasing the dimension of the system. Importantly, we find that for d ≥ 8, hidden non-locality can be revealed for the whole range of mixing parameter. Further, by considering another pure state, the maximally CGLMP-violating state, we demonstrate the activation of nonlocality by using the same local filtering operation. We have also shown the activation of quantum fidelity for mixed entangled states using the same local filtering operator.

Amplification of genuine tripartite nonlocality and entanglement in the Schwarzschild spacetime under decoherence

We investigate the amplification of the genuine tripartite nonlocality (GTN) and the genuine tripartite entanglement (GTE) of Dirac particles in the background of a Schwarzschild black hole by a local filtering operation under decoherence. It is shown that the physically accessible GTN will be completely destroyed by decoherence, and the local filtering operation can cause the physically accessible GTN to be generated in the system coupled with the environment, which has not been discovered before and is beneficial for quantum information processing. Furthermore, we also find that the physically accessible GTE approaches a stable value in the limit of infinite Hawking temperature for most cases, and the nonzero stable value of GTE can be increased by performing the local filtering operation, even in the presence of decoherence. In particular, if the decoherence parameter p is less than 1, the “sudden death” of GTE will take place when the decoherence strength is large enough. Finally, we have shown that physically inaccessible GTE can be enhanced with the operation of the local filter, whereas inaccessible GTN are not allowed to occur in the presence of decoherence.

Bipartite entanglement distillation by unilateral and bilateral local filters using polarizing Mach–Zehnder interferometers

The extraordinary correlation seen in entangled states in space-like separated regions is one of the most intriguing aspects of quantum states. Practical utility of entanglement as a resource for quantum key distribution, dense coding, or teleportation generally requires maximally entangled states. In practice, entanglement quality degrades substantially due to channel noise. The problem may be mitigated by entanglement distillation. The simplest distillation protocol is enforced by local filtering operations and classical communication. The local filtering operations are merely generalized positive operator valued measures utilizing additional degrees of freedom (DoFs) as ancillary qubits. In this work, we experimentally show that filtering on a single channel (unilateral) is equally effective as filtering on both channels (bilateral) for distillation of pure non-maximally entangled bipartite states. This result holds for a non-maximally entangled multi-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) like states as well, as they show a straightforward extension of the Bell state structure. Further, we provide a theoretical comparison of the efficacy of unilateral and bilateral filtering for the case of mixed states resulting from local depolarizing noise introduced either in one or both of the non-maximally entangled pairs. Surprisingly, when noise is introduced in either one of the channels, we find that unilateral filtering on the noise-free channel outperforms the filtering on the noisy channel and bilateral filtering on both channels. We also find that bilateral filtering is more effective when both channels are noisy. A reduction in the number of local operations, in general, has the advantage of reducing the complexity of the experimental apparatus and the reduction of measurement related errors.

Improving Steering and Entanglement by Local Filtering Operation under Noisy Channels

Improving Steering and Entanglement by Local Filtering Operation under Noisy Channels

A note on hidden quantum discord in two- and three-qubit systems under local filtering operations

One of the primary goal of quantum information theory is to understand and quantify the various correlations that exist in quantum systems. Quantum correlation is broader than quantum entanglement, and quantum discord has always attracted more attention. In this paper, we investigate the hidden properties of quantum discord. In particular, for a class of two-qubit states, we prove the existence of hidden quantum discord under local filtering operations and give sufficient conditions for the absence of hidden quantum discord. For a class of three-qubit states, we investigate hidden geometric discord and analyze its dynamic behavior under several conditions. Furthermore, by comparing two- and three-qubit systems, we discover the inconsistency of hidden discord for .

Revealing hidden standard tripartite nonlocality by local filtering

Quantum nonlocality is a kind of significant quantum correlation that is stronger than quantum entanglement and EPR steering. The standard tripartite nonlocality can be detected by the violation of the Mermin inequality. By using local filtering operations, we give a tight upper bound on the maximal expected value of the Mermin operators. By detailed examples we show that the hidden standard nonlocality can be revealed by local filtering which can enhance the robustness of the noised entangled states.

Enhancing entanglement of two-qubit states from amplitude damping channel using single-qubit unitary operation and local filtering operation

We propose a scheme to enhance entanglement from amplitude damping or correlated amplitude damping decoherence. We show that entanglement sudden death time can be prolonged by the initial single-qubit operation combined with local filtering operation. For the amplitude damping channel case, we give the optimal single-qubit operation for arbitrary pure state [Formula: see text]. For the correlated amplitude damping channel case, we find that single-qubit operation on the initial state can not only enhance the final entanglement but also avoid entanglement sudden death. Compared to the previous schemes, the optimal operations and local filtering operations used in our scheme are independent with the decay parameters of the environment.

Tight upper bound on the quantum value of Svetlichny operators under local filtering and hidden genuine nonlocality

Nonlocal quantum correlations among the quantum subsystems play essential roles in quantum science. The violation of the Svetlichny inequality provides sufficient conditions of genuine tripartite nonlocality. We provide tight upper bounds on the maximal quantum value of the Svetlichny operators under local filtering operations, and present a qualitative analytical analysis on the hidden genuine nonlocality for three-qubit systems. We investigate in detail two classes of three-qubit states whose hidden genuine nonlocalities can be revealed by local filtering.

Violation of Bell-CHSH Inequalities through Optimal Local Filters in the Vacuum

We investigate quantum correlations appearing for two-qubit detectors which are initially uncorrelated and locally coupled to a massless scalar field in a vacuum state. Under the perturbation up to the second order in the coupling, the state of the detectors can be entangled through the interaction with the scalar field but satisfies the Bell-CHSH inequality. The violation of the Bell-CHSH inequality for such an entangled state is revealed by local filtering operations. In this paper, we construct the optimal filtering operations for the qubit detectors and derive the success probability of the filtering. The success probability characterizes the reliability of revealing the violation of the Bell-CHSH inequality by the filtering operations. Through these analyses, we demonstrate a trade-off relation between the success probability and the size of parameter region showing the violation of the Bell-CHSH inequality.

Exploring the nonlocal advantage of quantum coherence and Bell nonlocality in the Heisenberg XYZ chain

The non-local advantage of quantum coherence (NAQC) is regarded as a quantum correlation, which can be reflected by the violation of a set of inequalities based on various coherence measures. In this work, we explore the NAQC and Bell nonlocality (BN) in a two-qubit Heisenberg XYZ model. The results show that one can capture the BN in the case of both anti-ferromagnetism and ferromagnetism. By contrast, the NAQC cannot be achieved in the ferromagnetism case if the magnetic field is strong. Increases of inhomogeneity and temperature give rise to reductions of the NAQC and BN, and the achievement of the NAQC at high inhomogeneity or temperatures becomes very difficult. Also, the NAQC and BN strengthen with an increase of the mean coupling coefficient. A strong mean coupling coefficient leads to the freezing of the NAQC and BN when the inhomogeneity is low. The enhancement of the magnetic field can result in the fact that the NAQC and BN experience four processes, including reduction, sudden death, revival, and reduction. Additionally, the BN is easier to capture than the NAQC. Furthermore, we focus our attention on controlling the NAQC and BN via a local filtering operation. The results demonstrate that the operation can effectively strengthen the NAQC and BN, and can also help us to control the NAQC and BN in the Heisenberg XYZ chain.

Improving of steering and nonlocality via local filtering operation in Heisenberg XY model

In this work, we mainly study quantum steering and nonlocality of two-qubit Heisenberg [Formula: see text] spin-1/2 chain via local filtering operation. Our analytical results show that quantum steering and nonlocality can be affected by coupling constant [Formula: see text], temperature [Formula: see text], external magnetic field [Formula: see text] and anisotropy constant [Formula: see text]. Quantum steering and nonlocality would degrade with the increase of temperature [Formula: see text] and anisotropy constant [Formula: see text]. When [Formula: see text] is small, we can observe quantum steering and nonlocality increase with [Formula: see text]. When [Formula: see text] getting bigger, what we will see is that steering goes down first, then grows up. We can improve quantum steering and nonlocality via local filtering operation. We chose an appropriate parameter [Formula: see text], the steering and nonlocality can be improved when we fix three in those four parameters. There is a queer phenomenon in some situations that the range of one side for steering and nonlocality can extend greatly by losing them in another side. Therefore, our investigations might shed light on steering and nonlocality under the Heisenberg [Formula: see text] spin chain model and make a little step in the progress of quantum information.

Polarization entanglement distillation through local filtering operations

An entanglement distillation scheme is proposed for an amplitude-damped polarization-entangled photon states via local filtering operations. The local filtering operations, i.e. positive operator-valued measure, on photons are realized by a series of Brewster window pairs. The entanglement of the survived photon pairs in the scheme will be much larger than that of the initial ones. In this sense, this distillation scheme is better than the currently existing entanglement protection scheme, where only the entanglement decaying time is prolonged and the entanglement is not enhanced at all. In addition, this scheme is simple and feasible within the current linear optical techniques.

Maximal violation of Bell inequalities under local filtering

We investigate the behavior of the maximal violations of the CHSH inequality and Vèrtesi’s inequality under the local filtering operations. An analytical method has been presented for general two-qubit systems to compute the maximal violation of the CHSH inequality and the lower bound of the maximal violation of Vértesi’s inequality over the local filtering operations. We show by examples that there exist quantum states whose non-locality can be revealed after local filtering operation by the Vértesi’s inequality instead of the CHSH inequality.

Protecting quantum entanglement and correlation by local filtering operations

In this work, the protection of different quantum entanglement and correlation is explored by local filtering operations. The results show that the filtering operations can indeed be useful for combating amplitude-damping decoherence and recovering the quantum entanglement and correlation. In this scheme, although the final states satisfy the quantum entanglement and correlation, the corresponding initial noisy states does not satisfy them, which means that the filtering operations can reveal the hidden genuine quantum entanglement and correlation of these initial noisy states.

Upper bound on singlet fraction of two-qubit mixed entangled states

We demonstrate the possibility of achieving the maximum possible singlet fraction using a entangled mixed two-qubit state as a resource. For this, we establish a tight upper bound on singlet fraction and show that the maximal singlet fraction obtained in \cite{Verstraete} does not attain the obtained upper bound on the singlet fraction. Interestingly, we found that the required upper bound can in fact be achieved using local filtering operations.

Distillation of multipartite entanglement by local filtering operations

In this work, we study how to distill two typical multipartite entangled noisy states, the amplitude-damped W state and the amplitude-damped Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state. Unlike the currently existing multipartite entanglement purification schemes, our scheme is a single-copy-based scheme, i.e., only one noisy state is needed in each distillation round, and the complicated multilateral controlled-not (cnot) operations are replaced by measurements of local positive-operator-valued measures (POVMs). The results show that local POVM measurements on one copy of the noisy state can project the initial state onto a new state with higher entanglement and nonlocality. In this scheme, although the final state can violate the multipartite Bell inequality, the corresponding initial noisy state does not violate it, which means that this distillation scheme can reveal the hidden genuine multipartite nonlocality of these initial states. For the case of the amplitude-damped W state, if the POVM parameters are appropriately chosen, the fidelity of the output state can approach $1.0$ for all the initial states with fidelity bigger than zero. So this single-copy-based multipartite entanglement distillation scheme has a wide range of distillable fidelities, and it is much simpler than the two-copy- or multiple-copy-based schemes. Furthermore, if the POVM measurement is carried out only on some member qubits rather than all of them, the distillation scheme can succeed too, which will greatly decrease the implementation complexity of the scheme. So this multipartite entanglement distillation scheme may be implementable in some physical system.

Enhancing and expanding remote photonic entanglement via local filtering operations

We present an entanglement distillation scheme for enhancing remote two-photon polarization entanglement of mixed states. Although the main idea of the current scheme is based on Gisin׳s work (Phys. Lett. A 210 (1996) 151 [21]), there are new advantages in our new scheme, which are guaranteed by the nondemolition measurement of photonic state and the re-distillation of the garbage states. This entanglement distillation scheme not only can enhance the remote entanglement of mixed states, but also can expand two-photon entangled states to four-photon entangled states. So this scheme is an apparently feasible way for preparing multi-photon entangled states. The main idea is based on the principle of the cross-Kerr nonlinearity and the parity-check measurements (a nondemolition measurement) on photonic states. Two distant users Alice and Bob first start with one shared but less entangled photon pair, and with the help of local auxiliary photons, parity-check measurements and classical communication they can get a four-photon highly entangled states with a high success probability. For the fail result, although the garbage state is less entangled than the initial one, there is still entanglement in it. So these garbage states can be re-collected and distilled again instead of being discarded. In this sense, we can see that this protocol has a high yield, and the fidelity (with respect to the Bell state) of the initial state is not required to be bigger than 1/2 (a common threshold of the standard entanglement purification theory). In addition, post-selection measurements on the entangled photons are not needed here because of the nondemolition measurement. The nondemolition character of the measurement allows further processing of the resulting states. These advantages make the current scheme more feasible within the current technology.

All entangled states display some hidden nonlocality

A well-known manifestation of quantum entanglement is that it may lead to correlations that are inexplicable within the framework of a locally causal theory --- a fact that is demonstrated by the quantum violation of Bell inequalities. The precise relationship between quantum entanglement and the violation of Bell inequalities is, however, not well understood. While it is known that entanglement is necessary for such a violation, it is not clear whether all entangled states violate a Bell inequality, even in the scenario where one allows joint operations on multiple copies of the state and local filtering operations before the Bell experiment. In this paper we show that all entangled states, namely, all non-fully-separable states of arbitrary Hilbert space dimension and arbitrary number of parties, violate a Bell inequality when combined with another state which on its own cannot violate the same Bell inequality. This result shows that quantum entanglement and quantum nonlocality are in some sense equivalent, thus giving an affirmative answer to the aforementioned open question. It follows from our result that two entangled states that are apparently useless in demonstrating quantum nonlocality via a specific Bell inequality can be combined to give a Bell violation of the same inequality. Explicit examples of such activation phenomenon are provided.

Unitary invariants of qubit systems

We give an algorithm allowing the construction of bases of local unitary invariants of pure k-qubit states from a knowledge of the polynomial covariants of the group of invertible local filtering operations. The simplest invariants obtained in this way are made explicit and compared with various known entanglement measures. Complete sets of generators are obtained for up to four qubits, and the structure of the invariant algebras is discussed in detail.

Experimental Entanglement Distillation of Two-Qubit Mixed States under Local Operations

We experimentally demonstrate optimal entanglement distillation from two forms of two-qubit mixed states under local filtering operations according to the constructive method introduced by [F. Verstraete, Phys. Rev. A 64, 010101(R) (2001)10.1103/PhysRevA.64.010101]. In principle, our setup can be easily applied to distilling entanglement from arbitrary two-qubit partially mixed states. We also test the violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shinmony-Holt inequality for the distilled state from the first form of mixed state to show its "hidden nonlocality."