Local Ducks Research Articles

Current scenario and pathology of duck diseases - A systematic review

Duck rearing is a supportive livestock industry due to its demand for egg, meat and above that many species of local ducks are also valued as ornamental birds. In the Wetland ecosystems of South Cental Kerala, Assam, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu, duck farming as for generations remained the source of livelihood for a sizeable population. Even though, duck farming has amply supported such farming communities; certain years have been marked by disease outbreaks of various natures that have seriously dented the efforts and viability of the industry. The most important diseases affecting ducks fall under the broad category-viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal diseases. Of this, duck viral enteritis, duck cholera, colibacillosis, riemerellosis, avian influenza and aflatoxicosis are considered as most important. This review systematically analyses and summarizes the status and pathology of important diseases prevalent in India.

Effect of different vegetable oils in rations on chemical quality of local duck meat

Duck meat is one of the poultry food products that is high in nutritional content. This study aimed to determine the effect of vegetable oil in the ration on the chemical quality of local duck meat. The research design used was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in a unidirectional pattern with 4 treatments, each treatment consisting of 6 replications and each replication consisted of 6 ducks. The treatments in this study include; P1: (96% basal ration + 4% palm oil); P2: (96% basal ration + 4% canola oil); P3: (96% basal ration + 4% coconut oil) and P4: (96% basal ration + 4% soybean oil). The observed variables were chemical quality of meat (collagen, fat, water content, and protein). The data obtained were analyzed by variance analysis and the real difference test between treatments. The results showed that the use of vegetable oil was a significant effect (P<0.05) on the duck meat protein but was not significantly different (P>0.05) on collagen, fat, and water content. It can be concluded that the addition of vegetable oil in the ration can increase the protein of local duck meat but did not affect collagen, fat, and water content.

Haemato-biochemical profile of Andaman local ducks

A study was designed to generate baseline information on haematological and serum biochemical parameters of Andaman local ducks. The blood samples were collected from both male and female of clinically healthy adult Andaman local ducks (ALD) from North and Middle Andaman. Haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leucocyte count (TLC), and packed cell volume (PCV) were estimated and their mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were calculated. The serum biochemical parameters viz.,total protein and albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), creatinine, aspertate transaminase (AST), creatinine, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were estimated. The results revealed that all the haematological values and serum biochemistry of ALD were within the reference values of chicken. Hence, it is concluded that that ALD were in normal physiological and good condition. Based on these results, the haematological and biochemical values could be used for monitoring the physiological status of these indigenous duck population.

The Evolutionary Dynamics of Influenza A Viruses Circulating in Mallards in Duck Hunting Preserves in Maryland, USA.

Duck hunting preserves (DHP) have resident populations of farm-raised mallard ducks, which create potential foci for the evolution of novel influenza A viruses (IAVs). Through an eleven-year (2003–2013) IAV surveillance project in seven DHPs in Maryland, USA, we frequently identified IAVs in the resident, free-flying mallard ducks (5.8% of cloacal samples were IAV-positive). The IAV population had high genetic diversity, including 12 HA subtypes and 9 NA subtypes. By sequencing the complete genomes of 290 viruses, we determined that genetically diverse IAVs were introduced annually into DHP ducks, predominantly from wild birds in the Anatidae family that inhabit the Atlantic and Mississippi flyways. The relatively low viral gene flow observed out of DHPs suggests that raised mallards do not sustain long-term viral persistence nor do they serve as important sources of new viruses in wild birds. Overall, our findings indicate that DHPs offer reliable samples of the diversity of IAV subtypes, and could serve as regional sentinel sites that mimic the viral diversity found in local wild duck populations, which would provide a cost-efficient strategy for long-term IAV monitoring. Such monitoring could allow for early identification and characterization of viruses that threaten bird species of high economic and environmental interest.

Komposisi Asam Lemak dan Kadar Malondialdehida Daging Itik Lokal yang diberi Antioksidan Alami

Cihateup duck is one of the local Indonesian poultry from West Java. These ducks are raised inTasikmalaya and Garut. Cihateup duck has the potential to produce meat, but duck meat has beenconsidered to have off-odor. components off-odor formed when the fatty acids are oxidized. A studywith the aim to protect unsaturated fatty acids in local duck meat from oxidation using Pluchea indicaLess (beluntas) and Cosmos caudatus (kenikir) in feed as the source of natural antioxidants. The studyused was complete randomized design (RAL) with 7 treatments and 5 replications. The treatment wasPluchea indica Less or Cosmos caudatus powder with the duration of administration 1, 2 or 3 weeksbefore the age of harvest (10 weeks). Ducks used were 35 heads of Cihateup duck. Variables observedwere moisture content, fat content, Malondialdehyde (MDA), composition of fatty acid, and sensorycharacteristic of duck meat. The results showed that the effect of Pluchea indica Less or Cosmos caudatuswere not significant on moisture content and fat content. The effect of Pluchea indica Less or Cosmoscaudatus on MDA, composition of fatty acid, and and off-odor intensities of duck meat during cookingwas significantly different (P&lt;0.05). It was concluded that this addition of Pluchea indica Less for 3 weeksor Cosmos caudatus for 2 weeks could lower off-odor on local duck meat.

A Study on Production Performance of Local Ducks and Identifying the Constraints of Duck Rearing at Farmer’s Level

A Study on Production Performance of Local Ducks and Identifying the Constraints of Duck Rearing at Farmer’s Level

Performative and economic analysis on local duck farming in Central Java - Indonesia

Central Java is the region that produces the second largest duck egg production in Indonesia or reaches 13.55% of the total national duck egg production. Therefore, duck farming in Central Java requires an economic evaluation to identify the success of the business. The economic analysis in the duck farm industry will update the latest statistics on production costs, outputs and profitability. This study aims to assess the analysis of laying duck business, which includes: marginal production costs, total net income and input-output ratio of duck egg production in various regions in Central Java, Indonesia. The study was conducted using a survey method using multi-stage sampling involving 120 duck farmers from the regency of Tegal, Brebes, and Pemalang. Each district was taken 40 farms as respondents by purposive random sampling with criteria for the number of breeders who had a minimum duck population of 100 ducks and a production period of 8-12 months. The analytical tools used include descriptive statistics and farm budgetary analysis. This study showed that duck breeders incur large costs to obtain production inputs, especially from feed aspects. Although three regencies reported profit based on the estimated input-output ratios, it is only a marginal profit that amounted to1: 1.382, 1:1.658, and 1:1.433 in Tegal, Brebes, and Pemalang, respectively. The conclusion of the study is the performance of duck farms in Central Java are still profitable even in the smallholder duck farm industry, with the highest profits obtained by farmers in Brebes Regency.

First Report of Protein and Fat Level of Alabio Duck (Anas platyrhynchos Borneo) Eggs in Hulu Sungai Utara, Indonesia for Improving Human Health

Indonesian local ducks are native germplasm of Indonesia which has the genetic quality and has the potentialto be developed as a productive egg producer. Each type of duck has a different chemical compositionin their eggs. The purpose of this study is to find out the levels of protein and fat in Alabio duck (Anasplatyrhynchos Borneo) eggs in Hambuku Raya Village and Putat Atas Village, Hulu Sungai Utara, SouthKalimantan, Indonesia. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD). Interestingly, we showedthat the level of protein and fat in Alabio duck eggs was relatively good. Therefore, this finding is the basicdata for further research on Alabio duck in the future.

Study of Local Duck Rations from Colocasia Esculenta Flour on Egg Production and Cholesterol Content

Colocasia esculenta is the plants feed ingredients shown to reduce the cholesterol content of livestock products, such as in ducks. This study aims to examine the use of Colocasia esculenta Scho. plant in local duck rations on egg production, and the content of cholesterol and triglycerides. As a treatment in this study were the level of use of Colocasia esculenta meal (CM), 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%, with 4 replications, which designed with a completely randomized design. As many as 80 ducks in the laying period were used, ranging in age from 19 to 30 weeks. The data obtained showed that an increasing level of CM up to 10% resulted in increased egg production, egg weight and decreased feed convertion ratio. Conversely, the blood and yolk total cholesterol and triglyceride content actually decreased until the level CM was 20%. It was concluded that the use of CM up to a level of 10% could improve the performance of egg production, and the use of up to a level of 20% decreased the cholesterol and triglyceride content of blood and egg yolk. This is an important role about those subject for required healthy food for human nutrition

Performances and Egg Quality of Laying Ducks Fed Diets Containing Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Leaf Meal and Golden Snail (Pomacea canaliculata)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding cassava leaf meal and golden snail on performances, chemical, and physical qualities of local duck egg. The experiment used 180 Pajajaran laying ducks of 20 weeks of age and was offered dietary treatments up to 26 weeks of age. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement. The first factor was the treatment of cassava leaf meal consisted of 3 levels, i.e., 0%, 5%, and 10%. The second factor was the treatment of golden snail consisted of 2 levels, i.e., 0% and 10%. Each experimental unit used three replicates and each replicate consisted of ten ducks. The results showed that there was no interaction effect of cassava leaf meal and golden snail treatments on laying duck performances and egg qualities. There were significant effects of cassava leaf meal and golden snail treatments (p 0.05) by treatments of cassava leave meal and golden snail. The utilization of 10% cassava leaf meal in the diet significantly improved egg production, feed intake, egg mass, and yolk color (p<0.05). The lowest egg index was found in the eggs produced by ducks fed diet containing 5% cassava leaf meal, but it is still within the normal range. Ducks fed a diet containing 5% golden snail significantly had higher feed intake, egg mass, percentage of albumen, and yolk color. It was concluded that there was no interaction effect of cassava leaf meal and golden snail treatments on laying duck performances and egg qualities. A diet containing 10% cassava leaf meal or a diet containing 5% golden snail had the greatest effects on the performance and physical quality of egg without affecting the chemical quality of the egg.

Effect of Alcoholic Extract of Garden Rocket Eruca sativa Mill. Seed on Some Reproductive Traits and Carcasses Quality of Aged Local Duck Males

This study aimed to investigate the impacts of Eruca sativa seed extract on some reproductive indicators and carcasses quality for aged local duck males. Forty-five aged local ducks males with the average live-weight of (2000±5g) and two years old were randomly distributed into three treatments (15 for each). After dissolution in corn oil, T2 and T3 were supplemented with 400 and 800 mg alcoholic extract of Eruca sativa seed respectively.T1 has only given corn oil (control). Weekly, a dosage of 2 ml was twice given to the treatments by syringe. The current results showed significant (P&lt;0.05) increases in the relative weight, length, width and volume of testes in males of second and third treatments compared to the first treatment (control). Besides, the second and third treatments recorded significant (P&lt;0.05) improvements in the diameter of seminiferous tubules, seminiferous epithelium thickness (µm) of testes, the Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and the level of testosterone hormone compared to the control. Chemical and physical tests of the breast meat showed no significant among all treatments in the ratio of free fatty acids, pH and water tolerability. Regarding the peroxide number, second treatment recorded the lowest significant (P&lt;0.05) compared to other treatments. It concluded that alcoholic extract of Eruca sativa seed could enhance reproductive characteristics and significantly improve sex hormones in aged local duck males and effect on the number of peroxide in its breast meat.

FEEDING LOCAL FERMENTED WITH EM-4, AMMONIUM SULFATE, AND UREA ON THE BLOOD FAT LEVEL OF MALE DUCK

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of commercial ration by the addition of ammonium sulfate and urea fermented feed ingredients on the blood fat levels of local male ducks. This study used a completely randomized design with 32 male ducks which weredivided into four groups namely R0, R1, R2, R3, and R4. Each group was given the following treatment: R0 only given commercial ration;R1 was given 80% commercial ration + 20% fermentation of EM-4 + 1.5% urea); R2 was given 80% commercial ration + 20% EM-4 + 1.5%ammonium sulfate fermentation; and R3 was given 80% commercial ration + 20% EM-4 + 1.5% urea + 1.5% ammonium sulfate. Variablesin this study were blood fat consisting of cholesterol, triglyceride, High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), and Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL).The data obtained were analyzed by using 5% real level and LSD. The results showed that the provision of commercial ration added withlocal feed fermented with ammonium sulfate and urea had a significant effect on cholesterol levels (P0.5), but not significant (P0.05) ontriglyceride, HDL, and LDL levels. Furthermore, the ration that gave the best effect on the blood fat levels of male ducks blood was the ration given to R3 group.

Hatchability genotype of Central Javanese local ducks based on ovomucoid gene

Ovomucoid genes are related to hatchability of duck eggs. The study would analyze the genotype of local duck hatchability of Central Java based on ovomucoid genes by the PCR-RFLP. This research is an exploratory study using 35 samples of local Central Java duck. Central Java local duck hatching genotypes were detected by ovomucoid genes fragment cutting as a result of PCR amplification using ApoI restriction enzymes. DNA isolated from duck feathers using the gSYNC ™ DNA Extraction Kit. Amplification ovomucoid gene was done by PCR using TovF2 and TovR2 primers. The results showed that entire samples were genotyped +/+ (high hatchability), because they were not cut off by the ApoI restriction enzyme. The results of nucleotide sequences showed that Central Java local ducks had no cutting site for the ApoI enzyme (5’-AAATTC-3’), because there were mutations in the nucleotides to A577G and A579C and no nucleotide deletions to 576-578. It was concluded that based on ovomucoid genes, all Central Java local duck samples were genotypes with high hatchability (genotype +/+). This previous research, strengthens previous argument that local Central Java ducks need to be maintained or preserved as laying ducks with high hatchability.

Evaluation of Sweet Potato Leaves and Cassava Leaves Inclusions into the Diet Containing Lemuru Oil on Lipid Metabolism in Local Duck

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sweet-potato leaves and cassava leaves inclusions into the diet containing lemuru oil on lipid metabolism of local laying ducks. One hundred and eighty laying ducks with an average body weight of 1657 g were divided into 6 groups of experimental diets with 3 replications and 10 ducks in each replication. The experiment was arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial design. The first factor was the level of sweet potato leaves consisted of 2 levels, i.e., 0% and 5%. The second factor was the level of cassava leaves consisted of 3 levels, i.e., 0%, 5%, and 10%. The variables observed were performance of laying duck, blood, meat, and egg lipid profile, as well as the relationship between the average consumption of β-carotene with cholesterol concentration in the blood, egg, and meat of laying duck. The results showed that there was no interaction and no effect between sweet potato leaf meal (SPLM) and cassava leaf meal (CLM) on feed consumption. Different levels of SPLM and CLM gave a significant interaction effect (p<0.05) on body weight gain, with the best interaction, was 5% SPLM combined with 0% CLM (26.60 g/duck). There was also a significant interaction effect between the combination of 5% SPLM and 10% CLM (p<0.05) for reducing the cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL concentrations in the blood, meat, and egg. Different levels of SPLM and CLM gave significant interaction effects (p<0.05) on the fat contents of flash in laying duck. The fat content of the liver was significantly decreased by 5% treatment of SPLM (p<0.05). Meat fat decreased significantly with a combination of 5% SPLM and 10% CLM (p<0.05). Treatments with 5% SPLM or 10% CLM reduced blood MDA (p<0.05), while treatments with 10% CLM reduced the MDA in the liver (p<0.05). It can be concluded that the combination of 5% SPLM and 10% CLM in the diets was effective as a source of antioxidants to protect unsaturated fatty acids in the blood, meat, and egg of ducks based on the reduced concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL.

Performance of Kerinci Ducks Treated by Cattle Rumen-Fluid Supernatant Addition as Source of Crude Enzyme in Rations

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of varying levels of cattle rumen fluid obtained from abattoirs as sources of a crude enzyme on growth performances and carcass characteristics of Kerinci ducks fed rations based on local feed ingredients. The research was carried out using 140 one-week-old male Kerinci ducks. The experiment used a randomized block design consisted of 5 treatments, each with 4 replicate groups and was blocked based on body weight, while each cage unit consisted of 7 ducks. The treatments applied were R1= 0 mL RFS/kg ration (control), R2= R1 + 22 mL RFS/kg ration, R3= R1 + 44 mL RFS/kg ration, R4= R1 + 66 mL RFS/kg ration, and R5= R1 + 88 mL RFS/kg ration. The experimental ducks were fed the experimental ration for 7 weeks and fed ad libitum according to the treatment. At the end of the 7th weeks of treatment, two ducks from each cage were slaughtered and utilized for analysis of carcass and digestive organs parameters. The results showed that the addition of RFS up to a level of 88 mL/kg ration had no significant effect (p>0.05) on feed consumption, feed conversion, carcass weight, and digestive-organ weight. Still, it had significant effects on body weight gain and final body weight. The highest body weight gain and final body weight were achieved with the addition of RFS at the level of 88 mL/kg ration. It can be concluded that the addition of cattle rumen-fluid supernatant as a source of crude enzymes at the level of 88 mL/kg ration improved the growth performance of local Kerinci ducks.

POTENSI TEKNOLOGI INSEMINASI BUATAN PADA PENINGKATAN PRODUKTIVITAS ITIK TURI LAMONGAN

Duck is one of the most poultry that potential can be best developed for its productivity to be used for meat and eggs. The obstacles faced by farmers include productivity of low and not meat and duck eggs. Application of science and technology through the development of reproductive technology of Artificial Insemination (AI) by conducting cross-breeding. The application to cross ducks is very beneficial because in addition to being economical it is also efficient. AI duck is very easy to apply and fast, does not require a complicated and long process as in large livestock. Ducks from artificial insemination are produced in Turi local female ducks (Anas plathirinchos) with plump males (Cairina moschata). The reason for the crossing is because the duck man has a body size that is too large compared to the local duck, so it can produce offspring with rapid growth and large body size. The conclusion is that duck farming with IB in Tawangrejo Turi Lamongan is useful for increasing body weight and productivity.

Metagenome analysis of gut microbial in both the caged and non-caged ducks

The different duck husbandry techniques, the type of feeds, and environments are believed to have an impact on the diversity of duck’s gut microbiome. This research has the objective to examine the diversity of gut microbiome of duck in different husbandry models, i.e., cage and non-cage. The research design was an exploratory study. Duck samples were taken purposively from both cage (CG) and non-cage (NCG) methods at local duck farms in Gunungpati, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. Five grams of duck intestinal samples were prepared for DNA isolation, 16S rRNA gene amplification in the V3-V4 region and were sequenced with Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) method: metagenomics. The 16S metagenomic analysis was performed using QIIME2 (Ver. 2019.4). The most dominant gut bacteria that found in both CG and NCG was Family Enterobacteriaceae, Phylum Proteobacteria and followed by Lactobacillaceae from Phylum Firmicutes. However, the bacterial diversity map in family level was not shown a significant trend between CG and NCG. There were 851 shared species belongs to NCG and CG; it means that more than 800 same bacteria species build up the gut ecosystem both in NCG and CG. It is likely because of similar feed and environmental condition from the two husbandries. The diversity of duck gut microbiome in Gunungpati may be closely related to feeding, rearing techniques, and environments. The number of bacteria species in the non-caged duck (NCG) was higher than CG or caged duck.

CROP-LIVESTOCK INTERACTION IN RURAL HOUSEHOLD OF BANGLADESH

This study examined the crop livestock interaction in agrarian zone of Bangladesh. Quantitative data were collected with a questionnaire from a sample of randomly selected 458 respondents through personal interview. Two categories of respondent participated, such as old conservational agriculture research or farmer group and new conservational agriculture research or farmer group. Simple and direct questions with different scales were used to obtain necessary information. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The result showed that 54.15% of the farmers were range between 31 and 35 years of age, and their educational level was mainly in primary level (31.66%) in all categories. The farmer’s family usually consist of more than six family members (42.58%). In rural household farmers used both own and lease land for crops production. Crops grown within the study area includes rice, wheat, jute, pulses, oilseeds, maize, vegetables etc. Livestock reared by respondent included cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goat, while their wives and children rear local chicken, duck and pigeon. Among annual household income crop provides 59.88% whereas livestock provides 13.23%. Extension services in the study areas of agricultural production should be provided in order to increase their level of production and greater crop-livestock interaction.

The optimization of ginger and Zinc in feed to preventing heat stress at tropical in local duck

This study aimed to determine the optimization ginger flour supplementation and zinc minerals in feed on the performance, carcass, abdominal fat and the weight of the physiological organs of local ducks that experience heat stress at tropical temperatures. This research method is an experimental with Randomized Block Design (RBD) 4 treatment with 5 groups of body weights as replications. Treatment in this study was A (feed + ginger flour 0% + zinc 0 ppm, as control), B (feed + ginger flour 1% + zinc 40 ppm), C (feed + ginger flour 3% + zinc 40 ppm), D (feed + ginger flour 5% + zinc 40 ppm). The results showed that supplementation of ginger flour and zinc minerals in the feed had a significant effect (P<0.05) on performance of body weight, conversion, percentage of carcass and abdominal fat, but had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the physiological weight of local ducks in heat stress at a temperature of 33-34°C. The results of this study concluded optimization of ginger flour and zinc mineral supplementation in the performance, carcass, abdominal fat and physiological organ weights in heat stress were obtained on feed by giving 3% ginger flour and 40 ppm zinc minerals.

Dietary supplementation of powdered and encapsulated probiotic: In vivo study on relative carcass, giblet weight and intestinal morphometry of local duck

This research was aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of either powdered or encapsulated probiotic on relative carcass, giblet weight and intestinal morphometry of local duck. One hundred twenty male day old duck (DOD) were distributed to 6 different dietary groups, included 2 probiotic forms of either powdered (T1) or encapsulated (T2) and 3 levels: 0% (L0), 0.2% (L1), 0.4% (L2). They were reared using pen cages for 42 days (6 weeks). Observed variables were relative carcass, giblet weight (gizzard, heart, liver) and intestinal morphometry (villus height, villus width, crypt depth). Data were analyzed by Nested of Completely Randomized Design ANOVA and if there was significant effect followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The result showed that there was no significant effect (p &gt; 0.05) of the form of either powdered or encapsulated probiotic on relative carcass, giblet weight, and intestinal morphometry. However, increasing level of probiotic have significant effect (p &lt; 0.05) on relative carcass, villus height, and villus width, but did not significantly affect giblet weight and crypt depth. In conclusion, supplementation of either powdered or encapsulated probiotic has similar result, but it is suggested to use 0.4% of encapsulated probiotic (4 kg ton-1 of feed) in local duck diet.